❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ár❡❛s ♣❛r❛
♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s✿ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❚■❈ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦
■s❛❜❡❧❛ ❇❡rt♦❧✐♥✐ ❈♦❡❧❤♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛
❛♦
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
♣❛r❛
♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦
❞❡
▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✿ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢
❛✳ ❉r
❛✳ ▲ú❝✐❛ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❇❛rr♦s♦
❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ár❡❛s ♣❛r❛
♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s✿ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❚■❈ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦
❊st❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✽✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✻✳ ❯♠❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳
❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛✿
• Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ▲ú❝✐❛ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❇❛rr♦s♦ ✭♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮ ✲ ■▼❊✲❯❙P • Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ▼ô♥✐❝❛ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❙❛♥❞♦✈❛❧ ✲ ■▼❊✲❯❙P
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
■♥✐❝✐♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡♥❞♦ à Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉r❛ ▲ú❝✐❛ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❇❛rr♦s♦ ♣♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛r ❡ss❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠✐❣♦✱
♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐s♠♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❛ ár❞✉❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✳
➚s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ ❜❛♥❝❛✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉r❛ ❉❡♥✐s❡ ❇r✐t③ ❞♦ ◆❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❡
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉r❛ ▼ô♥✐❝❛ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❙❛♥❞♦✈❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛r❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥✈✐t❡✱ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s✱ s✉❣❡stõ❡s
❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❢❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧♦ ❞♦♠ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♣♦r ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛r ♠❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ s✉♣❡r❛♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❊♥✐ ♣♦r s❡r ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♦r❣✉❧❤❛✱ ♠❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛✱ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❞á ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❡ ♠❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❛✐s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❡ t❡r ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❏♦ã♦ ●❛❜r✐❡❧ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ s❡✉ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ➚ t♦❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡✉ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳
●♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ❈❊❚■❈✳❜r q✉❡ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r❛♠ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❡♠ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✿ ❆❧✐✱ ▲✉❛♥❛✱ ▲✉✱ ▼❛ír❛✱ ▼❛♥✉✱ ▼❛r✐❛✱ ❘❛♣❤❛✱ ❚❛t✐ ❡ ❲✐♥s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ P✐tt❛ ❡ ❊♠❡rs♦♥ ❙❛♥t♦s ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❛♠✐❣❛s q✉❡r✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r❛♠ ♠✐♥❤❛s r❡❝✉s❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❤❛♣♣② ❤♦✉rs✱ ❛♥✐✈❡rsár✐♦s✱ ✈✐❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❛✜♥s✳ ➚ ●✉❛❞❛✱ ▲②s❡ ❡ ▼❛ír❛ q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡ ❞❡✐①❛r❛♠ ❞❡s✐st✐r✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧ é t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ às ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❚■❈✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ♥♦✈❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛r ❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❝♦♠ ❡ss❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ só❝✐♦✲ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞❛s ♥❛çõ❡s é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝rít✐❝❛✱ r❡✢❡①♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦❀ ❞❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ s❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛r ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠❛✐s ❝r✐❛t✐✲ ✈❛s ❡ ✢❡①í✈❡✐s✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❣❡r❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✲♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥✲ t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡t❝✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s❡ ❢❛③ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛♠♦str❛✐s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❖ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❝♦st✉♠❛ s❡r ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ✈❡♠ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ❞❡ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ♠❛✐s ❞❡s❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ é ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧✱ s❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✈✐st❛ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ár❡❛s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ tr❛③✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧ ♦✉ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ✏❡♠♣r❡st❛♠✑ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ár❡❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛✐s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❚■❈ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❈●■✳❜r✱ ❡ ❞♦ ❈❡♥s♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ■◆❊P✳ ❖❜t❡♠♦s ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛✱ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♠♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ♣♦r ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❧❡❛✈❡✲♦♥❡✲♦✉t✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛✐s✱ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t s♦❝✐❡t② ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s t❤❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✭■❈❚✮ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✱ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❛♥❞ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♣❤♦♥❡✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ♥❡✇ ✇❛②s ♦❢ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡s❡ t❡❝❤♥♦✲ ❧♦❣✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ s♦❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♥❛t✐♦♥s ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ s♦❝✐❡t②✱ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❀ ■♥ t❤❛t ✇❛②✱ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t✐♥❣ ■❈❚ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ♠♦r❡ ❝r❡❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s✳ ❚♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐t ♥❡❡❞s t❤❡ ✉♥✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❢❛❝t♦rs s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ s❝❤♦♦❧s✱ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r✬s ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ t♦ ❛❞♦♣t ■❈❚ ♦♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✱ t❤❡ ■❈❚ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✱ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s❡❝t♦r ❡t❝✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♠❛♥♥❡r✱ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛❜♦✉t ■❈❚ ❛❞♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳ ❙❛♠♣❧❡ s✉r✈❡②s ❛r❡ ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ s✐③❡s ✐s ♦❢t❡♥ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ❧❛r❣❡ ❛r❡❛s✱ ♥❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐r❡ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡s❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞✐s❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡❞ ❛r❡❛s✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ s✐③❡ ✐s s♠❛❧❧ t♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❡st✐✲ ♠❛t❡s✱ ❛r❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ s✐③❡✳ ❙♠❛❧❧ ❛r❡❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❛❜♦✉t s♦♠❡ ❞❡s✐r❡❞ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ ✏❧❡♥❞✑ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲ t✐♦♥ t♦ r❡s❡♠❜❧✐♥❣ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s✳ ❖✉r ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ✐s t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❝❤♦♦❧s ✇❤❡r❡✐♥ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✉s❡ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t t♦ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✲❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r st✉❞❡♥ts ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❋❡❞❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❯♥✐t ♦❢ ❇r❛③✐❧ ✉s✐♥❣ r❡❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ■❈❚ ✐♥ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❙✉r✈❡②✱ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❜② ❈●■✳❜r✱ ❛♥❞ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ❈❡♥s✉s✱ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❜② ■◆❊P✳ ❲❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❜♦t❤ ❜② ❞✐r❡❝t ❡st✐♠❛t♦r ❛♥❞ ❜② ❧♦❣✐st✐❝ r❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡♠ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ sq✉❛r❡❞ ❡rr♦r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss ✉s✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❢✉s✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ❜② ❧❡❛✈❡✲♦♥❡✲♦✉t ❝r♦ss✲✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚♦ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡s❡ r❡s✉❧ts ✇❡ ❞♦ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ st✉❞②✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦❣✐st✐❝ r❛♥❞♦♠ ❡✛❡❝ts ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t❤❡ ❜❡st ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ✈✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✼
✷✳✶ ❈❡♥s♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❚■❈ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✜♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✸✳✶ P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❛❧✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✜♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❈rít✐❝❛s ❡ ✐♠♣✉t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❘❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❚■❈ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ♣❡s♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛ ❧✐st❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✶✺
✸✳✶ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞✐r❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✸ ❊rr♦ ◗✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ P♦✐ss♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛✐s ✷✺
✹✳✶ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞✐r❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r r❡❣✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✹✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r ❝❧✉st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✻✶
✺✳✶ P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✷ P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✸ P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✼✺
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✼✼
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✽✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✹✳✶ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛ ■♥✲ t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞✐r❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✷ ❈✉r✈❛ ❘❖❈ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✸ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛
■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✹ ❈✉r✈❛ ❘❖❈ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r r❡❣✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✺ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛
■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r r❡❣✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✻ ❈✉r✈❛ ❘❖❈ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r ❝❧✉st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✼ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛
■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r ❝❧✉st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✽ ❈✉r✈❛ ❘❖❈ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✾ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛
■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶✵ ❈✉r✈❛ ❘❖❈ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✶ ▼❛♣❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛
■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶✷ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ❊◗▼ s♦❜ ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✶✸ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ❊◗▼ s♦❜ ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠✐st♦✱ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡ ❝❧✉st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✶✹ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ❊◗▼ s♦❜ ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ❡ ♣♦r ❝❧✉st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✶✺ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❛ r❛✐③ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❊◗▼ ♣❡❧❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✭✪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✶ ❊◗▼ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✷ ❊◗▼ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✸ ❊◗▼ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t♦
❡ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✹✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s q✉❛♥t♦ à ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡♠ ✉s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠
♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❊◗▼ ❡ ❈❱✱ ♣♦r ❯❋✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞✐r❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✹ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✺ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s
❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ♣♦r ❯❋✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✻ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r r❡❣✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✼ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s
❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ♣♦r ❯❋✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r r❡❣✐ã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✽ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣♦r ❣r✉♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✾ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣♦r ❣r✉♣♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✶✵ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣♦r ❣r✉♣♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✶✶ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣♦r ❣r✉♣♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✶✷ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✸ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣♦r ❣r✉♣♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ r❡❣✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✹ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣♦r ❣r✉♣♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❯❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✺ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣♦r ❣r✉♣♦ ✹✷ ✹✳✶✻ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r ❝❧✉st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✶✼ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s
❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ♣♦r ❯❋✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r ❝❧✉st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✶✽ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✶✾ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✷✵ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s
❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ♣♦r ❯❋✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✷✶ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦
❛♠♦str❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✷✷ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦
❛♠♦str❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✷✸ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✉s❛♠ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ♣♦r ❯❋✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✷✹ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❛ r❛✐③ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❊◗▼ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✶ ❱❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♣♦r ár❡❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ♣♦r ár❡❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✸ ❱❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♣♦r ár❡❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✹ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ♣♦r ár❡❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✺ ❱❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♣♦r ár❡❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✻ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ♣♦r ár❡❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✼✷
❆✳✶ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ♣♦r ❯❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ❆✳✷ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡P✹✹❴❚❖❚❆▲✱ ♣♦r ❯❋✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❛♠♦s✲
tr❛ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❚■❈ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ❆✳✸ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
❆✳✹ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ◆♦rt❡✳ ✳ ✼✾
❆✳✺ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ◆♦r❞❡st❡ ✼✾
❆✳✻ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❙✉❞❡st❡ ✽✵
❆✳✼ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❙✉❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
❆✳✽ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛st❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❈❡♥tr♦✲
❖❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ❆✳✾ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
❆✳✶✵ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
❆✳✶✶ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
❆✳✶✷ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
❆✳✶✸ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
❆✳✶✹ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✳ ✽✷
❆✳✶✺ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡rr♦s✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛st❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✲♣ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ❡
❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ❆✳✶✻ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❜♦♦tstr❛♣✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ❆✳✶✼ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❜♦♦tstr❛♣✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r r❡❣✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ❆✳✶✽ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❜♦♦tstr❛♣✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦r ❝❧✉st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ❆✳✶✾ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❜♦♦tstr❛♣✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✽✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
❆◆❖❱❆ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛
❆❯❈ ➪r❡❛ s♦❜ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❘❖❈
❈❊❚■❈✳❜r ❈❡♥tr♦ ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜ ♦s ❛✉s♣í❝✐♦s ❞❛ ❯◆❊❙❈❖
❈●■✳❜r ❈♦♠✐tê ●❡st♦r ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧
❈❱ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦
❊◗▼ ❊rr♦ ◗✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ▼é❞✐♦
■❇●❊ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
■❈❚ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s
■◆❊P ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛
▼❊❈ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦
◆■❈✳❜r ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ P♦♥t♦ ❇❘
PP❚ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ Pr♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦
P◗▲ P❡♥❛❧✐③❡❞ ◗✉❛s✐✲▲✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞
❘❖❈ ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡r ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s
❙❆❊ ❊st✐♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ár❡❛s
❚■❈ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦
❯❋ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧
❯◆❊❙❈❖ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ◆❛çõ❡s ❯♥✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s
❆s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❚■❈✮ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r❛♠ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧ ❡♠ tã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛r ❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦
❇❡❧❧♦♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❛♣✉❞ ❆❧❜✐♥♦ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❚■❈ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♠ ❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ♥♦tí❝✐❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✏❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ às ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❞❡ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ s❡ ♠❛♥té♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r❛ ❡ s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛❞♦r❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❆s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s tê♠ ♠✉❞❛❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛r✱ ❛❣✐r ❡ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦ é ❞❡♠♦r❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦✳ ❙❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ só❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❛çã♦ ❡stá ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛ ❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛ ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✱ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ s❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ✭❆❧❜✐♥♦✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝r✐❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ✢❡①í✈❡❧✱ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❚■❈ q✉❡ ✈✐s❡ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❝rít✐❝❛✳ ❊st✉❞♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✐♥s❡r✐r ❛s ❚■❈ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r s❡♠ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♥ã♦ tr❛③❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✱ ❧♦❣♦✱ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛t✉❛r ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❥á ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳
❆ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ✉♠ ✈✐és ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈♦ ♦♥❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ t❡r ❛ ❧✐❜❡r✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r✱ r❡❝❡❜❡r✱ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✭❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✵✹✮✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❣❡r❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦s✐✲ t✐✈♦s é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s❀ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠❀ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✲♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s❀ ♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛s ❚■❈ ❛t✉❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛❞♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♦ ✐♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯◆❊❙❈❖ ✭❯■❙✱✷✵✵✾✮ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡t❝✳✱ ❡ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❡t❝✳✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐✲
✷ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
③❛çã♦✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❡stá ♥❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛✳
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✳ ❉❡st❛❝❛♠♦s ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞♦ ❈♦♠✐tê ●❡st♦r ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❈●■✳❜r✮ q✉❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♣❛r❛ s❡r✈✐r ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥s✉♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❆ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❚■❈ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✭❈●■✳❜r✱✷✵✶✹✮ tr❛③ ❞❛❞♦s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ♣♦ss❡✱ ✉s♦✱ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s❡✉s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✾✾✪ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡✱ ❞❡st❛s✱ ✾✼✪ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ♥ã♦ é ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❣r❛✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t❛♠❜é♠ tr❛③ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❧t♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s tê♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❜❛✐①❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ❧♦❣♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ s✉♣❡r❛❞♦s✳
P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♦❝♦rr❛♠ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❡①✐st✐r ♦ ✉s♦ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❞❡ ❧í❞❡r❡s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡♠ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❖s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡①❡r❝❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ tr❛♥s❢❡✲ rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠❛s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦♠♦t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❡ t❡r ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ✢✉í❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳
❋✉ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❛♣✉❞ ❆❧❜✐♥♦ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥s❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ r❡tr❛t❛r ❛s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ q✉❡ ❞✐s❝♦rr❡♠ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s✱ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s✱ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♦ ✉s♦✳ ❈✐t❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ✉♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♥❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦❢❡rt❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ tr❛③ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳
❉❡ ❆❧❜✐♥♦ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ t❡♠♦s q✉❡✱ ✏❉❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ ▲♦♣❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ ✹✵✵ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❛s ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡✿
• ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♥♦ s❡✉ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❀
• ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s✱ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ■♥t❡r♥❡t sã♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❀
• ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛ ♥ã♦ é ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❢❛❧t❛ ♣r❡♣❛r♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s❀
✶✳✷✳ ▼❖❚■❱❆➬➹❖ ✸
• ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s tê♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ✉s❛♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳✑
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ❚■❈ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❡ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s✲ ♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♣r✐✲ ✈✐❧❡❣✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛ ❡ ❣❡stã♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❢r❡♥t❡s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛s✱ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ ✐♥t✉✐t♦✱ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐r❡t♦r ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✲r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✲ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ♥♦✈❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❛❞♦t❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✲♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ✈✐s❡♠ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ❆ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❣❡st♦r❡s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s é ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥❡ss❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ✈✐✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✈✐s❛ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❥á ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❚■❈ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❤á ♣♦✉❝❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r✈✐r ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥s✉♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❡ ♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❛❞♦çã♦ ❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❛çã♦ é ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳
✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✉♠ ❞❡✈❡r ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✽✳ ❖ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❛ss❡♠ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❛té ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s ♠♦str❛ é ✉♠❛ ❜❛✐①❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❣r❛✈❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛✱ ❛❧t♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ♣♦❜r❡③❛✱ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ ♠ã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡t❝✳ ❆ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♦❢❡rt❛❞❛ é ✉♠ ❡♠♣❡❝✐❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❡ s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❆s ❚■❈ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ♥♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ♣♦r ❡ss❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❝♦✲ ❧♦❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛❧✐❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ só❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♥❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s às ❚■❈✱ ❞❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❢♦✲ r❛♠ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ t❛❜❧❡ts✱ ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ❊ss❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❥á sã♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ♥ã♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ é s✉✲ ✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s✱ sã♦ ❞✐❛❣♥♦st✐❝❛❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦ r❡❝❡✲ ❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦✱ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
