• Nenhum resultado encontrado

Effects of short V. Long term migration on the eating patterns: the case of Portuguese University students in London : Trabalho de investigação : Efeito da migração de duração curta vs longa nos padrões alimentares: o caso de estudantes universitários em

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Effects of short V. Long term migration on the eating patterns: the case of Portuguese University students in London : Trabalho de investigação : Efeito da migração de duração curta vs longa nos padrões alimentares: o caso de estudantes universitários em "

Copied!
37
0
0

Texto

(1)

   

(

))(&762)6+257

Y

/21*7(500,*5$7,21217+(($7,1*

3$77(516





7

+(&$6(2)

3

2578*8(6(81,9(56,7<678'(176

,1

/

21'21





(IHLWRGDPLJUDomRGHGXUDomRFXUWDYVORQJDQRVSDGU}HV

DOLPHQWDUHV2FDVRGHHVWXGDQWHVXQLYHUVLWiULRVHP/RQGUHV

   $QD6RILD9LOHOD   6XSHUYLVHGE\'U0DUWLQ&DUDKHUDQG'UD3DWULFLD3DGUmR   'RFXPHQWW\SHUHVHDUFKSURMHFW  3RUWR

(2)
(3)

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

(4)

LL

$EVWUDFW

7KH DLP RI WKLV VWXG\ ZDV WR HYDOXDWH WKH HIIHFW RI GLIIHUHQW OHQJWK RI PLJUDWLRQ RQ WKH HDWLQJ SDWWHUQ RI 3RUWXJXHVH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV )LIW\ILYH 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ D VXUYH\ RI IRRG SUDFWLFHV EHIRUH DQG DIWHU PRYLQJ IURP 3RUWXJDO WR /RQGRQ (QJODQG 7KH VWXGHQWV ZHUH VHSDUDWH LQ WZR JURXSVWKHVKRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSOLYLQJLQ/RQGRQOHVVWKDQRQH\HDUDQG WKH ORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS OLYLQJ LQ /RQGRQ PRUH WKDQ RQH \HDU )RUW\VL[ (QJOLVK XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ D VXUYH\ RI FXUUHQW IRRG SUDFWLFHV WR XVHDVFRPSDULVRQWR3RUWXJXHVHVWXGHQWV$TXHVWLRQQDLUHZDVDGPLQLVWUDWHGWR DVVHVV WKH IUHTXHQF\ RI HDWLQJ VHOHFWHG IRRG IDFWRUV ZKLFK PD\ LQIOXHQFH IRRG FKRLFHDQGIRRGSUHSDUDWLRQDQGSXUFKDVLQJEHKDYLRXUV$IWHUPRYLQJWR/RQGRQ WKH ORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS GLG PRUH GLHWDU\ FKDQJHV DQG VHHPV WR EH PRUH DFFXOWXUDWHG%RWK3RUWXJXHVHJURXSVUHSRUWHGVLJQLILFDQWGHFUHDVHLQWKHZHHNO\ IUHTXHQF\RIFRQVXPSWLRQRIUDZYHJHWDEOHVILVKYHJHWDEOHVRXSDQGUHGPHDW 7KH IUHTXHQF\ RI WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI VDYRXU\ VQDFNV IDVW IRRG DQG UHDG\ SUHSDUHG PHDO LQFUHDVHG DQG ZDV VLPLODU WR WKH (QJOLVK VWXGHQWV¶ FRQVXPSWLRQ 7KHVH ILQGLQJV KLJKOLJKW WKH GLIILFXOWLHV WKDW 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV IDFHG LQ PDLQWDLQLQJDWUDGLWLRQDO0HGLWHUUDQHDQGLHWDIWHUPRYLQJWRD1RUWKHUQ(XURSHDQ HQYLURQPHQWDOHYHQZLWKDVKRUWOHQJWKRIPLJUDWLRQ  .H\ZRUGV8QLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV0LJUDWLRQ)RRGSUDFWLFHV0HGLWHUUDQHDQGLHW    

(5)

LLL

5HVXPR

2REMHFWLYRSULQFLSDOGHVWHHVWXGRIRLDYDOLDURHIHLWRGHGLIHUHQWHVSHUtRGRV GH GXUDomR GH PLJUDomR QRV SDGU}HV DOLPHQWDUHV GH HVWXGDQWHV XQLYHUVLWiULRV SRUWXJXHVHV&LQTXHQWDHFLQFRHVWXGDQWHVSRUWXJXHVHVSDUWLFLSDUDPQXPHVWXGR VREUH SUiWLFDV DOLPHQWDUHV DQWHV H DSyV D VXD GHVORFDomR SDUD /RQGUHV ,QJODWHUUD 2V HVWXGDQWHV IRUDP VHSDUDGRV HP GRLV JUXSRV R JUXSR GH FXUWD GXUDomRGHPLJUDomRDYLYHUHPKiPHQRVGHXPDQRHP/RQGUHVHRJUXSRGH ORQJD GXUDomR GH PLJUDomR D YLYHUHP Ki PDLV GH XP DQR 4XDUHQWD H VHLV HVWXGDQWHV XQLYHUVLWiULRV LQJOHVHV SDUWLFLSDUDP QXP HVWXGR VREUH SUiWLFDV DOLPHQWDUHVFRUUHQWHVSDUDVHUHPXVDGRVFRPRFRPSDUDomRFRPRVHVWXGDQWHV SRUWXJXHVHV 8P TXHVWLRQiULR IRL DGPLQLVWUDGR SDUD DYDOLDU D IUHTXrQFLD GH FRQVXPRGHDOLPHQWRVVHOHFFLRQDGRVIDFWRUHVTXHPSRGHPLQIOXHQFLDUDHVFROKD DOLPHQWDU H D SUHSDUDomR H GH FRPSUD GH DOLPHQWRV $SyV D GHVORFDomR SDUD /RQGUHVRJUXSRFRPPDLRUGXUDomRGHPLJUDomRIH]PDLVDOWHUDo}HVGLHWpWLFDVH SDUHFH VHU R PDLV DFXOWXUDGR $PERV RV JUXSRV SRUWXJXHVHV UHSRUWDUDP XPD GLPLQXLomRVLJQLILFDWLYDQDIUHTXrQFLDVHPDQDOGHFRQVXPRGHOHJXPHVKRUWDOLoD FUXV SHL[H VRSD GH YHJHWDLV H FDUQH YHUPHOKD $ IUHTXrQFLD GH FRQVXPR GH VQDFNVIDVWIRRGHUHIHLo}HVMiSUHSDUDGDVDXPHQWRXHHUDVLPLODUDRFRQVXPR GRVLQJOHVHVHVWXGDQWHV(VWHVUHVXOWDGRVUHDOoDPDVGLILFXOGDGHVGRVHVWXGDQWHV SRUWXJXHVHVHPPDQWHUHPXPDGLHWDPHGLWHUUkQHDWUDGLFLRQDODSyVDGHVORFDomR SDUDXPSDtVGR1RUWHPHVPRFRPXPDFXUWDGXUDomRGHPLJUDomR  3DODYUDVFKDYH(VWXGDQWHVXQLYHUVLWiULRV0LJUDomR3UiWLFDVDOLPHQWDUHV'LHWDPHGLWHUUkQHD    

(6)
(7)



%DFNJURXQG

'LHWDU\KDELWVDUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQHDUO\OLIHDQGFDQKDYHDVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFW RQ WKH KHDOWK RI LQGLYLGXDOV LQ WKH ORQJ WHUP>@ $V PHQWLRQHG E\:RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ PRVW RI W\SH  GLDEHWHV FDVHV  RI FDVHV RI FDUGLRYDVFXODU GLVHDVHVDQGRIDOOWKHFDVHVRIFDQFHUVFDQEHDYRLGHGZLWKKHDOWK\OLIHVW\OH SUDFWLFHVXFKDVKHDOWKLHUGLHWUHJXODUSK\VLFDFWLYLW\DQGVWRSSLQJVPRNLQJ>@

$JUHDWHUDGKHUHQFHWRD0HGLWHUUDQHDQGLHWLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDVLJQLILFDQW UHGXFWLRQLQRYHUDOOPRUWDOLW\PRUWDOLW\IURPFDUGLRYDVFXODUGLVHDVHVLQFLGHQFHRI RU PRUWDOLW\ IURP QHRSODVWLF DQG QHXURGHJHQHUDWLYH GLVHDVHV>@ 6RXWKHUQ (XURSHDQ FRXQWULHV DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ IRRG SDWWHUQ ULFK LQ PRQRXQVDWXUDWHG IDWW\ DFLGV KLJK FRQVXPSWLRQ RI ROLYH RLO  ORZ FRQVXPSWLRQ RI VDWXUDWHG IDWW\ DFLGV DQG D KLJK LQWDNH RI FDUERK\GUDWHV>@ 3RUWXJDO LV D JRRG

H[DPSOHUHJDUGLQJWKLVOLIHVW\OHSUDFWLFHVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DGLHWULFKLQILVKIUXLW YHJHWDEOHV DQG ROLYH RLO SULYLOHJHG DGGHG IDW>@ $OWKRXJK LW LV VHHPV WKDW LQ 3RUWXJDO WKHUH LV D JUDGXDO FKDQJH IURP WKH WUDGLWLRQDO 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ GLHW WR D PRUHLQGXVWULDOL]HGGLHWUHODWLYHO\IDVWHUWKDQRWKHUV0HGLWHUUDQHDQFRXQWULHV>@

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

(8)



KHDOWK\ GLHW>@,PPLJUDQWV KLJKO\ HGXFDWHG DQG ZLWK VLPLODU FXOWXUDO RU SK\VLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ZLWK WKH KRVW FRXQWU\ DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR DFFXOWXUDWH ZLWK FRQVLGHUDEOHIDFLOLW\>@

 0DQ\ VWXGLHV SRLQWHG RXW WKH GLIILFXOWLHV WKDW WKH LPPLJUDQWV KDYH LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ WKHLU WUDGLWLRQDO HDWLQJ KDELWV>@ ,W KDV DOVR EHHQ GHVFULEHG WKDW

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 VWXGHQW XQLRQ DQG RQ WKH QRWLFH OHWWHU WR WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWXGHQWV7KH\ZHUHDOVRUHFUXLWHGVHQGLQJDQHPDLOZLWKWKHIO\HUWRXQLYHUVLWLHVLQ

(9)

 /RQGRQDQGLQ3RUWXJDODQGWRWKH3RUWXJXHVHVWXGHQWV7KHVWXGHQWVLQWHUHVWHGLQ WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH VWXG\ ZHUH LQYLWHG WR D IDFHWRIDFH LQWHUYLHZ 7KH VWXGHQWV 3RUWXJXHVH ZHUH DVNHG WR LQYLWH DQ (QJOLVK VWXGHQW IURP WKHLU XQLYHUVLW\ WR SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH VWXG\ Q   7KH (QJOLVK VDPSOH ZDV DOVR VXSSOHPHQWHG E\ UHFUXLWPHQW LQ WKH OLEUDU\ RU VWXGHQW XQLRQ RI WKHLU XQLYHUVLWLHV Q   7ZHOYH /RQGRQ8QLYHUVLWLHVZHUHUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVVWXG\

 $OO SDUWLFLSDQWV JDYH LQIRUPHG FRQVHQW SULRU WR WKHLU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ WKH VWXG\'DWDZHUHFROOHFWHGDQRQ\PRXVO\DQGVWRUHGLQDQRQLGHQWLILDEOHIRUPDW 

4XHVWLRQQDLUHGHYHORSPHQW

 $ TXHVWLRQQDLUH DGPLQLVWHUHG E\ WKH UHVHDUFKHUV ZDV XVHG WR REWDLQ GDWD DERXWVRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVFRQVXPSWLRQIUHTXHQF\RIVHOHFWHGIRRG LWHPVIRRGFKRLFHGHWHUPLQDQWVDQGIRRGSUHSDUDWLRQDQGSXUFKDVLQJEHKDYLRUV 7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUH ODQJXDJH ZDV (QJOLVK WR (QJOLVK VWXGHQWV DQG 3RUWXJXHVH WR 3RUWXJXHVHVWXGHQWV)RUSXUSRVHVRIWKLVVWXG\WKHGDWDUHJDUGLQJWRIRRGFKRLFH GHWHUPLQDQWVZLOOQRWEHDQDO\]HG7KHIRFXVLVRQZHHNO\IUHTXHQF\FRQVXPSWLRQ RIVHOHFWHGIRRGVDQGIRRGSUHSDUDWLRQDQGSXUFKDVLQJEHKDYLRUV

6RFLRGHPRJUDSKLF LQIRUPDWLRQ LQFOXGHG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXWDJH VH[ OLYLQJ DUUDQJHPHQW LQ /RQGRQ ILHOG RI VWXG\ FRQGLWLRQV WKDW UHTXLUHV D VSHFLDO GLHW DV ZHOO ZHLJKW DQG KHLJKW WKRVH DQWKURSRPHWULF PHDVXUHV ZHUH VHOI UHSRUWHG DQG %RG\ 0DVV ,QGH[  %0, ZDV WKHQ FDOFXODWHG  3RUWXJXHVH VDPSOH DOVR KDG TXHVWLRQV DERXW WKHLU OLYLQJ DUUDQJHPHQW LQ3RUWXJDO DQG WKHLU ZHLJKW DQG KHLJKW LPPHGLDWHO\EHIRUHFRPLQJWR/RQGRQ

7KHILUVWSDUWRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHLQFOXGHGDIRRGIUHTXHQF\TXHVWLRQQDLUH DGDSWHGIURPDSUHYLRXVO\YDOLGDWHGRQHXVHGORFDOO\WRDVVHVVWKHHDWLQJKDELWVRI

(10)



3RUWXJXHVH DGXOWV>@ 7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZDV PRGLILHG IURP DQ HLJKW\VL[ LWHP VHPLTXDQWLWDWLYH IRRG IUHTXHQF\ TXHVWLRQQDLUH WR D VL[W\HLJKW LWHP TXDOLWDWLYH IRRGIUHTXHQF\TXHVWLRQQDLUH7KHDOWHUDWLRQVLQFOXGHGZHUHWRMRLQVRPHIRRGLWHP LQWKHVDPHLWHPDQGLQFOXVLRQRIVRPHW\SLFDO(QJOLVKIRRGVXFKDVSRUULGJHILVK ILQJHUVIODYRUHGPLONDQGWHDZLWKPLONEDVHGRQWKHUHSRUWE\6FLHQWLILF$GYLVRU\ &RPPLWWHH RQ 1XWULWLRQ 6&$1  DQ DQDO\VLV RI %ULWLVK GLHWDU\ VXUYH\  >@ &RQVXPSWLRQIUHTXHQF\IRUHDFKIRRGLWHPZDVPHDVXUHGE\WKHUHVSRQVHµ1HYHU RUOHVVWKDQRQFHDPRQWK¶µSHUPRQWK¶µSHUZHHN¶µSHUZHHN¶µSHU ZHHN¶µSHUGD\¶µSHUGD\¶µSHUGD\¶DQGµSHUGD\¶ 6XEMHFWVZHUHDVNHGWKHQXPEHURIWLPHVHDFKGD\ZHHNRUPRQWKVSHFLILF IRRGLWHPZHUHFRQVXPHG 7KH3RUWXJXHVHVDPSOHUDWHGWZLFHHDFKIRRGLWHPWKHILVWUDWLQJUHIOHFWHG IUHTXHQF\RIFRQVXPSWLRQRIWKHODVW\HDUZKLOHOLYLQJLQ3RUWXJDODQGWKHVHFRQG UDWLQJ UHIOHFWHG FRQVXPSWLRQ DIWHU DUULYDO LQ /RQGRQ UHJDUGLQJ WKHLU ODVW \HDU LQ /RQGRQ RU VLQFH WKH\ ZHUH LQ /RQGRQ 7KH (QJOLVK VDPSOH RQO\ KDG WR ILOO WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUHUHJDUGLQJWKHLUXVXDOGLHWLQWKHODVW\HDULQ/RQGRQ

7KHODVWSDUWRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHZDVEDVHGRQWKHZRUNRI3DSDGDNLDQG 6FRWW  >@/DUVRQHWDO  >@DQG3HWWLQJHUHWDO  >@,WLQFOXGHGD TXHVWLRQ ZKLFK RQO\ DSSOLHG WR 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV 7KH\ ZHUH DVNHG WKHLU RSLQLRQDERXWWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIIRRGLQ/RQGRQFRPSDUHGWR3RUWXJDO7KHRWKHU WZRTXHVWLRQVZHUHDSSOLHGWRWKH3RUWXJXHVHDQG(QJOLVKVWXGHQWV

7KH ILUVW TXHVWLRQ RI WKRVH WZR HYDOXDWHG KRZ RIWHQ WKH VXEMHFW SHUIRUP VRPHEHKDYLRXUVRQDW\SLFDOPRQWKLQ/RQGRQ WKHZKROHVDPSOH DQGLQ3RUWXJDO RQO\3RUWXJXHVHVDPSOH 7KHEHKDYLRUVLQFOXGHGKRZRIWHQWKH\ZULWHDJURFHU\ OLVW SUHSDUH D VRXS XVH UHDG\ SUHSDUHG PHDOV RU HDW IDVW IRRGWDNH DZD\ DQG

(11)

 ZHUHHYDOXDWHGE\WKHUHVSRQVHVµQHYHU¶µSHUPRQWK¶µSHUZHHN¶µSHU ZHHN¶ DQG µHYHU\ GD\¶ 7KH ODVW TXHVWLRQ LV UHODWHG WR WKH SHUFHSWLRQ FRQFHUQLQJ FRRNLQJ VNLOOV UHVRXUFHV DQG IDFWRUV WKDW LQIOXHQFH WKH IRRG SUHSDUDWLRQ DQG SXUFKDVLQJEHKDYLRUV7KHGHJUHHRIDGHTXDF\SHUFHLYHGZDVHYDOXDWHGZLWKWKH UHVSRQVH RSWLRQV µDGHTXDWH¶ DQG µLQDGHTXDWH¶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µSHUGD\¶EHFDPH WLPHVSHUGD\µ±WLPHVSHUGD\¶EHFDPHWLPHVSHUGD\µ±WLPHVSHUGD\¶ EHFDPH  WLPHV SHU GD\ DQG VR RQ 'DLO\ JURXSHG IUHTXHQF\ YDOXHV ZHUH PXOWLSOLHG E\ VHYHQ GD\VZHHN  DQG PRQWKO\ JURXSHG IUHTXHQF\ YDOXHV ZHUH GLYLGHG E\ IRXU ZHHNVPRQWK  WR FDOFXODWH ZHHNO\ IUHTXHQFLHV 7KH IUHTXHQF\ YDOXHµQHYHURUOHVVWKDQRQFHSHUPRQWK¶ZDVFRQVLGHUHGWLPHVSHUZHHN7KH FRQVXPSWLRQIUHTXHQF\RIVHDVRQDOIRRGV DSSRLQWHGE\WKHSDUWLFLSDQWV ZDVDOVR PXOWLSOLHGE\VHDVRQDOYDULDWLRQIDFWRU  

%HFDXVHWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHYDULDEOHVZHUHQRQSDUDPHWULFHYDOXDWHGZLWK WKH NROPRJRURY6PLQRUY WHVW QRQSDUDPHWULF WHVW ZHUH XVHG LQ WKH VWDWLVWLFDO DQDO\]H  7KH 0DQQZKLWQH\ WHVW ZDV XVHG WR GHWHFWHG GLIIHUHQFHV RQ HDWLQJ

(12)



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

 )LIW\ILYH 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV ZHUH LGHQWLILHG LQ /RQGRQ XQLYHUVLWLHV DQG FRPSOHWHG D XVDEOH TXHVWLRQQDLUH 7KH DJH PHDQ RI WKH VWXGHQWV ZDV “ \HDUV DQG WKH PDMRULW\   ZHUH IHPDOHV 7KH PHDQ RI UHVLGHQW ZDV  “PRQWKV

 )RUW\VL[ (QJOLVK XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ 7KH DJH PHDQ ZDV “ \HDUV DQG IHPDOHV ZHUH WKH PDMRULW\   1R VWXGHQW UHODWHG KDYLQJ D GLVHDVH WKDW UHTXLUHV D VSHFLDO GLHW 7KHUH ZHUH QR VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQJHQGHUGLVWULEXWLRQEHWZHHQVWXGHQWVZLWKDVKRUWRUORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ S   DQG EHWZHHQ 3RUWXJXHVH DQG (QJOLVK VWXGHQWV S   7KH PDMRULW\ RI 3RUWXJXHVH   DQG (QJOLVK   VWXGHQWV ZHUH VWXG\LQJ QRQQXWULWLRQIRRGDJULFXOWXUH UHODWHG FRXUVHV 7KH VKRUW WHUPPLJUDWLRQ JURXS OLYLQJLQ/RQGRQOHVVWKDQRQH\HDU KDGDPHDQDJHRI“\HDUV DQGDOHQJWKRIVWD\RI“PRQWKV7KHORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXS OLYLQJLQ

(13)





 6KRUWWHUP /RQJWHUP (QJOLVKJURXS

,Q3RUWXJDO ,Q/RQGRQ ,Q3RUWXJDO ,Q/RQGRQ ,Q/RQGRQ ,Q)DPLO\KRPH      /LYHGZLWKIULHQGV      /LYHGDORQH      ,QDVWXGHQWUHVLGHQFH      7DEOH±3HUFHQWDJHRIOLYLQJDUUDQJHPHQWVRIWKHVXEMHFWVLQ3RUWXJDODQGLQ/RQGRQ  /RQGRQPRUHWKDQRQH\HDU KDGDPHDQDJHRI“\HDUVDQGDOHQJWKRI VWD\RI“PRQWKV   7DEOHVKRZWKDW3RUWXJXHVHVWXGHQWVFKDQJHGWKHLUOLYLQJDUUDQJHPHQWV ZLWKWKHPLJUDWLRQ7KHPDMRULW\RIVKRUWWHUPJURXSEHIRUHFRPLQJWR/RQGRQOLYHG DWIDPLO\KRPHDQGLQ/RQGRQWKHPDMRULW\OLYHGZLWKIULHQGV7KHVDPHRFFXUUHGLQ WKHORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXS7KHPDMRULW\RI(QJOLVKVWXGHQWVOLYHGZLWKIULHQGV  7KHUH ZHUH QR VWDWLVWLFDO VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ UHSRUWHG %0, DIWHU DQG EHIRUH/RQGRQLQWKHVKRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXS,QWKHORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXS WKH %0, LQFUHDVHG VLJQLILFDQWO\  “ NJP LQ 3RUWXJDO Y “

NJP LQ /RQGRQ S   ,W ZDV QRW SRVVLEOH FDOFXODWH WKH %0, RI (QJOLVK VWXGHQWEHFDXVHDOPRVWKDOIRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVUHIXVHGWRUHSRUWRUGLGQRWNQRZ WKHLUZHLJKWDQGKHLJKW  :LWKLQJURXS VKRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQ FRPSDULVRQRIPHDQZHHNO\IUHTXHQFLHV RIHDWLQJVHOHFWHGIRRGVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUPRYLQJWR/RQGRQ  $VFDQEHREVHUYHGLQWDEOH ILUVWFROXPQV VWXGHQWVOLYLQJOHVVWKDQRQH \HDULQ/RQGRQKDGFKDQJHGVRPHRIWKHLUHDWLQJKDELWVFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHHDWLQJ KDELWVWKH\KDGLQ3RUWXJDO

(14)



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

 6WXGHQWV OLYLQJ PRUH WKDQ RQH \HDU LQ /RQGRQ DOVR KDG FKDQJHG WKHLU ZHHNO\ FRQVXPSWLRQ RI VRPH IRRGV PLGGOH FROXPQV RI WDEOH   /HVV GHVLUDEOH FKDQJHVRFFXUUHGLQWKLVJURXSVXFKDVVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWGHFUHDVHVLQWKH FRQVXPSWLRQSHUZHHNRIIUHVKIUXLWYHJHWDEOHVRXSUDZYHJHWDEOHDQGDOORIWKH VHDIRRG W\SHV H[FHSW RLO\ ILVK 7KH\ KDG LQFUHDVHG KDPEXUJHU DQG EDFRQ FRQVXPSWLRQ $OWKRXJK QRW VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW WKH\ WHQGHG WR GHFUHDVH WKH FRQVXPSWLRQRIFRRNHGYHJHWDEOHV

 +HDOWK\ FKDQJHV FDQ DOVR EH GHVFULEHG LQFOXGLQJ VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW GHFUHDVHV LQ WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI FRIIHH UHG PHDW LFH FUHDP FURLVVDQW OLYHUKHDUWNLGQH\DQGZKLWHEUHDGDQGDWUHQGWRLQFUHDVHZKROHPHDOEUHDGDQG ZKROH PHDO EUHDNIDVW FHUHDOV 7KH\ DOVR UHSRUWHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQFUHDVHV LQ WKH FRQVXPSWLRQRIWHDWHDZLWKPLONDQGSRUULGJHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKH(QJOLVKGLHW 

(15)



0HDQ 6' ZHHNO\FRQVXPSWLRQIUHTXHQFLHVRIVHOHFWHGIRRGLWHPV

 6KRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQ /RQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQ (QJOLVKVWXGHQWV

 %HIRUHD $IWHUD

 SYDOXHF EHIRUHE $IWHUE SYDOXHF ,Q(QJODQGG SYDOXH

6KRUWH SYDOXH/RQJI )UHVKIUXLW                    &RRNHGYHJHWDEOHV                    5DZYHJHWDEOHV                    9HJHWDEOHVRXS                    )UHVKIUXLWMXLFH                    :KLWHILVK                    2LO\ILVK                    &RGILVK                    6KHOOILVK                    5HGPHDW                    :KLWHPHDW                    %DFRQ                    +DPEXUJHU                    /LYHUKHDUWNLGQH\                    )LVKILQJHUV                    2OLYHRLO                    :KLWHEUHDG                    :KROHPHDO%UHDG                    :KROHPHDOEUHDNIDVW FHUHDOV                    2WKHUVEUHDNIDVW FHUHDOV                    ³%URD´                    5LFH                    3DVWD                    &KLSV WDNH DZD\SURFHVVHGRYHQ UHDG\                     )ULHGSRWDWRHV KRPHPDGH                    &ULVSV                    3L]]D                    3RWDWRHV                    7HD                    7HDZLWKPLON                    3RUULGJH                    )ODYRXUHGPLON                    :KROHPLON                    6HPLVNLPPHGPLON                    6NLPPHGPLON                    ,FHFUHDP                    'DLU\GHVVHUWV                   

&URLVVDQW SDVWULHV RU

KRPHPDGHFDNH                    &RIIHH                    %HHU                    :LQH                    6RIWGULQNV                    ³&URTXHWHVULVVRLV EROLQKRVGHEDFDOKDX´                   

7DEOH   :LWKLQ JURXS DQDO\VLV FRPSDULQJ WKH PHDQ ZHHNO\ IUHTXHQFLHV RI FRQVXPLQJ VHOHFWHG IRRG LWHPV EHIRUH DQG DIWHU PRYLQJ WR /RQGRQ$QGFRPSDULQJWKHWZR3RUWXJXHVHJURXSVZLWKWKH(QJOLVKJURXSUHJDUGLQJHDWLQJKDELWVLQ/RQGRQ  7KHEROGYDOXHVKLJKOLJKWHGLQGLFDWHGWKRVHSYDOXHVWKDWDUHDQGWKHUHIRUHRIVLJQLILFDQFH 6'±VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ D6KRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSEHIRUHDQGDIWHUPRYLQJWR/RQGRQ E/RQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSEHIRUHDQGDIWHUPRYLQJWR/RQGRQ F:LOFR[WHVW OHYHORIVLJQLILFDQFH  G:HHNO\IUHTXHQF\RIFRQVXPSWLRQRI(QJOLVKVWXGHQWV H0DQQZLWQH\WHVW OHYHORIVLJQLILFDQFH FRPSDULQJPHDQZHHNO\FRQVXPSWLRQRIVHOHFWHGIRRGRIVKRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSLQ/RQGRQDQG(QJOLVKJURXS I0DQQZLWQH\WHVW OHYHORIVLJQLILFDQFH FRPSDULQJPHDQZHHNO\FRQVXPSWLRQRIVHOHFWHGIRRGRIORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSLQ/RQGRQDQG(QJOLVKJURXS 

(16)

  6KRUWYORQJWHUPLQ/RQGRQ  6KRUWE /RQJF SYDOXHG &RRNHG YHJHWDEOHVD        2LO\ILVKD        +DPEXUJHUD        :KLWHEUHDGD        3RWDWRHVD        &KLSV WDNHDZD\ SURFHVVHGRYHQ        7HDD        3RUULGJHD        ,FHFUHDPD        1XWVD        :DWHUD       7DEOH%HWZHHQVKRUWDQGORQJWHUPJURXSVFRPSDULQJ WKH PHDQ ZHHNO\ IUHTXHQFLHV RI FRQVXPLQJ VHOHFWHG IRRGLWHPVLQ/RQGRQ

 

7KHEROGYDOXHVKLJKOLJKWHGLQGLFDWHGWKRVHSYDOXHVWKDWDUH DQGWKHUHIRUHRIVLJQLILFDQFH

D 6WDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ VWXGHQWV 3RUWXJXHVH

LQWKHVKRUWWHUPDQGORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSLQ/RQGRQ EVKRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSVIUHTXHQF\RIFRQVXPLQJ F/RQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSVIUHTXHQF\RIFRQVXPLQJ

G0DQQ:KLWQH\WHVW OHYHORIVLJQLILFDQFH 

 %HWZHHQ JURXS FRPSDULVRQ VKRUW DQG ORQJ WHUP  RI PHDQ LQ ZHHNO\ IUHTXHQFLHVRIHDWLQJVHOHFWHGIRRGV

 7KHUH ZHUH IHZ VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH GLHWV RI WKH WZR 3RUWXJXHVHJURXSVUHJDUGLQJWRWKHLUGLHWLQ3RUWXJDO6WXGHQWVOLYLQJOHVVWKDQRQH \HDULQ/RQGRQKDGKLJKHUEDVHOLQHIUHTXHQF\RIFRQVXPSWLRQRIFRGILVK Y VHUYLQJVZNS  DQGKDPEXUJHU YVHUYLQJVZNS  DQG ORZHU EDVHOLQH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI OLYHUKHDUWNLGQH\  Y  VHUYLQJVZN S  QXWV YVHUYLQJVZNS  DQGIUXLWMXLFHRUQHFWDUV Y VHUYLQJVZNS  

 7DEOH  VKRZV WKDW WKH VWDWLVWLFDO VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHHDWLQJ KDELWV RI WKH WZR 3RUWXJXHVH JURXSV LQFUHDVHG LQ /RQGRQ ,Q /RQGRQ WKH JURXS ZLWK VKRUW WHUP PLJUDWLRQ KDG ORZHUFRQVXPSWLRQRILFHFUHDPRLO\ILVK SRWDWRHV ERLOHG URDVWHG VWHZHG  FRRNHGYHJHWDEOHQXWVSRUULGJHDQGWHD DQG KLJKHU FRQVXPSWLRQ RI KDPEXUJHU

ZKLWH EUHDG DQG FKLSV WDNH

DZD\SURFHVVHGRYHQUHDG\ 

 %RWK JURXSV UHSRUWHG GHFUHDVHV LQ WKH IUHTXHQFLHV RI FRQVXPLQJ W\SLFDO IRRGV OLNH ³EURD´ RQH W\SH RI EUHDG  DQG ³&URTXHWHV ULVVRLV EROLQKRV GH EDFDOKDX´ IULHGIRRGV 

 7KH WZR 3RUWXJXHVH JURXSV UHSRUWHG KDG FKDQJHG WKHLU FRQVXPSWLRQ RI VRPHIRRGVLQDGLIIHUHQWGLUHFWLRQLWLVWKHH[DPSOHRIWKHPLONDQGEUHDG WDEOH

(17)

 YDOXHV LQVLGH WKH VTXDUHV  7KH ORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ KDG GHFUHDVHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI VHPL VNLPPHG PLON DQG UHSRUWHG D WUHQG WR KDYH GHFUHDVH ZKROHPLONFRQVXPSWLRQZKLOHWKHVKRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSUHSRUWHGDWUHQGWR KDYHLQFUHDVHGWKHZKROHPLONFRQVXPSWLRQ,QWKHFDVHRIEUHDGWKHVKRUWWHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS WHQGHG WR KDYH LQFUHDVHG ZKLWH EUHDG FRQVXPSWLRQ ,Q WKH ORQJ WHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIZKLWHEUHDGGHFUHDVHGVLJQLILFDQWO\DQG WKH\ DOVR UHSRUWHG D WUHQG WR KDYH LQFUHDVHG WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI ZKROH PHDO EUHDG



&RPSDULQJ'LHWV3RUWXJXHVHDQG(QJOLVK

7KH FXUUHQW GLHW RI VKRUW WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS KDG D VWURQJHU 6SHDUPDQ FRUUHODWLRQZLWKWKHLUGLHWLQ3RUWXJDO  WKDQZLWKWKH(QJOLVKGLHW  2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH ORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS KDG D VWURQJHU 6SHDUPDQ FRUUHODWLRQZLWKWKH(QJOLVKGLHW  WKDQZLWKWKHWKHLUGLHWLQ3RUWXJDO  

7KH VKRUW WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS KDG PRUH VWDWLVWLFDO VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH ZLWKWKH(QJOLVKJURXSWKDQWKHORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXS WDEOHODVWFROXPQV 

&RPSDULQJWKHHDWLQJKDELWVRIWKH(QJOLVKVWXGHQWVDQGWKHHDWLQJKDELWVRI WKH 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV EHIRUH FRPLQJ WR /RQGRQ ZDV GHWHFWHG D WUHQG WR WKH (QJOLVKVWXGHQWKDGD6SHDUPDQFRUUHODWLRQVWURQJHUZLWKWKHORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQ JURXS  WKDQZLWKWKHVKRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQ  +RZHYHUWKHLQFUHDVHRI WKH 6SHDUPDQ FRUUHODWLRQ LQ WKH ORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ  WR   LV JUHDWHU WKDQWKHLQFUHDVHLQWKHVKRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXS WR 

 ,W ZDV GHWHFWHG D WUHQG LQ WKH WZR 3RUWXJXHVH JURXSV WR UHGXFH WKH 6SHDUPDQFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHP LQ3RUWXJDOWRLQ/RQGRQ DQGWR

(18)



6NLOOVDQGUHVRXUFHVIRUIRRGSUHSDUDWLRQ LQ/RQGRQ 

 &RRNLQJ

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

7KH PDMRULW\ RI ERWK 3RUWXJXHVH JURXSV FRQVLGHUHG WKDW WKH WLPH WKH\ UHSRUWHG KDYH WR SUHSDUH IRRG LQ /RQGRQ LV QRW DGHTXDWH 7KH DSSOLDQFHV IRU SUHSDULQJ IRRG DUH QRW DGHTXDWH IRU WKH PDMRULW\ RI VKRUW WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS

 0RVW RI WKH (QJOLVK VXEMHFW FRQVLGHUHG WKHLU VNLOOV DQG UHVRXUFHV IRU IRRG SUHSDUDWLRQWREHDGHTXDWH



$WWLWXGHVWRZDUGVIRRGDYDLODELOLW\LQ/RQGRQ

 )LJXUH  DQG  LOOXVWUDWHV WKH GLIIHUHQW DWWLWXGHV RI 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV WRZDUGV IRRG DYDLODELOLW\ LQ /RQGRQ  0RUH VWXGHQWV LQ WKH VKRUW WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXSFRQVLGHUHGWKDWWKH\KDGSUREOHPVILQGLQJ3RUWXJXHVHIRRG Y  %RWKJURXSVKDGDVLPLODUSHUFHQWDJH  RISHRSOHWKDWGLGQWDJUHHZLWKWKH VWDWHPHQW ³IUHVKIUXLWDQG YHJHWDEOHVDUH HDV\ WR ILQG´ &RPSDULQJ ZLWK WKH ORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS PRUH SHUFHQWDJH LQ WKH VKRUW WHUP JURXS GLVFRUG WKDW WKH

(19)

 IRRGLQ/RQGRQZDVPRUHWDVW\ Y 7KLVFRXOGGHPRQVWUDWHDSRVVLEOH DGDSWDWLRQ WR WKH (QJOLVK IRRG RYHU WKH \HDUV +RZHYHU PRUH SHUFHQWDJH LQ WKH ORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ UHSRUWHG IDFLQJ SUREOHPV WR ILQG JRRG TXDOLW\ PHDW  Y   DQG IUHVK ILVK  Y   $OPRVW DOO WKH VXEMHFWV LQ WKH ORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS   DQG  LQ WKH VKRUW WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS DJUHHG WKDW

WKHUH ZDV JUHDWHU DYDLODELOLW\ RI IDVW IRRG DQG WDNH DZD\ LQ /RQGRQ 7KLV JUHDWHU DYDLODELOLW\ IDVW IRRG DQG WDNH DZD\ LV UHIOHFWHG LQ WKH LQFUHDVH RI

FRQVXPSWLRQRIWKLVW\SHRIWKHIRRGLQERWKJURXSVZKLOHOLYLQJLQ/RQGRQ WDEOH                 )LJXUH±$WWLWXGHVRI6KRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSUHJDUGLQJIRRGDYDLODELOLW\LQ/RQGRQ )LJXUH±$WWLWXGHVRIORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSUHJDUGLQJIRRGDYDLODELOLW\LQ/RQGRQ

(20)



 6KRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQ /RQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQ (QJOLVK

EHIRUHD DIWHUD SYDOXHF

EHIRUHE DIWHUE SYDOXHF

0HDQG S YDOXH VKRUWH S YDOXH /RQJI 8VHUHDG\ SUHSDUHGPHDOV                   (DW IDVW IRRG RU

WDNHDZD\                    7DEOH:LWKLQJURXSDQDO\]HFRPSDULQJWKHPHDQ 6' ZHHNO\IUHTXHQFLHVRILQWDNHVHOHFWHGW\SHVRIPHDOVEHIRUH DQGDIWHUPRYLQJWR/RQGRQDQGFRPSDULQJ3RUWXJXHVHDQG(QJOLVKUHJDUGLQJLQWDNHLQ/RQGRQ  7KHEROGYDOXHVKLJKOLJKWHGLQGLFDWHGWKRVHSYDOXHVWKDWDUHDQGWKHUHIRUHRIVLJQLILFDQFH 6'±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¶FRQVXPSWLRQ

0RELOH SRSXODWLRQV ZKHUH WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWXGHQWV DUH LQFOXGHG FDQ PRYH IURP WKHLU FRXQWU\ WR DQRWKHU FRXQWU\ RU PLJUDWH ZLWKLQ D FRXQWU\ 0DQ\ VWXGLHVIRFXVHGRQPLJUDQWVZKRDUHJHQHUDOO\SRRUDQGPDQXDOZRUNHUV>@RU RQ SRSXODWLRQ JURXSV DIWHU D FRXSOH RI JHQHUDWLRQV LQ WKH KRVW FRXQWU\>  @

,QWHUQDWLRQDO VWXGHQWV FRQVWLWXWH D VSHFLILF JURXS RI WDOHQWHG SHRSOH WKDW PRYH WHPSRUDULO\IURPWKHLUFRXQWU\WRSXUVXHKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQ>@7KH\KDYHWRGHYHORS

VSHFLILFVWUDWHJLHVLQFOXGLQJIRRGSURFXUHPHQWDQGSXUFKDVLQJVWUDWHJLHVWRFRSH ZLWKGLIIHUHQWIRRGDQGGLHWDU\FKDQJHV>@$SUHYLRXVVWXG\ZLWK*UHHNVWXGHQWV

(21)

 VHWWOHG LQ *ODVJRZ UHSRUWHG XQIDYRUDEOH FKDQJHV LQ WKH HDWLQJ KDELWV RI WKH XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV>@7KHVHILQGLQJVFRQFXUUHGZLWKWKRVHRIWKLVVWXG\ZKRVKRZ

WKDW 3RUWXJXHVH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV PRGLILHG WKHLU GLHWV DIWHU PLJUDWLRQ LQ D JHQHUDOO\XQGHVLUDEOHGLUHFWLRQ

7KH GLHWDU\ FKDQJHV WKDW RFFXUUHG FDQ EH LQGXFHG E\ PRYLQJ DZD\ IURP KRPH IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH>@ &KDQJH LQ OLYLQJ DUUDQJHPHQWV ZDV RQH RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQ UHDVRQV VXJJHVWHG E\ %UHYDUG DQG 5LFNHWWV  >@ WR DIIHFW IRRG

FKRLFH LQ XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV ZKR KDG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU IRRG SUHSDUDWLRQ IRU WKH ILUVWWLPH0RVWRIWKH3RUWXJXHVHVWXGHQWVSULRUWRPRYLQJWR/RQGRQKDGOLYHGDW IDPLO\KRPH+RZHYHUWKHVXEMHFWVLQWKHORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSZHUHOLYLQJLQ /RQGRQPRUHWKDQRQH\HDUVRWKH\PD\KDYHJDLQHGVRPH³VXUYLYDOVNLOOV´,QD SUHYLRXVVWXG\ZLWK*UHHNXQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWV>@WKHDXWKRUVVHSDUDWHGWKHHIIHFW RIGLHWDU\DFFXOWXUDWLRQZLWKDWUDQVORFDWLRQWR*ODVJRZRQWKHHDWLQJKDELWVRIWKH VWXGHQWVIURPWKHHIIHFWRIOLYLQJDZD\IURPKRPHIRUWKHILUVWWLPH7KH\REVHUYHG WKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIGLHWDU\FKDQJHVRI*UHHNVWXGHQWVLQ*ODVJRZZHUHUHODWHGLQ SDUW RU H[FOXVLYHO\ WR WKHLU WHPSRUDU\ WUDQVORFDWLRQ IURP D 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ WR D 1RUWKHUQ (XURSHDQ HQYLURQPHQW 7KH DXWKRU DUJXHG WKDW WKH FKDQJHV LQ WKH GLHWDU\ KDELWV RI 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV ZHUH WR D JUHDWHU H[WHQW UHODWHG WR WKHLU WUDQVORFDWLRQWR/RQGRQ

7KH FRPSDULVRQ RI 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV¶ HDWLQJ KDELWV LQ 3RUWXJDO DQG LQ /RQGRQUHYHDOHGDVKLIWDZD\IURPWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQGLHW UHIOHFWHGLQDGHFOLQHLQ IUXLW DQG YHJHWDEOHV OHJXPHV YHJHWDEOH VRXS DQG ILVK  WRZDUGV D OHVV KHDOWK\ ZHVWHUQ VW\OH GLHW UHIOHFWHG LQ DQ LQFUHDVH LQ FKLSV WDNHDZD\SURFHVVHGRYHQ UHDG\  FULVSV DQG KDPEXUJHU  $ NH\ IDFWXUH RI WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ GLHW LV WKH UHODWLYHO\ KLJK LQWDNH RI IUXLW DQG YHJHWDEOHV>@ 7KH PDMRULW\ RI 3RUWXJXHVH

(22)



VWXGHQWVUHSRUWHGKDYLQJWURXEOHVILQGLQJIUHVKIUXLWDQGYHJHWDEOHVDPRQJRWKHUV IRRGV 7KLV FDQ EH RQH UHDVRQ IRU VXFK D SURQRXQFHG GHFOLQH LQ WKH ZHHNO\ FRQVXPSWLRQRIWKHVHIRRGV

2WKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFRI0HGLWHUUDQHDQGLHWLVWKHPRGHUDWHLQWDNHRIILVK>@ %RWK3RUWXJXHVHJURXSVUHSRUWHGDGHFOLQHLQWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIILVKHVSHFLDOO\ ZKLWH ILVK 7KLV FDQ EH H[SODLQHG E\ WKH GLIILFXOW\ WR ILQG IUHVK ILVK LQ /RQGRQ UHSRUWHGE\WKHPDMRULW\RIWKH3RUWXJXHVHVWXGHQWV7KHFRQVXPSWLRQRIRLO\ILVK GLGQRWGHFUHDVHLQHLWKHUWKLVFDQEHGXHWRWKHJUHDWHUDYDLODELOLW\WKHRLO\ILVKLQ /RQGRQPDLQO\VDOPRQEHFDXVHVLQFHWKHPLGVWKHRLO\ILVKOLNHVDOPRQKDV EHFRPHFKHDSHUDQGPRUHDYDLODEOH

7KH UHG PHDW FRQVXPSWLRQ GHFUHDVHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQ ERWK 3RUWXJXHVH JURXSVDQGWKLVFDQEHDFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHGLIILFXOW\UHSRUWHGE\WKHPDMRULW\RI WKH 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV WR ILQG JRRG TXDOLW\ PHDW LQ /RQGRQ DOWKRXJK WKLV DOWHUDWLRQPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGGHVLUDEOHIRUDKHDOWKSHUVSHFWLYH>@

$QRWKHU LPSRUWDQW DVSHFW RI WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQGLHW LV WKH XVHRIROLYH RLO ULFKLQPRQRXQVDWXUDWHGIDWLQSUHIHUHQFHWRPRUHVDWXUDWHGYDULHWLHVRIIDWVDQG RLOV>@$OWKRXJKWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIIDWVSUHDGVZDVRQO\PHDVXUHGIURPWKHIDW

DGGHGWRWKHSODWHDQGQRWWKHXVHGWRFRRNDGHFUHDVHLQWKHXVHRIROLYHRLOZDV UHSRUWHG LQWKH VKRUW WHUPPLJUDWLRQ JURXS7KLVGHFUHDVH LQ WKHFRQVXPSWLRQRI ROLYHRLODQGLQFUHDVHLQFRQVXPSWLRQRISURFHVVHGVQDFNV VXFKDVFULVSV DQGRU IDVW IRRGV UHSRUWHG E\ 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV LV OLNHO\ WR UHVXOW LQ DQ XQGHVLUDEOH LQFUHDVH LQ WKH UDWLR RI VDWXUDWHG IDW WR XQVDWXUDWHG IDW LQ WKH GLHWV RI WKHVH VWXGHQWV

7KHXQGHVLUDEOHFKDQJHVLQHDWLQJSDWWHUQVRI3RUWXJXHVHVWXGHQW¶VGLGQRW KDSSHQLQWKHVDPHZD\LQVKRUWDQGORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSV)RUH[DPSOHWKH

(23)

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 FRQVXPSWLRQ

7KH GHFUHDVHG LQ WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI W\SLFDO 3RUWXJXHVH IRRGV E\ WKH 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV FDQ EH MXVWLILHG E\ WKH GLIILFXOW\ WKDW WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH VWXGHQWVKDGWRILQG3RUWXJXHVHIRRGLQ/RQGRQ

 %RWK 3RUWXJXHVH JURXSV UHSRUWHG LQFUHDVHV LQ WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI UHDG\ SUHSDUHG PHDOV DQG IDVW IRRG WDNH DZD\ HVSHFLDOO\ WKH VKRUW WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS 7KH PDMRULW\ RI 3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV DJUHHG WKDW WKHUH ZDV JUHDWHU DYDLODELOLW\ RI IDVW IRRG DQG WDNH DZD\ LQ /RQGRQ ,Q DQ HDUOLHU VWXG\ LQ FHQWUDO (QJODQG>@PRUHWKDQKDOIRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVUHSRUWHGSXUFKDVLQJDWOHDVWRQFHD ZHHN D UHDG\ SUHSDUHG PHDO DQG RQH IRXUWK UHSRUWHG SXUFKDVLQJ D WDNH DZD\ PHDODWOHDVWRQFHDZHHN7KHVHILQGLQJFRQFXUZLWKWKRVHRIRXUVWXG\ZKHUHWKH PHDQRISXUFKDVLQJWKLVW\SHRIPHDOVZDVRQFHDZHHNE\WKH(QJOLVKVWXGHQWV 7KH 3RUWXJXHVH JURXSV PDLQO\ WKH VKRUW WHUP PLJUDWLRQ LQFUHDVHG LQ WKH FRQVXPSWLRQRISURFHVVHGIRRGRYHUWDNLQJWKH(QJOLVKFRQVXPSWLRQ7KLVLQFUHDVH FRXOG EH UHODWHG WR WKH VWXGHQWV HDWLQJ DW XQLYHUVLW\ KRZHYHU LQ RXU VWXG\ QR

(24)



DWWHPSWZDVPDGHWRHYDOXDWHGKRZPDQ\WLPHVWKH\HDWLQWKHXQLYHUVLW\FDPSXV HVSHFLDOO\LQWKHFDQWHHQV

7KLVLQFUHDVHLQWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIFRQYHQLHQFHIRRGE\WKH3RUWXJXHVH VWXGHQWV FDQ EH UHODWHG ZLWK SUHVVXUH RI WLPH UHSRUWHG E\ WKH PDMRULW\ RI 3RUWXJXHVH VXEMHFWV DQG EHFDXVH RI LWV DYDLODELOLW\ ,Q D SUHYLRXV VWXG\>@

LPSRUWDQWEDUULHUVZHUHSHUFHLYHGE\\RXQJDGXOWVWRSUHSDUDWLRQRIPHDODWKRPH VXFKDVFRRNLQJVNLOOVPRQH\WREX\IRRGDQGWLPHDYDLODEOHIRUIRRGSUHSDUDWLRQ 7KH LQFUHDVH RI WKHVH W\SHV RI IRRG DSSHDUV WR EH D VWURQJHU PDUNHW RI GLHWDU\ DFFXOWXUDWLRQRQFHWKHUHLVJUHDWHUDYDLODELOLW\LQ/RQGRQ,QWKHFDVHRIWKHVKRUW WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS WKLV LQFUHDVH FRXOG DOVR EH DQ HIIHFW RI OLYLQJ DZD\ IURP KRPHIRUWKHILUVWWLPH

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

KDV EHHQ VKRZQ QHJDWLYHO\ LPSDFW RQ GLHWDU\ EHKDYLRXUV>@ DQG DOVR UHODWHG WR LQFUHDVH RI REHVLW\>@ ,Q WKLV VWXG\ WKH JURXS ZLWK D KLJKHU OHQJWK RI PLJUDWLRQ DOWKRXJKZLWKDQRUPDOZHLJKWLQFUHDVHGWKH%0,WRZDUGVWKHFODVV³RYHUZHLJKW´ DVGHILQHGE\WKH:RUOG+HDOWKRUJDQL]DWLRQ>@7KLVFDQEHDQHJDWLYHO\HIIHFWRI DFFXOWXUDWLRQLQWKHKHDOWKRIWKHVWXGHQWVZLWKORQJHUOHQJWKRIPLJUDWLRQ

(25)

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

VKRUW WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS ZDV WKH JURXS ZLWK OHVV FKDQJHV UHJDUGLQJ WKH GLHW WKH\KDGEHIRUHPRYLQJWR/RQGRQWKLVFDQVXJJHVWVRPHKROGLQJRQWRWUDGLWLRQDO PRGHOVRIIRRGEHKDYLRUV

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

(26)



&RPSDULQJ WKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH ERWK 3RUWXJXHVH JURXSVWKHORQJWHUPPLJUDWLRQJURXSVHHPVWRKDYHEHWWHUHDWLQJKDELWV

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

 7KH ORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS DOWKRXJK PRUH DFFXOWXUDWHG VHHPV EH WKH JURXSZKRPDGHKHDOWKLHUFKDQJHV7KH(QJOLVKJURXSZKRWKH\ZHUHFRPSDUHG ZLWK UHVXOWHG RI WKH PHDQ RI ZHHNO\ FRQVXPSWLRQ RI  (QJOLVK VWXGHQW DQG EHFDXVH LV D VPDOOHU VDPSOH PD\ QRW EH UHSUHVHQWDWLYH RI (QJOLVK VWXGHQWV LQ JHQHUDO7KHLQFUHDVHGLQ%0,LQWKLVJURXSPD\QRWEHWKHGLUHFWUHVXOWRIZRUVW HDWLQJKDELWVEXWWKHFRQVHTXHQFHRIDPRUHVHGHQWDU\OLIHVW\OH

(27)

  7KHUH DUH D QXPEHU RI OLPLWDWLRQV WR WKLV VWXG\ ZKLFK OLPLW WKH JHQHUDOLVDELOLW\ RI WKH UHVXOWV 7KH PHDQ RI OHQJWK RI UHVLGHQF\ LQ WKH ORQJ WHUP PLJUDWLRQ JURXS ZDV DOPRVW  \HDUV 7KLV JURXS FRXOG KDYH PHPRU\ SUREOHPV UHJDUGLQJ GLHWDU\ KDELWV SULRU PRYLQJ WR /RQGRQ ZKR PLJKW KDYH UHVXOWHG LQ LQDFFXUDWH VHOIUHSRUWLQJ GDWD +RZHYHU SUHYLRXV VWXGLHV :LOOHW   VKRZHG FRUUHODWLRQV  WR  EHWZHHQ UHFDOOHG GLHWV DQG RULJLQDOO\ PHDVXUHG DIWHU D SHULRGRIWR\HDUV>@

 ,Q WKLV VWXG\ WKHUH ZDV QR DWWHPSW WR NQRZ WKH FXUULFXODU \HDU WKDW WKH VWXGHQWV ZHUH HQUROOHG WKLV FDQ EH RQH OLPLWDWLRQ RI WKLV VWXG\ EHFDXVH VHYHUDO VWXGLHV UHODWHG WKH ILUVW \HDU LQ WKH XQLYHUVLW\ ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVHG LQ WKH ZHLJKW ZKLFKFRXOGEHDUHVXOWRIDZRUVWGLHW>@

2QHOLPLWDWLRQRIWKLVVWXG\LVWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHGDWDDERXWZHHNO\ LQWDNH RI IRRGV PD\ EH XQGHUHVWLPDWHGRYHUHVWLPDWHG 7KH IRRG IUHTXHQF\ TXHVWLRQQDLUHLVDOLVWWKDWUHFRUGVQXPEHUVRIVHUYLQJVSHUGD\RUZHHNDQGPD\ QRW KDG DFFRXQWHG IRU µKLGGHQ¶ IRRGV IRU H[DPSOH YHJHWDEOHV DGGHG WR PHDW VWHZV>@$OWKRXJKWKLVHUURULVWKURXJKDOOWKUHHJURXSV

7R DVVXPH WKDW µWLPHV¶ ZHUH HTXDO WR µSRUWLRQV¶ FDQ DOVR XQGHUHVWLPDWHGRYHUHVWLPDWHG WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI IUXLW DQG YHJHWDEOHV LI WKH VXEMHFWV KDYH HDWHQ PRUH WKDQ RQH µSRUWLRQ¶ HDFK WLPH WKH\ FRQVXPHG WKHVH IRRGV 1HYHUWKHOHVV LW LV SUREDEOH WKDW WKLV HUURU ZDV FRQVLVWHQW LQ ERWK TXHVWLRQQDLUHV (QJOLVK DQG 3RUWXJXHVH VDPSOH  DQG XQOLNHO\ WR DIIHFW WKH VWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWGHFUHDVHVLQWKHFRQVXPSWLRQE\3RUWXJXHVHVWXGHQWVVLQFH OLYLQJLQ/RQGRQ

(28)



&KDQJHV LQ HDWLQJ SDWWHUQV ZHUH HYDOXDWHG TXDOLWDWLYHO\ 3RUWLRQV VL]HV ZHUH QRW LQFOXGHG LQ WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUHV XVHG DQG EHFDXVH RI WKDW LW ZDV QRW SRVVLEOHWRFDOFXODWHDVVHVVDQGFRPSDUHWKHQXWULHQWFRQWHQWRIVWXGHQWV¶GLHWV

$QRWKHU OLPLWDWLRQ RI WKLV VWXG\ ZDV WKH UHODWLYHO\ VPDOO QXPEHU RI 3RUWXJXHVHVWXGHQWVHQUROOHGDW/RQGRQ8QLYHUVLWLHVDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHVPDOOVL]H RIWKH3RUWXJXHVHVDPSOH7KH(QJOLVKVDPSOHZDVDOVRUHODWLYHO\VPDOOGXHWRWKH VXUYH\ EHLQJ FDUULHG RXW LQ WKH H[DPLQDWLRQ SHULRG ZKHQ PRVW RI WKH VWXGHQWV ZHUHHLWKHUDZD\IURPFDPSXVRUEXV\VWXG\LQJ



&RQFOXVLRQ

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

(29)

 IRRG KDELWV DQG FRQVHTXHQFHV LQ WKH KHDOWK 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH SURFHVV RI DFFXOWXUDWLRQHYHQLQDVKRUWWHUPPLJUDWLRQPLJKWKHOSWKHPLJUDQWSRSXODWLRQWR UHWDLQ WKHLU WUDGLWLRQDO KHDOWKIXO HDWLQJ SDWWHUQV ZKLOH DGRSWLQJ KHDOWKIXO GLHWDU\ KDELWVRIWKHLUKRVWFRXQWU\                   

(30)



%LEOLRJUDSK\ 

 &RRNH / 7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI H[SRVXUH IRU KHDOWK\ HDWLQJ LQ FKLOGKRRG D UHYLHZ-+XP1XWU'LHW  

 %LUFK//'HYHORSPHQWRIIRRGDFFHSWDQFHSDWWHUQVLQWKHILUVW\HDUVRIOLIH 3URF1XWU6RF  

 %ODQH ' $EUDKDP / *XQQHOO ' 0D\QDUG 0 1HVV $ %DFNJURXQG

LQIOXHQFHVRQGLHWDU\FKRLFHLQHDUO\ROGDJH-56RF3URPRW+HDOWK   

 :D[PDQ$3UHYHQWLRQRIFKURQLFGLVHDVHV:+2JOREDOVWUDWHJ\RQGLHW

SK\VLFDODFWLYLW\DQGKHDOWK)RRG1XWU%XOO  

 GH /RUJHULO 0 DQG 6DOHQ 3 0HGLWHUUDQHDQGLHW DQG QIDWW\ DFLGV LQ WKH SUHYHQWLRQ DQG WUHDWPHQW RI FDUGLRYDVFXODU GLVHDVH - &DUGLRYDVF 0HG +DJHUVWRZQ  6XSSO 6

 6RIL)HWDO(YLGHQFHVRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQGLHWDQG KHDOWKVWDWXV5HFHQWL3URJ0HG  

 6RIL ) $EEDWH 5 *HQVLQL *) DQG &DVLQL $ $GKHUHQFH WR 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ GLHWDQGKHDOWKVWDWXVPHWDDQDO\VLV%0- VXSSO D  &UX]-$'LHWDU\KDELWVDQGQXWULWLRQDOVWDWXVLQDGROHVFHQWVRYHU(XURSH

6RXWKHUQ(XURSH(XU-&OLQ1XWU 6XSSO 6

 1HVWOH00HGLWHUUDQHDQGLHWVKLVWRULFDODQGUHVHDUFKRYHUYLHZ$P-&OLQ 1XWU 6XSSO 66

 &KHQ 4 DQG 0DUTXHV9LGDO 3 7UHQGV LQ IRRG DYDLODELOLW\ LQ 3RUWXJDO LQ  FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK RWKHU 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FRXQWULHV (XU - 1XWU   

(31)

  6KDUPD 6 &DGH - 5LVWH / DQG &UXLFNVKDQN . 1XWULHQW LQWDNH WUHQGV DPRQJ $IULFDQ&DULEEHDQV LQ %ULWDLQ D PLJUDQW SRSXODWLRQ DQG LWV VHFRQG JHQHUDWLRQ3XEOLF+HDOWK1XWU  

 :DKOTYLVW0/$VLDQPLJUDWLRQWR$XVWUDOLDIRRGDQGKHDOWKFRQVHTXHQFHV $VLD3DF-&OLQ1XWU 6XSSO 6

 *UHJRU\0HUFDGR.<6WDWHQ/.5DQJHU0RRUH-7KRPVRQ&$:LOO-& )RUG (6 *XLOOHQ - /DUNH\ /. *LXOLDQR $5 DQG 0DUVKDOO - )UXLW DQG YHJHWDEOH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI ROGHU 0H[LFDQ$PHULFDQ ZRPHQ LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWKWKHLUDFFXOWXUDWLRQOHYHO(WKQ'LV  

 3DSDGDNL $ DQG 6FRWW -$ 7KH LPSDFW RQ HDWLQJ KDELWV RI WHPSRUDU\ WUDQVORFDWLRQ IURP D 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ WR D 1RUWKHUQ (XURSHDQ HQYLURQPHQW (XU-&OLQ1XWU  

 3HUH]&XHWR)YHUEHNH:/DFKDW&DQG5HPDXW'H:LQWHU$0&KDQJHV LQ GLHWDU\ KDELWV IROORZLQJ WHPSRUDO PLJUDWLRQ 7KH FDVH RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO VWXGHQWVLQ%HOJLXP$SSHWLWH  

 :DQGHO05DEHUJ0.XPDU%DQG+ROPERH2WWHVHQ*&KDQJHVLQIRRG

KDELWV DIWHU PLJUDWLRQ DPRQJ 6RXWK $VLDQV VHWWOHG LQ 2VOR WKH HIIHFW RI GHPRJUDSKLFVRFLRHFRQRPLFDQGLQWHJUDWLRQIDFWRUV$SSHWLWH   

 .UHPP\GD /6 3DSDGDNL $ +RQGURV * .DSVRNHIDORX 0 DQG 6FRWW -$ 'LIIHUHQWLDWLQJ EHWZHHQ WKH HIIHFW RI UDSLG GLHWDU\ DFFXOWXUDWLRQ DQG WKH HIIHFW RI OLYLQJ DZD\ IURP KRPH IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH RQ WKH GLHWV RI *UHHN VWXGHQWVVWXG\LQJLQ*ODVJRZ$SSHWLWH  

(32)



 6DWLD$ERXWD - 3DWWHUVRQ 5( 1HXKRXVHU 0/ DQG (OGHU - 'LHWDU\ DFFXOWXUDWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQV WR QXWULWLRQ UHVHDUFK DQG GLHWHWLFV - $P 'LHW $VVRF  

 /DVVHWWHU -+ DQG &DOOLVWHU /& 7KH LPSDFW RI PLJUDWLRQ RQ WKH KHDOWK RI YROXQWDU\PLJUDQWVLQZHVWHUQVRFLHWLHV-7UDQVFXOW1XUV   

 /Y1DQG&DVRQ./'LHWDU\SDWWHUQFKDQJHDQGDFFXOWXUDWLRQRI&KLQHVH $PHULFDQVLQ3HQQV\OYDQLD-$P'LHW$VVRF  

 3DQ</'L[RQ=+LPEXUJ6DQG+XIIPDQ)$VLDQVWXGHQWVFKDQJHWKHLU HDWLQJ SDWWHUQV DIWHU OLYLQJ LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV - $P 'LHW $VVRF      6XNDODNDPDOD6DQG%ULWWLQ+&)RRGSUDFWLFHVFKDQJHVSUHIHUHQFHVDQG DFFXOWXUDWLRQRI7KDLVLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV-$P'LHW$VVRF     <DQJ(-&KXQJ+..LP:<%LDQFKL/DQG6RQJ:2&KURQLFGLVHDVHV DQGGLHWDU\FKDQJHVLQUHODWLRQWR.RUHDQ$PHULFDQVOHQJWKRIUHVLGHQFHLQ WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV-$P'LHW$VVRF  

 $\DOD *; %DTXHUR % DQG .OLQJHU 6 $ V\VWHPDWLF UHYLHZ RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DFFXOWXUDWLRQ DQG GLHW DPRQJ /DWLQRV LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU IXWXUH UHVHDUFK - $P 'LHW $VVRF     

 5RVKDQLD 5  1DUD\DQ .0 DQG 2]D)UDQN 5 $JH DW DUULYDO DQG ULVN RI REHVLW\DPRQJ86LPPLJUDQWV2EHVLW\ 6LOYHU6SULQJ    

(33)

  /HH 6. 6REDO - DQG )URQJLOOR ($ $FFXOWXUDWLRQ DQG GLHWDU\ SUDFWLFHV

DPRQJ.RUHDQ$PHULFDQV-$P'LHW$VVRF  

 /RSHV&$UR$$]HYHGR$5DPRV(DQG%DUURV+,QWDNHDQGDGLSRVH WLVVXHFRPSRVLWLRQRIIDWW\DFLGVDQGULVNRIP\RFDUGLDOLQIDUFWLRQLQDPDOH 3RUWXJXHVHFRPPXQLW\VDPSOH-$P'LHW$VVRF    6$&1

6FLHQWLILF $GYLVRU\ &RPPLWWHH RQ 1XWULWLRQ 7KH 1XWULWLRQDO

:HOOEHLQJ RI WKH %ULWLVK 3RSXODWLRQ /RQGRQ 7KH 6WDWLRQHU\ 2IILFH





 /DUVRQ 1,3HUU\ &/ 6WRU\ 0 DQG 1HXPDUN6]WDLQHU ' )RRG SUHSDUDWLRQ E\ \RXQJ DGXOWV LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK EHWWHU GLHW TXDOLW\ - $P 'LHW $VVRF   

 3HWWLQJHU & +ROGVZRUWK 0 DQG *HUEHU 0 0HDO SDWWHUQV DQG FRRNLQJ SUDFWLFHV LQ 6RXWKHUQ )UDQFH DQG &HQWUDO (QJODQG 3XEOLF +HDOWK 1XWU   

 $UDK 2$ 2JEX 8& DQG 2NHNH &( 7RR SRRU WR OHDYH WRR ULFK WR VWD\ GHYHORSPHQWDO DQG JOREDO KHDOWK FRUUHODWHV RI SK\VLFLDQ PLJUDWLRQ WR WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV &DQDGD $XVWUDOLD DQG WKH 8QLWHG NLQJGRP $P - 3XEOLF +HDOWK  

 )UDQ]HQ / DQG 6PLWK& $FFXOWXUDWLRQ DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO FKDQJH LPSDFWV GLHWDU\KDELWVDPRQJDGXOW+PRQJ$SSHWLWH  

 +DZNLQV66/DPE.&ROH7-DQG/DZ&,QIOXHQFHRIPRYLQJWRWKH8.RQ PDWHUQDO KHDOWK EHKDYLRXUV SURVSHFWLYH FRKRUW VWXG\ %0-    

 %DUXFK<%XGKZDU36DQG.KDWUL1%UDLQGUDLQLQFOLQDWLRQVWRVWD\DEURDG DIWHUVWXGLHV-RXUQDORI:RUOG%XVLQHVV

(34)



 3DSDGDNL $ +RQGURV * 6FRWW - DQG .DSVRNHIDORX 0 (DWLQJ KDELWV RI XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVOLYLQJDWRUDZD\IURPKRPHLQ*UHHFH$SSHWLWH   

 %UHYDUG3%DQG5LFNHWWV&'5HVLGHQFHRIFROOHJHVWXGHQWVDIIHFWVGLHWDU\ LQWDNH SK\VLFDO DFWLYLW\ DQG VHUXP OLSLG OHYHOV - $P 'LHW $VVRF    

 )DUDK 5 DQG *OLFN < 6HFUHWV RI WKH 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ GLHW +DUHIXDK    

 %DUFHQDV&+:LONLQVRQ$96WURP66&DR<6DXQGHUV.&0DKDELU6 +HUQDQGH]9DOHUR 0$ )RUPDQ 05 6SLW] 05 DQG %RQG\ 0/ %LUWKSODFH \HDUV RI UHVLGHQFH LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV DQG REHVLW\ DPRQJ 0H[LFDQ $PHULFDQDGXOWV2EHVLW\ 6LOYHU6SULQJ   

 5HSRUW RI D :+2 FRQVXOWDWLRQ 2EHVLW\ SUHYHQWLQJ DQG PDQDJLQJ WKH JOREDOHSLGHPLF:RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQ7HFK5HS6HUL[LL  :LOOHW:&1XWULWLRQDOHSLGHPLRORJ\QGHG862[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV  +RIIPDQ'-3ROLFDVWUR34XLFN9DQG/HH6.&KDQJHVLQERG\ZHLJKW DQGIDWPDVVRIPHQDQGZRPHQLQWKHILUVW\HDURIFROOHJH$VWXG\RIWKH IUHVKPDQ-$P&ROO+HDOWK    'HOLQVN\66DQG:LOVRQ*7:HLJKWJDLQGLHWDU\UHVWUDLQWDQGGLVRUGHUHG HDWLQJLQWKHIUHVKPDQ\HDURIFROOHJH(DW%HKDY  

 /RZH 05 HW DO 0XOWLSOH W\SHV RI GLHWLQJ SURVSHFWLYHO\ SUHGLFW ZHLJKW JDLQ GXULQJWKHIUHVKPDQ\HDURIFROOHJH$SSHWLWH  

(35)

  $QGHUVRQ'$6KDSLUR-5DQG/XQGJUHQ-'7KHIUHVKPDQ\HDURIFROOHJH DVDFULWLFDOSHULRGIRUZHLJKWJDLQDQLQLWLDOHYDOXDWLRQ(DW%HKDY   

 &R[ '1 $QGHUVRQ $6 5H\QROGV - 0F.HOODU 6 0HOD '- DQG /HDQ 0( 0HDVXULQJIUXLWDQGYHJHWDEOHLQWDNHLVILYHDGD\HQRXJK"(XU-&OLQ1XWU   

(36)
(37)



Referências

Documentos relacionados

$OWKRXJK WKH JUHHQKRXVH H[SHULPHQWV KDYH GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW YDULRXV FRYHU FURSV FDQ UHGXFH VRLO SRSXODWLRQ RI 5 UHQLIRUPLV ¿HOG H[SHULPHQWV DUH PRUH LPSRUWDQW WR HYDOXDWH WKH HIIHFW

7KH SULPDU\ ¿QGLQJ RI WKLV VWXG\ LV WKH GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RI VLPLODU VXEMHFWLYH RXWFRPHV LQ 63$5&amp;DQG021$5&amp;FRKRUWVZLWKEDVHOLQH9/33 FP+ 2 2,QWKHFRPSDULVRQRIPXOWLSOH352

O EMHFWLYHV 7KH DLP RI WKLV VWXG\ ZDV WR HYDOXDWH WKH YROXPH RI UHPDLQLQJ ¿OOLQJ m at er ial aft er passive ult rasonic ir r igat ion ( PUI ) of sodium hypochlor it e ( NaOCl) and

ÀRRGLQJ ZLWK UHJDUG WR GU\ PDWWHU DFFXPXODWLRQ DQG RWKHU JURZWK SDUDPHWHUV VWXGLHG KHUH 7KH SODQW JURZWK YDOXHV ZHUH QR GLIIHUHQW IURP WKRVH RI SODQWV ÀRRGHG LQ WKH DEVHQFH RI 1 2Q

7KH UHVXOWV RI WKLV VWXG\ VKRZ WKDW WHPSHUDWXUH EXW QRW WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI ZDWHU PD\ EH DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH TXDOLW\ DQG

:H DUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ FKDUDFWHUL]LQJ JHQHV LQYROYHG LQ WKHHDUO\VWDJHVRIÀRUDOGHYHORSPHQWLQZRRG\DQJLRVSHUP WUHHV RI WKH JHQXV (XFDO\SWX V :LWK WKLV DLP ZH KDYH XVHG WKH VHTXHQFHV RI

3UHPL[PRGXOH:LWKWKHUHDFWLRQVLQYROYHGLQWKHSURSRVHG PHFKDQLVPV WKH YDULDWLRQ RI WKH$3 FRPEXVWLRQ EHKDYLRU ZDV REVHUYHG DV WKH SUHVVXUH RI WKH FRPEXVWLRQ FKDPEHU RI D VROLG

7KH HOHFWURFKHPLFDO UHGXFWLRQ RI DFWLYDWHG ROHILQV LQ QRQDTXHRXVVROYHQWVLVZHOOGRFXPHQWHGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH ,Q WKH DEVHQFH RI D SURWRQ GRQRU WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI