Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Ar-Condicionado
Solar Térmico
Lucio Mesquita, Ph.D.
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA, 11 de Dezembro de 2012 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL AC AMBIENTE EXTERNOThermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
TR=
Tonelada de Refrigeração
Energia necessária equivalente a para
derreter (ou produzir) 907 kg de gelo em 24 horas
UNIDADE DE POTÊNCIA
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Calor Sensível = Temperatura
Calor Latente = Umidade
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Condensador a ar ou água
(rejeito).
Expansão direta ou indireta
(extração).
Distribuição: água gelada, ar ou
refrigerante.
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1978 1997 2009 56 73 87 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00% Antes 1940 1940 a 1949 1950 a 1959 1960 a 1969 1970 a 1979 1980 a 1989 1990 a 1999 2000 a 2009
Total 87% das residências
99 milhões de unidades habitacionais 23%(1978) a 61%(2009) central Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0,88 quad BTU= 258.000 GWh 1.300 GWh Solar (PV+ Térmico) 2010 388.000 GWh Total Brasil 2009 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL TYPE OF COOLING EQUIPMENT - COMMERCIAL PER FLOOR SPACE
Residential-Type Central 14% Heat Pumps 11% Individual 15% District Chilled Water 4% Central Chillers 15% Packaged Units 37% Other 2% Swamp Coolers 2%
78% das edificações comerciais 88% do espaço
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL CHILLERS - % OF FLOOR SPACE
One 7% Two 17% Three 12% Four to Nine 34% Ten or More 30%
PACKAGED - % OF FLOOR SPACE
One 41% Two 28% Three 11% Four to Nine 14% Ten or More 6% Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting Lucio Mesquita, PhD Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Graus-Dia de Resfriamento, base 18 °C
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Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Localidade Graus-Dia de Resfriamento (Tref= 18,3 ºC)
Aracaju 3114 Belém 3338 Belo Horizonte 1644 Brasília 1346 Campinas 1439 Campo Grande 2563 Curitiba 603 Florianópolis 1320 Fortaleza 3423 Recife 3432 Rio de Janeiro 2504 Salvador 3022 São Paulo 1123 Vitória 2585 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 89% SPLIT
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 16 25 77 33 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (% e m pre sa s) Água ge la da "Roof top" e "Se lf conta ine d"
Apa re lhos pa re de e "split"
Ve ntila çã o e e x a ustã o
Percentual de empresas que dispõem de sistemas de ar condicionado e/ou ventilação
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 32 34 82 36 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (% prédios) Água ge la da "Roof top" e "Se lf conta ine d" Apa re lhos pa re de e "split" Ve ntila çã o e e x a ustã o
Percentual de prédios que dispõem de sistemas de ar condicionado e/ou ventilação
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL IPCC = 4-5%/ano Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol
Consulting
☺Acesso setor comercial
☺Aumento do mercado total
☺“SEXY”!!!
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLReservas Mundiais de
Energia Primária
1-2 Introduction Urânio Gás Petróleo Carvão Consumo Energético MundialThermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar RadiationRadiação Difusa Radiação Direta Albedo Reflexão, Espalhamento Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 2-9 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Recurso Solar
ThermosolConsulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
Irradiação Global Hor Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLRecurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar RadiationThermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
Irradiação Total Incl Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLRecurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar RadiationThermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLRecurso Solar
2-6Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 3-15 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 3-9 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
E0 Radiação Solar
E1 Perdas óticas
Q1e2Perdas Térmicas Q3 Energia Útil Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-9 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-9 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-9 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-9 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-9 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-9 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 3-11 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 3-7 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-7 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-8 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 3-8 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-8 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 3-14 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
sem cobertura cobertura simples cobertura dupla cobertura tripla Efi c iê n c ia d o c o le to r (% )
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-14 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
PERDAS TÉRMICAS PERDAS ÓTICAS ENERGIA ÚTIL 100 0 (Ti-Ta)/I Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 3-14 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-14 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
PERDAS ÓTICAS 100 0 (Ti-Ta)/I Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting Lucio Mesquita, PhD Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL EXTERNA OU BRUTA ABERTURA ABSORVEDOR Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 1000 W/m2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 (Ti-Ta)/I E fic iê n c ia PLANO TINTA PLANO SELETIVA EVACUADO 230C 160C 110C Ta=20 C
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 200 W/m2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 (Ti-Ta)/I E fic iê n c ia PLANO TINTA PLANO SELETIVA EVACUADO 70 C 58C 42C Ta=20 C Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL http://www.estif.org/solarkeymark/regcol.php http://www.solarenergy.ch/index.php?id=111&L=6&no_cache=1 http://www.inmetro.gov.br/consumidor/pbe/ColetoresSolares-banho.pdf http://www.solar-rating.org/ratings/og100.html
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 44% x 36% a 800 W/m2, Ta=30C e Ti=90C 22% menos área Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
SOPOGY
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLThermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
IST/ABENGOA
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL http://www.mss-csp.info/companiesNEP
SOLITEM
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLCHROMASUN
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLThermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
COGENRA
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLCOGENRA
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLIndustrial Solar
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
CHROMASUN
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLThermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol
Consulting
• COP – Coeficiente de Performance
– COP = frio(benefício)/energia gasta(investimento)
– Wh/Wh ou MJ/MJ
• EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio
– EER = frio/eletricidade (BTU/Wh)
• Capacity (cooling/dehumidification)
• Chillers – kW/TR
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
AB-1E, absorção de simples efeito; AB-2E, absorção de efeito duplo; AD, adsorção; LD, dissecante liquido.
Tecnologia por número de instalações
71% 13%
14% 2%
Absorption Adsorption DEC solid DEC liquid
AB-1E, 19, 79% AB-2E, 3, 13% AD, 1, 4% LD, 1, 4% Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Capacidade Total: 1084 TR Tecnologia por capacidade instalada
AB-1E 63% AB-2E 8% AD 28% LD 1% Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
CICLO DE COMPRESSÃO DE VAPOR
Q
saida CompressorEvaporador
Condensador
V.E.
Q
entW
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Evaporador
Condensador
Q
saidaV.E.
Q
entW
Gerador
Q
entAbsorvedor
Q
saidaCICLO DE ABSORÇÃO DE VAPOR
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Gerador
Condensador
Evaporador
Absorvedor
T
ro
cad
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d
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cal
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Bombas
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLFluidos de trabalho mais
comuns
• H
2O/LiBr
( água refrigerante):
• Sorvente tem alto P.E. (vapor quase só H
2O)
• Pode cristalizar
• Limitado pelo ponto de congelamento da água
• NH
3/H
2O
(amônia refrigerante):
• Vapor contem both NH
3e H
2O > precisa retificador
• Alta pressão de vapor
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Par
H
2O/LiBr
NH
3/H
2O
Pressão de
Operação
Baixa
Alta
COP
COP 0.7
COP 0.5
Limitação
congelamento: Tevap > 0°C
Cristalização: Tabs < 40°C
Retificador
Tóxico
Aplicação
Ar condicionado
Refrigeração
Rejeição
baixa
alta
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Ciclo Absorção: H
2
O/LiBr
Solution Heat Exchanger Generator Absorber Condenser Pump Evaporator Expansion Device Expansion Device Q c Q e Q a 11 1 Q g 2 3 6 7 5 4 8 10 Phigh Plow
Water LiBr Poor
Solution LiBr Rich Solution mfr = m f [kg/s] mfr = m [kg/s] mfr = m (f-1) [kg/s] P re s s u re Temperature Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Source: ASHRAE Handbook-2001
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 60 20 40 50 10 30 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Solution Temperature [OC] Ref rigera nt T em pera ture [OC ] 10 60 20 50 40 30 70 0 S a tu ra ti o n P re s s u re [ k Pa ] 40 30 20 10 4 3 2 1 5 50% 60% 70% 50% 50% 50% 40% 30% 0 Water 80 Pl= 1.2 kPa Ph= 9.6 kPa Pl= 0.9 kPa LiBr 61% LiBr 65% Ph= 9.6 kPa 10a 5a 5 11 11a 2 7 2a 7a 10 4 4a LiBr 58% LiBr 62% Crysta llizatio n Line
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 60 20 40 50 10 30 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Solution Temperature [OC] Ref rigera nt T em pera ture [OC ] 10 60 20 50 40 30 70 0 Sa tu ra tio n P res s u re [ k P a ] 40 30 20 10 4 3 2 1 5 50% 60% 70% 50% 50% 50% 40% 30% 0 Water 80 Pl= 1.2 kPa Ph= 4.6 kPa Pl= 0.9 kPa LiBr 54% LiBr 58% Ph= 4.6 kPa 10b 5b 5 11 11b 2 7 2b 7b 10 44b LiBr 51% LiBr 55% Crysta llizatio n Line Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 CO P [-] Co ol in g c ap ac ity [% ]
Heat removal temperature [deg C]
Graph for 27 deg C heat rejection temperature COP (85 degC) Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 CO P [-] Co ol in g c ap ac ity [% ]
Heat rejection temperature [deg C]
Graph for 15 deg C heat removaltemperature COP (85 deg C) Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 CO P [-] Co ol in g c ap ac ity [% ]
Heat rejection temperature [deg C]
Graph for 15 deg C heat removaltemperature COP (85 deg C)
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Te=15/18 °C , Ta,c=27/35 °C Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Diminui rejeição em 1˚C, aumenta capacidade em 7%
Aumenta distribuição em 1˚C, aumenta capacidade em 5%
Aumenta geração em 1˚C, aumenta capacidade em 3%
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
T
emp
er
atu
ra
d
a
fo
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te
d
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cal
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r
Efeito Simples
60°C
120°C
220°C
Efeito Duplo
Efeito Triplo
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLComparação de Sistemas com
Energia Solar
Efeito simples
• 0.7 COP
• 88
0C AQ
• 1 TR=> 5kW calor de
geração
• Back-up separado
• 1 TR=8,5 kW rejeito
Efeito Duplo
• 1.30 COP
• 165
0C Fluido térmico (pode
ser água pressurizada), ou
direto
• 1 TR=2,7 kW calor de geração
• Pode ter back-up integrado
• Back-up pode ser integrado
• 1 TR=6,2 kW rejeito
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
• ISAAC Solar Icemaker
• 54 kg de gelo por dia com 12m2coletor parabólico (ciclo intermitente)
163 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Q
inQ
outGerador
Evaporador
Armazenador
Condensador
Valvula
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Q
inQ
outGerador
Evaporador
Armazenador
Condensador
Valvula
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLThermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
• Yazaki
• Broad Air Conditioning
• EAW
• Dunham-Bush Inc.
• Energy Concept
• Thermax
• Kawasaki
• Sanyo
• Hitachi
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLEmpresa Produto Par Capacida
de Nominal Temp. Gerador Temp. Água Gelada Temp. Rejeito Dimensões Peso Climate-well CW 10 LiCl/H2O 1,7 TR 80°C 7°C 30°C 2.2x1.4x0.7m 740kg EAW Wegracal SE 15, ESC15 LiBr/H2O 4,3 TR 90°C 10-15°C 27°C 1.75x0.76x1.75m 700kg Thermax LT 0.5 LiBr/H2O 5 TR 85°C 6-8°C 30°C 2,0x1,0x0,9m 1300kg Yazaki WFC-SC5, WFC18 LiBr/H2O 5 TR 88°C 6-8°C 31°C 1,82x0,74x0,6m 420 kg EAW Wegracal SE 30, ESC30 LiBr/H2O 8,5 TR 90°C 10-15°C 27°C 2,2x0,79x2,14m 1400 kg Thermax LT 1 LiBr/H2O 10 TR 70-110°C 6-8°C 31°C 2,1x1,6x1,6m 2000 kg Yazaki WFC-SC 10 WFC35 LiBr/H2O 10 TR 88°C 6-8°C 31°C 1,98x0,86x0,97m 600 kg EAW Wegracal SE 50, ESC50 LiBr/H2O 14,2 TR 86°C 10-15°C 27°C 2,31x1,10x2,95m 2250 kg Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
FLEX > SANYO, HITACHI, KAWASAKI
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Empresa Pink SolarIce AGO
Produto Chilii PSC 19
AAC25 chillii®ACC50, congelo
50
Par Amônia/Água Amônia/Água Amônia/Água
Capacidade de Refrigeração 5,4 TR 7,1 TR 14,2 TR
Temp. Gerador 85°C 95°C 115°C
Temp. Rejeito 24°C 24°C 25°C
Temp. Água Gelada 6°C -3°C -10°C
COP 0,62 0,5 0,54
Dimensões 1,9x0,8x0,6m
2,0x1,4x1,4m 2,35x2,63x1,35m
Peso 550 kg 950 kg 1600 kg
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
LOS ANGELES VALLEY COLLEGE SUNCHILLER/SUNDA 2000 m2 – TE 350 TR AB 1-E Broad Maio 2009 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
SOUTHEAST FALSE CREEK Vila Olímpica VANCOUVER, BC 220 m2 – TE YAZAKI Dez, 2009 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL OXFORD GARDENS WOODSTOCK, ON 530 m2 – VT 30 ton AB-1E YAZAKI Out, 2009 Thermosol Consulting Lucio Mesquita, PhD
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
SUNPORT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ALBUQUERQUE, NM 650 m2 – FR 30 TR AB-1E Fev, 2010 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL RESIDÊNCIA ELDORADO HILLS, CA 80 m2– FP 3 TR AB-1E 1985 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL AUSTIN POWER/SOLARGENIX 370 m2 – CPC 30 TR AB-1E YAZAKI ABRIL, 2003
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
DESERT OUTDOOR CENTER Fênix, AZ 120 m2 – plano duplo 20 TR AB-1E YAZAKI Março, 2006 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS DOWNEY, CA 50 m2 Parab. + 62 m2 Fresnel 10 TR AB-1E YAZAKI Jul, 2009 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
PROJETO FREEDOM FIELD ROCKFORD, IL 68 m2 – TE 10 TR AB-1E YAZAKI Nov, 2009 http://www.freedomfieldenergy.com/index.html Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL STEINWAY&SONS Nova York, NY 520 m2 – Parabólico 90 TR AB-2E Abril, 2010
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Q
inQ
outGerador
Evaporador
Armazenador
Condensador
Valvula
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLQ
inQ
outGerador
Evaporador
Armazenador
Condensador
Valvula
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Polímeros sintéticos
Silica gel
Silicato de Titânio
Zeolitas sintéticas ou naturais
Alumina ativada
Carvão ativado
silica gel
250 m
2
/cm
3
• Poros tem diametro de nanometros e
seu volume representa aprox. metade
do volume total
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ADSORÇÃO
Q
outEvaporador
Condensador
E.V.
Q
inW
Reator 1
Reator 2
Resf.
Aquec.
Q
inQ
out Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLCICLO DE ADSORÇÃO DE VAPOR
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ADSORÇÃO
• Intermitente – COP ~0.3
• Quase-Contínuo
– MYCOM COP ~0.6 Temperatura 75 C
– Saha et al COP=0.36 Temperatura 55 C
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL FLETCHER PARK 1800 m2 plano 300 TR AD Dezembro, 2008 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Invensor Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Co ol in g c ap ac ity (% )
Heat removal temperature (deg C)
CO
P
(-)
COP (85 deg C) Graph for 27 deg C heat rejection temperature
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 Co ol in g c ap ac ity (% )
Heat rejection temperature (deg C)
CO
P
(-)
Graph for 18 deg C heat removal inlet temperature
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 Co ol in g c ap ac ity (% )
Heat rejection temperature (deg C)
CO
P
(-)
Graph for 18 deg C heat removal inlet temperature
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Diminui rejeição em 1˚C, aumenta capacidade em 4%
Aumenta distribuição em 1˚C, aumenta capacidade em 3%
Aumenta geração em 1˚C, aumenta capacidade em 2%
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
AD x AB
• Custo
• Espaço
• Corrosão
• Peso
• Temperatura de trabalho
• Cristalização
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Empresa InvenSor SorTech InvenSor SorTech Mayekawa Produto LTC 7 ASC 08 HTC 10 ASC 15 Mycom
ADR-15 Par água/zeolita água/silica
gel água/zeolita água/silica gel água/silica gel Capacidade de Refrigeração 2 TR 2,3 TR 2,8 TR 4,3 TR 14,2 TR Temp. Gerador 65 / 60°C 72 / 65°C 85 / 77°C 72 / 65°C 75 / 70°C Temp. Rejeito 27 / 31°C 27 / 32°C 27 / 32°C 27 / 32°C 29 / 33°C Temp. Água Gelada 18 / 15°C 18 / 15°C 18 / 15°C 18 / 15°C 14 / 9°C COP 0.54 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.60 Dimensões 0.65 x 1.30 x 1.65 m 0.79 x 1.06 x 0.94 m 0.65 x 1.30 x 1.65 m 0.79 x 1.34 x 1.39 m 3.10 x 1.93 x 2.20 m Peso 370 kg 295 kg 370 kg 590 kg 5,500 kg Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
• Desumidificação=calor latente
• Temperatura=calor sensível
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLTdb dry bulb temperature, °C
Ф relative humidity of the humid air
MCDB mean coincident dry bulb, °C
MCWB mean coincident wet bulb, °C
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL BELÉM Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL BRASÍLIA
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL PORTO ALEGRE Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL RIO DE JANEIRO
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL SALVADOR Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL SÃO PAULO
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
DESSECANTE SÓLIDO
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLThermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Volume 450 m3 10 - 60 persons
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 1250 m3/h 24 kW Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 3,000 cfm, Queens U. Supermercados Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
TYNDALL AIR FORCE BASE PANAMA CITY, FL 120 m2 – TE 10200 m3/h – LD Fevereiro 2010
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Tyndall
AFB
Panama
City, FL
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Storage Volume 500.0 525.0 550.0 575.0 600.0 625.0 650.0 675.0 700.0 725.0 750.0 775.0 800.0 5 /2 8 /2 0 1 0 2 0 :0 0 5 /2 9 /2 0 1 0 0 :0 0 5 /2 9 /2 0 1 0 4 :0 0 5 /2 9 /2 0 1 0 8 :0 0 5 /2 9 /2 0 1 0 1 2 :0 0 5 /2 9 /2 0 1 0 1 6 :0 0 5 /2 9 /2 0 1 0 2 0 :0 0 5 /3 0 /2 0 1 0 0 :0 0 5 /3 0 /2 0 1 0 4 :0 0 5 /3 0 /2 0 1 0 8 :0 0 5 /3 0 /2 0 1 0 1 2 :0 0 5 /3 0 /2 0 1 0 1 6 :0 0 5 /3 0 /2 0 1 0 2 0 :0 0 5 /3 1 /2 0 1 0 0 :0 0 5 /3 1 /2 0 1 0 4 :0 0 5 /3 1 /2 0 1 0 8 :0 0 5 /3 1 /2 0 1 0 1 2 :0 0 5 /3 1 /2 0 1 0 1 6 :0 0 5 /3 1 /2 0 1 0 2 0 :0 0 6 /1 /2 0 1 0 0 :0 0 6 /1 /2 0 1 0 4 :0 0 6 /1 /2 0 1 0 8 :0 0 6 /1 /2 0 1 0 1 2 :0 0 6 /1 /2 0 1 0 1 6 :0 0 6 /1 /2 0 1 0 2 0 :0 0 6 /2 /2 0 1 0 0 :0 0 6 /2 /2 0 1 0 4 :0 0 6 /2 /2 0 1 0 8 :0 0 6 /2 /2 0 1 0 1 2 :0 0 6 /2 /2 0 1 0 1 6 :0 0 6 /2 /2 0 1 0 2 0 :0 0 6 /3 /2 0 1 0 0 :0 0 6 /3 /2 0 1 0 4 :0 0 6 /3 /2 0 1 0 8 :0 0 6 /3 /2 0 1 0 1 2 :0 0 6 /3 /2 0 1 0 1 6 :0 0 6 /3 /2 0 1 0 2 0 :0 0 6 /4 /2 0 1 0 0 :0 0 6 /4 /2 0 1 0 4 :0 0 6 /4 /2 0 1 0 8 :0 0 6 /4 /2 0 1 0 1 2 :0 0 6 /4 /2 0 1 0 1 6 :0 0 Pr e s s u re D iffe re n c e ( Pa ) Storage VolumeScroll: SHIFT + Move Mouse Zoom: CTRL + Move Mouse
2740 galões
2457 galões
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Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL hot side heat rejection cold side solar collector heat exchanger heat storage backup
cooling tower load T M T T G C A E T T 45C° T chilled water sorption chiller solar system cooling water Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
flat plate collector vacuum-tube collector concentrating collector
hot side solar collector heat exchanger heat storage backup
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL FP, 7, 28% VT, 6, 25% CF, 3, 13% PT, 5, 21% CPC/ICPC, 3, 13%
FP, placa plana; VT, tubo evacuado; (I) CPC; PT, calha parabílica; CF, concentrador tipo Fresnel.
Tecnologia de coletores por num. de instalações 46%
40% 8% 4% 2% FP ETC CPC Air PTC Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL hot side heat rejection cold side solar collector heat exchanger heat storage backup
cooling tower load T M T T G C A E T T 45C° T chilled water sorption chiller solar system cooling water
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
wet cooling, open wet cooling, closed dry cooling
heat rejection main cooler heat exchanger auxiliary cooler heat exchanger
swimming pool T M T T M T T M T
ground heat exchanger borehole well
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL hot side heat rejection cold side solar collector heat exchanger heat storage backup
cooling tower load T M T T G C A E T T 45C° T chilled water sorption chiller solar system cooling water Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL cold side load distribution cold storage backup
radiative heating/cooling AHU fan coil
TM FA IA RA EA E-187 E-185 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting
Source: Dr. Hans-Martin Henning, Fraunhofer Diferença de Temperatura baixa 10-20°C média 20-30 °C média 20-30 °C alta 30-40 °C muito alta > 40 °C Temperatura do frio, sistema de distribuição 15-20°C e.g. Teto/forro e piso resfriado 15-20°C e.g. Teto/forro e piso resfriado 4-10°C e.g. fan coil
4-10°C e.g. fan coil
< 0°C e.g. gelo Temperatura de rejeito 25-30°C torre de resfriamento, solo 35-45°C trocador seco 25-30°C torre de resfriamento; solo 35-45°C trocador seco 35-45°C trocador seco Temp. do Calor do processo, efeito simples 70-85°C 85-110°C 85-110°C 100-130°C 180-250°C
Tipo de Coletor Placa Plana Tubo Evacuado Placa Plana Tubo Evacuado Placa Plana Tubo Evacuado Tubo Evacuado Rastreado 1 eixo Rastreado 1 eixo Temp. do Calor do Processo, efeito duplo 130-180°C 130-180°C
Tipo de Coletor Rastreado 1 eixo
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
•PER – Primary Energy Ratio
– PER = Primary Energy Input / Cooling
1,1
0,30
3
1
η
COP
1
Q
PE
PER
p 0
1,7
0,85
0,7
1
η
COP
1
Q
PE
PER
b 0
COP
1
f
1
f
η
1
PER
b
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLPrimary Energy Ratio x COP for Different Solar Fractions Fossil Fuel Burner Effic. = 0.85
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 COP P E R f=0.0 f=0.2 f=0.4 f=0.6 f=0.8 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
AVALIAÇÃO INICIAL
ThermosolConsulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
•
ÁREA PARA ATENDER CAPACIDADE NOMINAL
•
(3,0-4,5 m2/kW ou 10-15 m2/TR)
•
ÁREA PARA ATENDER TRh
•
Retscreen/SHC Tool/F-chart
•
CUSTO da ENERGIA DO COLETOR
•
Análise de Carga Térmica Horária
•
SACE
•
POLYSUN
•
TRNSYS
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL • KISS • SAZONALIDADE • CIRCUITO FECHADO
• Vazão Alta, delta T baixo > 72 l/hm2
• EXPANSÃO, SEGURANÇA, AR
• POSIÇÃO/INSTALAÇÃO DE SENSORES
• ISOLAMENTO TÉRMICO DAS TUBULAÇÕES
• CONSUMO ELÉTRICO
• VENTILADORES E BOMBAS
• BLOQUEIO DE FLUXOS INDESEJADOS POR TEMOSSIFÃO
• TROCADOR DE CALOR PARA DIFERENCIAL MÉDIO DE 5 C
• CORRETA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE FLUXO ENTRE COLETORES
• CONTROLE/DESENHO HIDRÁULICO P/ RÁPIDA PARTIDA
• RESERVATÓRIO FRIO X QUENTE – DEPENDE DE DIF.DE TEMP E COP
CUIDADOS BÁSICOS
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL• ADSORÇÃO 2,5 TR = 13.000 EUR
• ABSORÇÃO 1-E 30 TR= 45.000 US$
• ABSORÇÃO 1-E 5 TR= 23.000 US$
• ABSORÇÃO 1-E 10 TR= 30.000 US$
• ABSORÇÃO 2-E 6 TR= 21.000 US$*
• * internalizado
ALGUNS VALORES DE REFERÊNCIA
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
ALGUNS VALORES DE REFERÊNCIA
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Solar collectors and structures
Auxiliaries for collectors (piping , valves, pumps) Auxiliary heating systems + pump and piping Solar cold production (sorption chiller or DEC) Cooling tower and auxiliaries - water treatment Storage tank and auxiliaries Back-up CHILLER and auxiliaries Control and monitoring - electricity connection Design and commissioning
Other DEC + FPC ABS + FPC Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL