Iracilda Zeppone Carlos. Editor. Sporotrichosis. New Developments and Future Prospects

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Iracilda Zeppone Carlos

Editor

Sporotrichosis

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Editor

Iracilda Zeppone Carlos

Faculdade de Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuticas

Universidade Estadual Paulista Ju´lio Mesquita Filho UNESP Araraquara, Sa˜o Paulo

Brazil

ISBN 978-3-319-11911-3 ISBN 978-3-319-11912-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11912-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015954970 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

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To my lovely husband Manoel and our sons,

Julio, Esteva˜o, and Manoela

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Preface

Until recently, sporotrichosis has been considered a neglected disease. Despite its worldwide spread with numerous hyperendemic areas, and being the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in large geographical areas such as South America, as well as outbreaks occurring in several tropical and subtropical countries, references in the basic literature citing sporotrichosis as an example of human mycosis are still rare. Several factors have contributed to an increased interest in this disease. As an opportunistic infection, its incidence has been associated with risk groups such as patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus or receiving immunosup-pressive therapies, and patients with chronic diseases, among others.

Another point of great interest regards sporotrichosis becoming an important zoonosis. This has changed the classic epidemiological pattern shaped by many years of soil-associated transmission, frequently through punctures from thorns; hence the name‘rose gardener’s disease’.

Several advances have been made in terms of comprehending the biology of Sporothrix schenckii and the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis. This book aims to consolidate these major advances to date. Subsequently, nine chapters were con-ceived to cover the main areas in which the greatest progress has been made and highlighting others needing further development. In Chap.1, a brief history of the disease is given, from its first description by Benjamin Schenck until the current state of its geographic distribution. Chapter2 is devoted to the description of the causative agent and the progress made from its description until the recent identi-fication of other species collectively known as theS. schenckii complex. Chapter3

is dedicated to the structural aspects of the fungus’s immunomodulatory compo-nents that determine the immune response againstS. schenckii; also mentioned are some of the virulence factors, which are further expanded in the next chapter. Chapter4refers to the aspects of interaction betweenS. schenckii and its environ-mental niche and how this interaction can determine the host response. The clinical aspects of human and animal sporotrichosis are embraced in Chaps. 5 and 6, respectively, whereas Chap. 7 is devoted to the more relevant aspects of the immune response against S. schenckii, mostly from results reported from our

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laboratory. Chapter8covers the immunological diagnosis of the disease, and the last chapter describes current therapies and new developments in the fields of antifungal and immunostimulatory treatments.

It is our goal that this work serves as a reference for the study of sporotrichosis by medical students, general practitioners, infectious disease specialists, microbi-ologists, biomedical researchers, and others interested in this area. As the first edition and as an area of intense current investigation, this may not be a perfect work. We are aware that future editions will have to improve in several aspects, but with this first effort we hope to at least contribute to the scientific community learning more about this emerging disease and hopefully stimulate the interest of new research groups in order to sprout new research projects that will help to seek new and more effective tools for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of sporotrichosis.

I thank all the authors who contributed directly with their experience in writing the various chapters, as well as all those whose work, featured or not, allowed the existence of this book and also those who gave their suggestions for generally improving the book. Thanks also go to our numerous master and PhD students, postdoctoral researchers, and other collaborators over the years whose projects gave rise to many of the findings presented here. Finally, I dedicate a special acknowl-edgement to my friend Marisa Campos Polesi for the more than 20 years dedicated to the Immunology Laboratory of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP, and also for our equally long and lasting friendship, both being important elements driving my scientific accomplishments throughout these years. To all of them, my many thanks.

Araraquara, SP, Brazil Iracilda Zeppone Carlos

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List of Contributors

Carlos A. Alba-Fierro Departamento de Biologıá Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Quı´micas, Universidad Jua´rez del Estado, Durango, Dgo, Mexico Rodrigo Almeida-Paes Laboratorio de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundaçaõ Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Iracilda Zeppone Carlos Faculdade de Cieˆncias Farmaceûticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Ju´lio Mesquita Filho UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

Alexander Batista-Duharte Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicologı´a, Centro de Toxicologı´a y Biomedicina (TOXIMED), Universidad de Ciencias Me´dicas, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba

Faculdade de Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Ju´lio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

Lucas Souza Ferreira Faculdade de Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Ju´lio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas, Fundaçaõ Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Deivys Portuondo Fuentes Faculdade de Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Ju´lio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

Amanda Costa Gonc¸alves Faculdade de Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Ju´lio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremiaõ Laboratorio de Pesquisa Clıńica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Dome´sticos, Instituto de Pesquisa Clıńica Evandro Chagas, Fundaçaõ Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas, Fundaçaõ Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Damiana Te´llez Martı´nez Faculdade de Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Ju´lio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

Rodrigo Caldas Menezes Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Manoel Marques Evangelista de Oliveira Laboratorio de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundac¸a˜o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Sandro Antonio Pereira Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Armando Pe´rez-Torres Departamento de Biologı´a Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Me´xico, Me´xico City, Mexico Estela Ruiz-Baca Departamento de Biologı´a Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Quı´micas, Universidad Jua´rez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Dgo, Mexico

Diana Bridon da Graça Sgarbi Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologıá, Instituto Biome´dico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil Conchita Toriello Departamento de Microbiologıá y Parasitologıá, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Me´xico, Me´xico D.F., Mexico Antonio Carlos Francesconi do Valle Serviço de Infectologia, Instituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas, Fundaçaõ Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rosely M. Zancope-Oliveira Fundaçaõ Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Pesquisa Clıńica Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

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About the Editor

Iracilda Zeppone Carlos is Titular Professor of the Clinical Immunology Laboratory of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sa˜o Paulo State University Ju´lio Mesquita Filho (UNESP), where her research is focused on the study of the cell-based immune response applied to the mechanisms and pathogenesis of experimental diseases, including cancer and fungal diseases. Her interest in the field of cellular immunity began with her studies on experimental sporotrichosis since 1986, linked to her doctoral thesis. She is heavily involved in a variety of research fields, including experimental sporotrichosis and the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumoral activities of natural products. Her research has been focused on the innate and adaptive immune responses againstSporothrix schenckii and, more recently, on the relationship between the environment and the immunopathogenesis of sporotrichosis. All these different approaches have opened new areas in her lab committed to the search of new prophylactic and therapeutic tools against this disease. She has contributed to the scientific formation of more than 60 researchers, including the supervision of nearly 50 MsC/PhD theses, mostly regarding the immunology of sporotrichosis.

Iracilda Zeppone Carlos. Editor. Sporotrichosis. New Developments and Future Prospects