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The interplay between mineral metabolism, vascular calcification and inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): challenging old concepts with new facts

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Academic year: 2021

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Figure 1. Overview of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) homeostatic regulation.  Red lines represent the main mechanisms of Ca  regulation in a situation of hypocalcemia
Figure 2. Schematic representation of the mineralization paradox in CKD.  As kidney functional declines, P  retention occurs and FGF-23 highly increases, with consequent decrease in 1,25D levels
Figure 3. The vascular calcification-inflammation cycle.  Calcium-phosphate (CaP) mineral is present in secondary  calciprotein  particles (CPP-II), in calcifying extracellular vesicles (cEVs) and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of blood  vessels

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