❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❊❱❖▲❯■◆❉❖ ■◆❚❊▲■●✃◆❈■❆❙ ▼Ú▲❚■P▲❆❙ P❊▲❖ ▼➱❚❖❉❖
❉❆ ❊❙P■❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❆P❘❊◆❉■❩❆●❊▼ ❯❚■▲■❩❆◆❉❖
P❆❘❚■❈▲❊ ❙❲❆❘▼ ❖P❚■▼■❩❆❚■❖◆
❋➪❇■❖ ❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆ ❉❊ ▼❖❯❘❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❋➪❇■❖ ❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆ ❉❊ ▼❖❯❘❆
❊❱❖▲❯■◆❉❖ ■◆❚❊▲■●✃◆❈■❆❙ ▼Ú▲❚■P▲❆❙ P❊▲❖ ▼➱❚❖❉❖
❉❆ ❊❙P■❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❆P❘❊◆❉■❩❆●❊▼ ❯❚■▲■❩❆◆❉❖
P❆❘❚■❈▲❊ ❙❲❆❘▼ ❖P❚■▼■❩❆❚■❖◆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ▼ár❝✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFU
M929e Moura, Fábio Ferreira de, 1980-
Evoluindo inteligências múltiplas pelo método da espiral de apren-dizagem utilizando Particle Swarm Opimization / Fábio Ferreira de Moura. - 2013.
131 f. : il.
Orientadora: Márcia Aparecida Fernandes.
Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Pro- grama de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Inclui bibliografia.
1. Computação - Teses. 2. Ensino auxiliado por computador - Teses. 3. Ensino a distância - Teses. I. Fernandes, Márcia Aparecida. II. Uni-versidade Federal de Uberlândia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciên-cia da Computação. III. Título.
CDU: 681.3
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❊✈♦❧✉✐♥❞♦ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✑ ♣♦r ❋á❜✐♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼♦✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷ ❞❡ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ▼ár❝✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋❛❜✐❛♥♦ ❆③❡✈❡❞♦ ❉♦rç❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❆✉t♦r✿ ❋á❜✐♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼♦✉r❛
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❊✈♦❧✉✐♥❞♦ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✿
❆ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r s❡r ▼❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s♦✱ ❡ ❛ s❡✉ ❋✐❧❤♦ ❏❡s✉s✱ ♣♦✐s s❡♠ ❊❧❡s ♥❛❞❛ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡ ❝✉♠♣r✐r✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ❛ ❉♦✉t♦r❛ ▼ár❝✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ s❛❜❡✲ ❞♦r✐❛✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡✉✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ✐r♠ã♦ ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❈❧❛r✐♠✉♥❞♦ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦ ▼♦r❛❡s ❏ú♥✐♦r✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡❢❡t✉❛❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ❛té ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ▲✉❝❛s ▼❛r❝❤❡s♦t✐ ❋r❛♥❝♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❝rít✐❝❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♠❡ ♠♦s✲ tr❛r❛♠ ♥♦✈❛s ✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❙❛r❛ ▼❡❧♦✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧❧✐ ▲✐♠❛✱ ❚✐❛❣♦ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❡ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❢r❛t❡r♥♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❛ ♠✐♠ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❞ú✈✐❞❛s✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ ♥❡st❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳
❆♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ ❋❆❈❖▼✱ ❊r✐s✈❛❧❞♦ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❋✐❛❧❤♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❋❆❈❖▼ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✿ ❆❞r✐❛♥❛ ▼♦✉r❛✱ ❆♥❛ ❈❧á✉❞✐❛ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s ❙❛♥t❛♥❛✱ ❇❡✲ ❛tr✐③ ◆✉♥❡s ❙❛♥t♦s ❡ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❈❧❛r✐♠✉♥❞♦ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦ ▼♦r❛❡s ❏ú♥✐♦r✱ ❈❧❛✉❞✐❛♥❡ ❙❛♥t❛♥❛ ●✉✐✲ ♠❛rã❡s✱ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ❙❛♥t♦s ▼♦r❛❡s✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ▼♦✉r❛✱ ❊❧✐❛♥❡ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❈✉♥❤❛✱ ❊❧✐❛♥❡ ❚❡r❡s❛ ❇♦r❡❧❧❛✱ ➱r✐❦❛ ❇❛r❜❛r❡s❝♦✱ ❏♦❡❧♠❛ ❉✐✈✐♥❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ❏♦sé ❙✐❧✈❡✐r❛✱ ▲❡♦♥✐❧❞❛ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❧❡❛❧ ❋r❡✐t❛s✱ Pâ♠❡❧❛ ❏✉♥q✉❡✐r❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❛♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❡♠ ♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
➚ ❈❆P❊❙ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛ ♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s t❡❝♥♦✲ ❧♦❣✐❛s sã♦ ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❊ss❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ é ❜❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦s à ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ s❡♠✐✲♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❆♦ s❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❡ ✉sá✲❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐á✲❧♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ tê♠✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❛❞❛♣✲ tá✈❡❧ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❛♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✉rs♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❡ ❛♦ s❡✉ ♣❡r✜❧✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s❛❜❡r q✉❛❧ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ✉s❛r✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞❛s✿ ❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❑♦❧❜ ❡ ❛s ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❞❡ ●❛r❞♥❡r✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r P❛rt✐❝❧❡ s✇❛r♠ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ q✉❡ t❡♠ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ s✉❣❡r✐r ❛♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♥❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ s✉❛s ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✳ ➱ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r✿ ♥❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❡ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③❛♠ à ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❛♠ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜s ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❡st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐s ❛ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠ t❤❛t ❝♦♠❡s ✇✐t❤ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❤✉♠❛♥✳ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧②✱ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ✇❛②s t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✐s ✇❡❧❧ s❡❡♥ ✐♥ ❧♦♥❣ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❝♦✉rs❡s ♦r s❡♠✐ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❡❛❝❤ st✉❞❡♥t ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❛ss✐st t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ ❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✇❛② t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ s✉❜❥❡❝t ♦❢ st✉❞② t❤❛t ✐s ❛❞❛♣t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ st✉❞❡♥t ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐♥ ✉♥r❛✈❡❧❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛♥ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ t♦ ♦✛❡r t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥t ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦✉rs❡ ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✱ ❛ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣② t❤❛t ❜❡st s✉✐ts ❤✐s ♣r♦✜❧❡✳ ❋♦r t❤❛t r❡❛s♦♥✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ t♦ ✉s❡✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱ ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞✿ t❤❡ ❙♣✐r❛❧ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❜② ❉❛✈✐❞ ❑♦❧❜ ❛♥❞ ●❛r❞♥❡r✬s ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉s❡s P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦r s✇❛r♠ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s t❤❡ r♦❧❡ t♦ s✉❣❣❡st t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥t t❤❡ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♦❜❥❡❝t t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❑♦❧❜✬s ❙♣✐r❛❧ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣✳ ■t ❛❧s♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡s t❤❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦✿ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❡❞ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ st✉❞❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉s❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t❤❛t ❧❡❛❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s✳❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t ✐t ✐s s❤♦✇♥ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ st✉❞❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ ♣r♦✜❧❡s ♣r❡✈❛❧❡♥t ✐♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ st②❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✺
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✶✳✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✷✾
✷✳✶ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❑♦❧❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ P✐❛❣❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❆s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❍♦✇❛r❞ ●❛r❞♥❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✸ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛s ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✹ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❖ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ❞♦ P❙❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✹✳✷ P❙❖ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✸ ❖ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❙❆❊P ✺✸
✸✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ◆✉✈❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ót✐♠♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❈✉rs♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✺ ❆✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✺✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ■▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✸✳✺✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ■♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✺✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ót✐♠♦s✱ ◆♦t❛ ❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
❘❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈✉rs♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✹ ❚❡st❡s✱ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❖❜t✐❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ✻✼
✹✳✶ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❛ P❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡
❛s P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❛ P❛rt✐r ❞❛ Pr♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦
❖❆✱ ◆♦t❛ ❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❊❢❡t✉❛r ♦ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✷ ❉✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✶✵✶
✺✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✸ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✵✼
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ✶✶✵
❆ ❋♦r♠✉❧ár✐♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✶✶✶
❇ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙✐t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❋♦r♠✉❧ár✐♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
✉♠❛ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉t❛❧ ✶✶✼
❈ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ P❡✜s ❞❡ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠ P❡r✜s ❘❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s às ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✹✳✸ à
✹✳✶✽ ✶✷✶
❆ ■♥✈❡♥tár✐♦ ❞❡ ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r s✉❛s
❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✳ ✶✷✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ➪r❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✷ ❈✐❝❧♦ q✉❛❞r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜ ✭✶✾✽✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✸ ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜ ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✺ ❆s ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❞❡ ●❛r❞♥❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ■▼ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ■▼ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✽ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♣áss❛r♦s q✉❡ ✐♥s♣✐r♦✉ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❙❖✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✾ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❙❖ ♥♦ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✶✵ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛ i✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❙❆❊P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ■❊❆ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜ ♣❡❧♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✹ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✺ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ♥✉✈❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✻ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ♥✉✈❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✼ ❋♦r♠❛t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ót✐♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✽ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❖❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✾ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ót✐♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✶✵ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ót✐♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✶✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✶✹ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r t❡♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
①① ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❊❆ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❖❆✿ ❛✮ ❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❜✮ ❆ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ❝✮ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❞✮ ❆❝♦♠♦✲ ❞❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✸ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ■▼✬s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♣❡r✜❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❧✐♥✲
❣✉✐st❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❞❡♠❛✐s ■▼✬s✿ ❛✮ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st❛✳ ❜✮ ▲ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❝✮ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❞✮ ❈♦r♣♦r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✹ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❊❆ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❖❆ ✏❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✑✿ ❛✮ ❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❜✮ ❆ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ❝✮ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❞✮ ❆❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✺ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ■▼ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❖❆ ✏❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✑✿ ❛✮ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st❛✲❱❡r❜❛❧✳ ❜✮ ▲ó❣✐❝♦✲▼❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❝✮ ❱✐s✉❛❧✲❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❞✮ ❈✐♥❡stés✐❝♦✲❝♦r♣♦r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✻ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❊❆ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❖❆ ✏●❛r❞♥❡r✑✿ ❛✮ ❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❜✮ ❆ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ❝✮ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❞✮ ❆❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✼ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ■▼ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❖❆ ✏●❛r❞♥❡r✑✿ ❛✮ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st❛✲❱❡r❜❛❧✳ ❜✮ ▲ó❣✐❝♦✲▼❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❝✮ ❱✐s✉❛❧✲❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❞✮ ❈✐♥❡stés✐❝♦✲❝♦r♣♦r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✽ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❊❆ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❖❆ ✏P❙❖✑✿ ❛✮ ❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❜✮ ❆ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ❝✮ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❞✮ ❆❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✹✳✾ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ■▼ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❖❆ ✏P❙❖✑✿ ❛✮ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st❛✲❱❡r❜❛❧✳ ❜✮ ▲ó❣✐❝♦✲▼❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❝✮ ❱✐s✉❛❧✲❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❞✮ ❈✐♥❡stés✐❝♦✲❝♦r♣♦r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✶✵ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❊❆ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❖❆ ✏P❙❖ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✑✿ ❛✮ ❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❜✮ ❆ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ❝✮ ❈♦♥✲ ✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❞✮ ❆❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✶✶ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ■▼ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❖❆ ✏P❙❖ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✑✿ ❛✮ ▲✐♥❣✉✐st❛✲❱❡r❜❛❧✳ ❜✮ ▲ó❣✐❝♦✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❝✮ ❱✐s✉❛❧✲❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❞✮ ❈✐♥❡stés✐❝♦✲❝♦r♣♦r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✶✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❊❆ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♣❡r✜❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐✲
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐
✹✳✶✸ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❊❆ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r✜❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♣❡r✜❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❡st✐❧♦ ❛ss✐✲ ♠✐❧❛❞♦r ❡ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✲♠❛t❡♠át❝♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❖❆ ♣❡❧♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ✏P❙❖ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✑✿ ❛✮ ❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❜✮ ❆ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ❝✮ ❈♦♥✲ ✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❞✮ ❆❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✶✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ P❙❖✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❛r✲
tí❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✿ ❛✮ ❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❜✮ ❆ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ❝✮ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❞✮ ❆❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✶✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ P❙❖✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❛r✲
tí❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✿ ❛✮ ❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❜✮ ❆ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ❝✮ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❞✮ ❆❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✶✻ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ♥❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ót✐♠♦✱
♥♦t❛ ❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✳ ❛✮❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❜✮❆ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r✳ ❝✮❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❞✮❆❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r✳ ✾✽ ✹✳✶✼ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ót✐♠♦✱ ♥♦t❛ ❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✿
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✷ P❡rí♦❞♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ P✐❛❣❡t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❉♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ■▼✬s ❯s❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣♦ à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶ ❊❆ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ■▼ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st❛✲✈❡r❜❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✷ ➪r❡❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✸ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ■▼ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st❛✲✈❡r❜❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡✲
❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ■▼ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✲♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✺ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ■▼ ✈✐s✉❛❧✲❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛✲
çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✻ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ■▼ ❝✐♥❡stés✐❝♦✲❝♦r♣♦r❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✼ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r ❡ ■▼ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st❛✲✈❡r❜❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✽ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r ❡ ■▼ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✲♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✾ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r ❡ ■▼ ✈✐s✉❛❧✲❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡✲
❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✶✵ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦r ❡ ■▼ ❝✐♥❡stés✐❝♦✲❝♦r♣♦r❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✶✶ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ■▼ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st❛✲✈❡r❜❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
①①✐✈ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✹✳✶✷ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ■▼ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✲♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✶✸ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ■▼ ✈✐s✉❛❧✲❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡✲
❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✶✹ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ■▼ ❝✐♥❡stés✐❝♦✲❝♦r♣♦r❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✶✺ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r ❡ ■▼ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st❛✲✈❡r❜❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✶✻ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r ❡ ■▼ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✲♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✶✼ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r ❡ ■▼ ✈✐s✉❛❧✲❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡♠
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✶✽ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❊❆ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛❞♦r ❡ ■▼ ❝✐♥❡stés✐❝♦✲❝♦r♣♦r❛❧ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✶✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ P❙❖✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖
✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝✉r✲ s♦s à ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❡♠ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✉rs♦✱ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ♥♦✈❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ■♥t❡✲ ❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✭■▼✮ ❞❡ ●❛r❞♥❡r ✭●❛r❞♥❡r✱ ✶✾✾✹✮❀ ♦s ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✭❊❆✮ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜ ✭❑♦❧❜✱ ✶✾✽✶✮✱ ❞❡ ❋❡❧❞❡r ✭❋❡❧❞❡r ✫ ❙✐❧✈❡r♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✱ ❞❡ ❇✉t❧❡r ✭❇✉t❧❡r✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❞❡ ●r❡❣♦r❣ ✭●r❡❣♦r❝✱ ✶✾✽✹✮❀ ♦s ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ✭❊❊✮ ❞❡ ▼♦st♦♥ ✭▼♦sst♦♥ ✫ ❆s❤✇♦rt❤✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛❧✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳
❊♠ ❝✉rs♦s ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ s❡❥❛ ❡❧❡ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ s❡♠✐✲♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♥♦t❛r ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈✐s♠♦ ✭P✐❛❣❡t✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é tã♦ tr✐✈✐❛❧ ❛ t♦❞♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜❛ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦✳ ❇♦❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❧❤❡ ♠♦str❡ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❯♠❛ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ t❛r❡❢❛ ♥❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❛ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ✭❊❛❉✮✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às s✉❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s✱ é ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳ ❙❡♠ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡❧❡✱ t❛✐s ❝✉rs♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ♣♦✉❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❞❡s✐st❛♠ ♦✉ ♦❜t❡♥❤❛♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❯♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦ ♥❛s t❡✲ ♦r✐❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s✉♣r❛❝✐t❛❞❛s✱ é ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛ s❡r ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♥❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲ t❡s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✳ ❆♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ✐st♦✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ✭❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❡❧❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✳
✷✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❚❛♥t♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❊❛❉✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦ s❡ t❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥❡ss❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❛♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✭❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ▼♦t❛✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♣❛❧❞❛r ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝r✐❛❞♦s✳ ❆♦ ♦❜s❡r✈á✲❧♦s ♥♦t❛✲s❡ ❛ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❡♠ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r✱ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡ss❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ♦✉✱ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❛✉①✐❧✐❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ❖ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡ ✈✐r ❛ s❡r ✉♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❛ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❞✉❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♥❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜ ✭❑♦❧❜ ✫ ❑♦❧❜✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ❡ ❛s ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✭●❛r❞♥❡r✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❛♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛❞❛♣t❡ às s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛ ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❊❛❉✱ ♦✉ ✈✐❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s s❡ r❡✢❡t❡✱ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ✭❇♦r❣❡s✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❇✉t❧❡r✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❈❡rq✉❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ▼❡♥♦❧❧✐ ✫ ❡t ❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ▼♦sst♦♥ ✫ ❆s❤✇♦rt❤✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ P✉❣❛✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ P✉❣❛ ✫ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❚♦❜✐❛s✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ❛❢❡r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ ♣r♦❝✉r♦✉✲s❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❞✉❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❝✉❥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦s ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ à ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✳ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❑♦❧❜✱ ✶✾✽✹✱ ✭❑♦❧❜ ✫ ❑♦❧❜✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ♣r♦♣ôs ✉♠❛ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❢❛s❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❞♦✿ ♦ s❡♥t✐r✱ ♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r✱ ♦ r❡✢❡t✐r ❡ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r✳ ❏á ✭●❛r❞♥❡r✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✱ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❛ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✭■▼✮ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✐t♦ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s ❛♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳ ●❛r❞♥❡r ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ t❛✐s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❡❧❡ r❡✈♦❣❛ ❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛ ❡ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ◗✉♦❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭◗■✮ q✉❡ ❡♥❣❡ss❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✉♥✐tár✐❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳
❈♦♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r✱ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✉rs♦ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❢❛s❡s ❞❛ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳ ❏á✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ■▼✬s ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐r ♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r♦✉ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❛♣ós ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❑♦❧❜✳
✶✳✶✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✷✼
❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❡stá❣✐♦s✳❊ss❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ✈❛✐ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦ às ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❛s ■▼✬s ❞❡ ●❛r❞♥❡r✱❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲❛s✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❞✉❝❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✉s❛♥❞♦ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ s✇❛r♠ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭P❙❖✮ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ s✉❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✭❖❆✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♥❞♦ s✉❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✳
P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♥❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜✱ ❛ ❛❢❡r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ é ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊s♣✐r❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ■▼ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✳ ❆s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛s ♥♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜ ❡ ♥♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ■▼✬s✳
➱ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♥❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❛♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✳ ❆ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③❛♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❛♠ s❡✉ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ à ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛✳ ❊ss❛ é ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ P❙❖✱ ♣♦✐s s✉❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✳
✶✳✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✱ ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s q✉❡ ❞✐③❡♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐✲ ③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜✱ às ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✱ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ s✇❛r♠ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭P❙❖✮✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❙❆❊P✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s t❡st❡s ❡❢❡t✉❛❞♦s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖
✷
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡rã♦ ♠♦str❛❞❛s ❛ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜ ❡ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❞❡ ●❛r❞♥❡r✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ s❡rã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦s ✭❙❆✮✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✭■▼✮ ♦✉ ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✭❊❆✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✭❖❆✮ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✶ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❑♦❧❜
❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❚❛✐s ❡st✐❧♦s sã♦ ú♥✐❝♦s ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ♣♦✐s ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡st✐❧♦ ❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ✭❇♦r❣❡s✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t❡♦r✐❛s✱ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ s❡ss❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭❇❛rr♦s✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✮ q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♦s ❊❆✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❚❛①♦♥♦✲ ♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ✭P❡❧✐ss♦♥✐✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✱ ♦s ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❋❡❧❞❡r ❡ ❙✐❧✈❡r♠❛♥ ✭❋❡❧❞❡r ✫ ❙♦❧♦♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✭❋❡❧❞❡r ✫ ❙✐❧✈❡r♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✽✽✮ ✱ ♦s ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❑♦❧❜ ✭❈❡rq✉❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ✭❑♦❧❜ ✫ ❑♦❧❜✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ♦s ❊st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑❛t❤❧❡❡♥ ❇✉t❧❡r ✭❇✉t❧❡r✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ♦ ■♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ▼②❡rs✲❇r✐❣❣s ✭▼❇❚■✮ ✭❋❛t❛❤✐ ✫ ●❤❛s❡♠✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❊st❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❡st✐❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲ ❣❡♠✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡r q✉❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞✐s♣õ❡✳
❆♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♦ ❊❆ q✉❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣♦ss✉✐✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❛ ❡❧❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r s❡❥❛ ❡①♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❡st✐❧♦✱ ♦✉ ❡♥tã♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ❡st✐❧♦s ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡✉ ♣❡r✜❧✳
✸✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
❑♦❧❜ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❊❆ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✶ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ s✉❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✲❛❧✈♦✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ê①✐t♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ♥✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ sã♦ ❡①✐❣✐❞❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛r ♥♦✈❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠ ♦s s✉❝❡ss♦s ❡ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦s✭❑♦❧❜✱ ✶✾✾✾✮ ✭❑♦❧❜ ✫ ❑♦❧❜✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❑♦❧❜✭❑♦❧❜ ✫ ❑♦❧❜✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ■♥✈❡♥tár✐♦ ❞❡ ❊st✐❧♦ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐✲ ③❛❣❡♠ ✭■❊❆✮✱ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❆♥❡①♦ ❆✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥❢❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ✶✾✼✶✳ ❉❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ✈✐s❛✈❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❛❜❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✐♥✈❡♥tár✐♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧✲ t❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡♥tár✐♦✳ ❖ ■❊❆ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✾ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✶ ❡✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡r❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ s❡✉ ❡st✐❧♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ú♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ t❡r♠♦ ✏❡st✐❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✑ ✭❊❆✮ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ss❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠✳
■t❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥✈❡♥tár✐♦ ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❡ ❢r❛s❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛✐♥❡❧ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ❊st❛ ❧✐st❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✷✵ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ♦✉ ❢r❛s❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s✉❛ s♦❝✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ❜❛✐①❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ■❊❆ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡♥tár✐♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✺✳
❖ ■❊❆ é ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡①✐❜❡♠ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐✲ ③❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❡st✐❧♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡♥tár✐♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦✳
Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ♦ t❡st❡ é ❜r❡✈❡ ❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲♦ út✐❧ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♦ t❡st❡ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✿ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✏♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✑ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❛❜str❛t♦✲❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❛t✐✈❛✲r❡✢❡①✐✈❛✳
❖ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞♦ ■❊❆ é ✉♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❢♦rç❛❞❛✱ q✉❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛ ❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♠♦❞♦s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ■st♦ ❡stá ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛t♦✱ q✉❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛s ❡♠ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✳ ❖ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❢♦rç❛❞❛ ❞❡ ■❊❆ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✳✶✳ ❊s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❑♦❧❜ ✸✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ➪r❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜✳ ✭❑♦❧❜ ✫ ❑♦❧❜✱ ✷✵✵✺✮
✸✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❈✐❝❧♦ q✉❛❞r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❑♦❧❜ ✭✶✾✽✹✮✳ ✭❑♦❧❜✱ ✶✾✾✾✮
❊①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❈♦♥❝r❡t❛ ✭❊❈✮✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❝❡♣t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ à ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ❡♠ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❡st❡ ❡st✐❧♦ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r ❡♠♣át✐❝♦s✳ ❊❧❡s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❤❛♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s t❡ór✐❝❛s ✐♥út❡✐s ❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♠ tr❛t❛r ❝❛❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝❛s♦ ú♥✐❝♦✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ s✐♥t❛♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ❊st❡s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❘❡✢❡①✐✈❛ ✭❖❘✮✿ ■♥❞✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s✱ ✐♠♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❡ r❡✢❡✲ ①✐✈❛✳ ❊st❡s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ❊❧❡s ♣r❡❢❡r❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ss✐st✐♥❞♦ ❛✉❧❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡s ❞á ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝❡r ♦ s❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r ❡ ❥✉✐③ ✐♠♣❛r❝✐❛❧❀ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r ✐♥tr♦✈❡rt✐❞♦s✳
❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦ ❆❜str❛t❛ ✭❈❆✮✿ ■♥❞✐❝❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♣❡s❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❊st❡s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r ♠❛✐s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ❝♦✐s❛s ❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s✱ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ✐♠♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊❧❡s s❡ s❡♥t❡♠ ❢r✉str❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡s❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳
