❆▲■❙❙❖◆ ❆❯●❯❙❚❖ ❆❩❊❱❊❉❖ ❋■●❯❊■❘❊❉❖
❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ◆❯▼➱❘■❈❆ ❉❊ ▼❖❉❊▲❖❙ ❚➱❘▼■❈❖❙
❊◆❱❖▲❱❊◆❉❖ ❆ ❊❙❚■▼❆❚■❱❆ ❉❊ P❆❘➶▼❊❚❘❖❙ ◆❆
❊◗❯❆➬➹❖ ❉❆ ❇■❖❚❘❆◆❙❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❈❆▲❖❘
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆
❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆
❆▲■❙❙❖◆ ❆❯●❯❙❚❖ ❆❩❊❱❊❉❖ ❋■●❯❊■❘❊❉❖
❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ◆❯▼➱❘■❈❆ ❉❊ ▼❖❉❊▲❖❙ ❚➱❘▼■❈❖❙
❊◆❱❖▲❱❊◆❉❖ ❆ ❊❙❚■▼❆❚■❱❆ ❉❊ P❆❘➶▼❊❚❘❖❙ ◆❆
❊◗❯❆➬➹❖ ❉❆ ❇■❖❚❘❆◆❙❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❈❆▲❖❘
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲
❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲
s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❊❙✲
❚❘❊ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛❧♦r
❡ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❋❧✉✐❞♦s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✐❧♠❛r ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFU, MG, Brasil.
F475a 2014
Figueiredo, Alisson Augusto Azevedo, 1990-
Análise numérica de modelos térmicos envolvendo a estimativa de parâmetros na equação da biotransferência de calor / Alisson Augusto Azevedo Figueiredo. - 2014.
124 f. : il.
Orientador: Gilmar Guimarães.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica.
Inclui bibliografia.
1. Engenharia mecânica - Teses. 2. Calor - Transmissão - Teses. 3. Corpo humano - Teses. I. Guimarães, Gilmar. II. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica. III. Título.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
➚ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡ s❛ú❞❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡✱ ❞♦♥❛ ❉❛❧✈✐♥❛✱ q✉❡ ❞❡❞✐❝♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r s❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ✭✐♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛♥✮✱ ❍❡r✐❜❡rt♦✱ q✉❡ ♦♥❞❡ q✉❡r q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❢♦rç❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣♦ss❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉✱ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ●✐❧♠❛r✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ■❋▼❆✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❆♥❞ré P❡rs❛♥ ❡ ❘✉❜❡♥s ❙♦❡✐r♦✱ q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙ã♦ ▲✉ís✳
❆♦ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❛✱ ❝❛s❛❧ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♥❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛çã♦ à ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✳ ➚ ●❛❜r✐❡❧❛ ❡ ♦ ❙✐❞♥❡②✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
❆♦ ❋❛❜✐♥❤♦✱ ✉♠ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❡①tr❛♦r❞✐♥ár✐♦✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❡✐✳ ❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♠❛r❛♥❤❡♥s❡s✱ ■✈❛♥✐❧s♦♥✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧✱ P❡t❡rs♦♥ ❡ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ✜❝❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ▼❛r❛♥❤ã♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❈❧❛r❛✱ ❚❤❛✐❛♥♥❡✱ ▼ár❝✐❛✱ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦✱ ❘❛q✉❡❧✱ ❆♥❞ré✱ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ♥ã♦ t❡r ❧❡♠❜r❛❞♦✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ▲P▼ ❡ ✧❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s✧✳ ➚s ♠❡♥✐♥❛s ❞❛ s❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ♣ós✳
❆♦s t♦❞♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❋❊▼❊❈✱ ■❋▼❆✱ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s✱ té❝♥✐❝♦s✲❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s✳
❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦✱ ❆✳ ❆✳ ❆✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tér♠✐❝♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♥❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳✳ ✷✵✶✹✳ ✶✷✹❢✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✲▼●✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛✲s❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜✐♦tér♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡♥♥❡s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ t❡❝✐❞♦s ✈✐✈♦s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❞♦ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ♠❛♠❛✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ✶❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥✱ ❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ✜♥✐t♦s ❡ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❈❖▼❙❖▲ ▼✉❧t✐♣❤②s✐❝s ❝ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❛s♦s
✶❉✱ ✷❉ ❡ ✸❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛♠✲s❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞♦s ♣❛✲ râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡❛ ❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡♥♥❡s✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ✭♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐♦tér♠✐❝♦ ✶❉✳ ❆s ✈❛❧✐❞❛çõ❡s ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡❛ ❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ s❛t✐s❢❛tó✲ r✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✐♥ ✈✐tr♦ ❡ ✐♥ ✈✐✈♦✳
❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦✱ ❆✳ ❆✳ ❆✳ ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐♥ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✐♥ ❜✐♦❤❡❛t ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥✳✳ ✷✵✶✹✳ ✶✷✹❢✳ ▼❛st❡r✬s ❚❤❡s✐s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✲▼●✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❤❡❛t tr❛♥s❢❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ t✐ss✉❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❞✐❛❣♥♦s✐s ♦❢ ❜r❡❛st ❝❛♥❝❡r ❜② ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r❡❛st✳ ❍❡r❡ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❜✐♦t❤❡r♠✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛✲ ♠❡t❡rs ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ P❡♥♥❡s✬s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✐t✐❛❧❧② t❤❡ ✶❉✲tr❛♥s✐❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✐s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ●r❡❡♥✬s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ ✜♥✐t❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❈❖▼❙❖▲ ▼✉❧t✐♣❤②s✐❝s ❝ ❢♦r ✶❉✱ ✷❉ ❛♥❞ ✸❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✷❉ ✲ st❡❛❞②✲st❛t❡ ❝❛s❡✳
❚❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ ❜❧♦♦❞ ♣❡r❢✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ P❡♥♥❡s✬s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠ ❤❡❛t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s s❡♥s❡✱ s❡q✉❡♥t✐❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ●r❡❡♥✬s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞✳ ▼❡t❛❜♦❧✐❝ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥s s✐♠✉❧❛t❡s t❤❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛❜♥♦r♠❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ t✉♠♦rs✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❜❧♦♦❞ ♣❡r❢✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠ ✐♥ ❜✐♦❤❡❛t tr❛♥s❢❡r✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ♦❢ s❡q✉❡♥t✐❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ st✉❞② ✇❡r❡ s❛t✐st❛❝t♦r② ❢♦r ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛✲ ❜♦❧✐❝ ❤❡❛t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✉♠♦r✱ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ✇✐t❤ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ✐♥ ❝❛s❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♥ ✈✐tr♦ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ✈✐✈♦✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ❆♥❛t♦♠✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛♠❛ ✭❲■◆◆■❑❖❲✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸✳✷ ❈❛r❝✐♥♦♠❛ ❉✉❝t❛❧ ❖◆❈❖●❯■❆ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✸ ❈❛r❝✐♥♦♠❛ ▲♦❜✉❧❛r ❖◆❈❖●❯■❆ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡❝✐❞♦ ❡①♣♦st♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❝♦♥✲
✈❡❝t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✺ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ✜♥✐t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✻ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ✶✿ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣r❡s❝r✐t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✼ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ✷✿ ❈♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ tér♠✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡❝✐❞♦ ❡①♣♦st♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✾ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ✜♥✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✶✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❚r✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡❝✐❞♦ ❡①♣♦st♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✶✶ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ✜♥✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✶✷ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ✜♥✐t♦ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡ s✉❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛♥❛✲
❧ít✐❝♦✱ ▼❱❋ ❡ ❈❖▼❙❖▲ ❛♣ós ✻✵s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛♥❛✲
❧ít✐❝♦✱ ▼❱❋ ❡ ❈❖▼❙❖▲ ❛♣ós ✸✵✵s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛♥❛✲
❧ít✐❝♦✱ ▼❱❋ ❡ ❈❖▼❙❖▲ ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✹ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡ ❞♦ ▼❱❋
♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✺ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❈❖▼✲
❙❖▲ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✻ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ▼❱❋ ❡ ❈❖▼❙❖▲
❛♣ós ✻✵s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✼ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ▼❱❋ ❡ ❈❖▼❙❖▲
❛♣ós ✸✵✵s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✽ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ▼❱❋ ❡ ❈❖▼❙❖▲
❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✾ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❞♦ ▼❱❋ ❡ ❈❖▼❙❖▲ ♣❛r❛
♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✐✐
✹✳✶✵ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ P❡r❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ① P❡r❢✉sã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛♣ós ✻✵s ✭▼❱❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✶✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ P❡r❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ① P❡r❢✉sã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛♣ós ✸✵✵s ✭▼❱❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ P❡r❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ① P❡r❢✉sã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✭▼❱❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✶✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ✶❉ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✶✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ✶❉ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✶✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ✶❉ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✶✻ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦s✐✲
çõ❡s ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✭▼❱❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✶✼ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✭▼❱❋✮✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✶✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ✶❉ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ✶❉ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ✶❉ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✐✲
♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ① =✵✱✵✹ ♠ ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✭▼❱❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✹✳✷✷ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ① =✵✱✵✹ ♠ ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✭▼❱❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✹✳✷✸ ❉❡s❡♥❤♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐♦tér♠✐❝♦ ✷❉ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡✲ s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷✹ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❛❧❤❛s ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ①
❡♠ ②❂✵✱✵✷✺♠ ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✷✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❛❧❤❛s ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ②
❡♠ ①❂✵✱✵✺♠ ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✷✻ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠❛❧❤❛s ✷✵✵①✶✵✵ ❡ ✸✵✵①✶✺✵ ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✲
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✷✼ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ▼❱❋ ❡ ❈❖▼❙❖▲ ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✷✽ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛s♦ ✶❉ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✷✾ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s s♦❧✉çã♦ ✶❉ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦ ❡ ▼❱❋ ✷❉ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ②✱ h2 =h3 =
0,0001[W/m2K]✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✸✵ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s s♦❧✉çã♦ ✶❉ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦ ❡ ▼❱❋ ✷❉ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✸✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♣♦r
❩❤❛♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✸✷ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❩❤❛♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ✲
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✸✸ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ s❡♠ t✉♠♦r ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦
✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✸✹ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t✉♠♦r ✶ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡
t❡♠♣♦ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✸✺ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t✉♠♦r ✷ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡
t❡♠♣♦ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸✻ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t✉♠♦r ✸ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡
t❡♠♣♦ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸✼ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ❞❡ ✭✵✱✺❝♠ ① ✵✱✺❝♠✮✱ ❝✉❥♦
✐✐✐
✹✳✸✽ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ❞❡ ✭✵✱✼✺❝♠ ① ✵✱✼✺❝♠✮✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡stá ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ①❂✵✱✵✺ ♠ ②❂✵✱✵✸✺ ♠ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✸✾ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ❞❡ ✭✶✱✷✺❝♠ ① ✶✱✷✺❝♠✮✱
❝✉❥♦ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡stá ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ①❂✵✱✵✺ ♠ ②❂✵✱✵✸✺ ♠ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✹✵ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❛❧❤❛s ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ①✱
❡♠ ②❂✵✱✵✷✺♠ ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✹✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❛❧❤❛s ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ②✱
❡♠ ①❂✵✱✵✺♠ ❛♣ós ✻✵✵s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹✷ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❞❛s ♠❛❧❤❛s ✷✹✵①✶✷✵ ❡ ✷✵✵①✶✵✵ ❡♠ ▼❱❋ ✲
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹✸ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❞❛ ♠❛❧❤❛ ✷✵✵①✶✵✵ ❞♦ ▼❱❋ ❡ ♦ ❈❖▼❙❖▲ ✲
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✹✹ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ s❡♠ t✉♠♦r ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✹✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ✶ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✹✻ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ✷ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✹✼ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ✸ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✹✽ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ❞❡ ✭✶✱✵❝♠ ① ✶✱✵❝♠✮
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✹✾ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❞❡ ✭✵✱✺ ❝♠ ① ✵✱✺ ❝♠✮
❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ① ❂ ✵✱✵✺ ♠ ❡ ② ❂ ✵✱✵✸✺ ♠ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✺✵ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❞❡ ✭✵✱✼✺ ❝♠ ① ✵✱✼✺ ❝♠✮
❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ① ❂ ✵✱✵✺ ♠ ❡ ② ❂ ✵✱✵✸✺ ♠ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✺✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❞❡ ✭✶✱✵ ❝♠ ① ✶✱✵ ❝♠✮
❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ① ❂ ✵✱✵✺ ♠ ❡ ② ❂ ✵✱✵✸✺ ♠ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✺✷ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s
❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ① ❂ ✵✱✵✺ ♠ ❡ ② ❂ ✵✱✵✸✺ ♠ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✺✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✺✹ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ① ❛♣ós ✻✵s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✺✺ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ② ❛♣ós ✻✵s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✺✻ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ③ ❛♣ós ✻✵s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✺✼ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❞❛s ♠❛❧❤❛s ✺✵✵①✺✵✵①✷✺✵ ❡ ✹✵✵①✹✵✵①✷✵✵ ❞♦
▼❱❋ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✺✽ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❞❛ ♠❛❧❤❛ ✹✵✵①✹✵✵①✷✵✵ ❞♦ ▼❱❋ ❡ ♦ ❈❖▼❙❖▲
✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✺✾ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛s♦ ✶❉ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ③✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✻✵ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s s♦❧✉çã♦ ✶❉ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦ ❡ ▼❱❋ ✸❉ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ③✱
✉s❛♥❞♦ h2✱ h3✱ h4✱ ❡h5 ❂ ✵✱✵✵✵✶[W/m2K]✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✹✳✻✶ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çã♦ ✶❉ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦ ❡ ▼❱❋ ✸❉ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ③✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ h2✱ h3✱ h4✱ ❡h5 ❂ ✵✱✵✵✵✶[W/m2K]✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✐✈
✹✳✻✺ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ♠❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❛ ✷ ❝♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ✶ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✻✻ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ♠❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❛ ✶ ❝♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ✶ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦
✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✻✼ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ♠❛♠❛ s❡♠ t✉♠♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ✷ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✻✽ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ s❡♠✐✲❡s❢❡r❛ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❛ ✷ ❝♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ✷ ✲
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✻✾ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ s❡♠✐✲❡s❢❡r❛ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❛ ✶ ❝♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ✷ ✲
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐♦tér♠✐❝♦ ✶❉ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ s❛í❞❛ ✭❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❊❙✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ✭❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❊❙✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✹ ❉❡s❡♥❤♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✶❉ ✉s❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ✽✻ ✺✳✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ s❡♠ t✉♠♦r
❛♣ós ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✻ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s T∗
1 ❡ T ∗
2 ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ s❡♠ t✉♠♦r ❛♣ós ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✺✳✼ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ① ❂ ✵✱✵✹✺ ♠ ❡ ① ❂ ✵✱✵✻ ♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ s❡♠ t✉♠♦r ❛♣ós ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✽ ❈❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❛♣ós
✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✾ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❛♣ós ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✶✵ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ① ❂ ✵✱✵✹✺ ♠ ❡ ① ❂ ✵✱✵✻ ♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✶✶ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✶✷ ❉❡s❡♥❤♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✶❉ ✉s❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✶✸ ❚❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ s❡♠
♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t✉♠♦r✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ s❡✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❤✐♣♦tét✐❝♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✭✶✷✵✵s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✶✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦“experimental”❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛
♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ s❡♠ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t✉♠♦r ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✶✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s“experimental”❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦
s❡♠ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t✉♠♦r ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✶✻ ❘❡sí❞✉♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ✏❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✧❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ s❡♠
♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t✉♠♦r ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✶✼ ❚❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ♣♦s✐✲
❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✹ à ✺ ❝♠✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ s❡✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❤✐♣♦tét✐❝♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✭✶✷✵✵s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✶✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦“experimental”❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛
♣❛r❛ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❬✹✿✺❪❝♠ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✶✾ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s “experimentais” ❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠
t✉♠♦r ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❬✹✿✺❪❝♠ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✷✵ ❘❡sí❞✉♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s “experimentais”❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r
♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❬✹✿✺❪❝♠ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✷✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛
✈
✺✳✷✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❬✸✿✹❪❝♠ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✵s✱ ❝♦♠ ③♦♦♠✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✺✳✷✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s “experimentais” ❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠
t✉♠♦r ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❬✸✿✹❪❝♠ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✺✳✷✹ ❘❡sí❞✉♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s “experimentais”❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r
♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❬✸✿✹❪❝♠ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ❇✳✶ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s
❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ♥✉❧♦ ❛♣ós ✻✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ❇✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s
❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ ♥✉❧♦ ❛♣ós ✸✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ❇✳✸ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✹✳✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❜✐♦tér♠✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❛ ❛ ♠❛♠❛ ✭●❆❯❚❍❊❘■❊✱ ✶✾✽✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐♦tér♠✐❝♦ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✸ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐♦tér♠✐❝♦ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✹ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ▼❱❋ ✷❉ ❝♦♠ ❩❤❛♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✺ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s t✉♠♦r❡s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✻ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦
❡♠ x1 ❂ ✵✱✵✹✺ ❡ x2 ❂ ✵✱✵✺✺✱ ❡♠ ✈❛r✐♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✼ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ♣♦ss✉✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ❝❡♥✲ tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ① ❂ ✵✱✵✺♠ ❡ ② ❂ ✵✱✵✸✺ ♠✱ ❡♠ ✈❛r✐♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✽ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t✉♠♦✲
r❡s ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✾ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ t✉♠♦r❡s
❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ① ❂ ✵✱✵✺ ♠ ❡ ② ❂ ✵✱✵✸✺ ♠ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✵ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❡ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✸❉ ❡♠ ❝♦♦r✲
❞❡♥❛❞❛s r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✶✶ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ♠❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ❧♦✲
❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ à ✷ ❝♠ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✶✷ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ♠❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✉♠♦r ❧♦✲
❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ à ✶ ❝♠ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✶ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s “experimentais” ❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✻ ♣❡r✜s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ t✉♠♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ s❡♠ t✉♠♦r ❛♣ós ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✷ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s “experimentais” ❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✻ ♣❡r✜s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ t✉♠♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ [0,04 : 0,05]m ❛♣ós ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✺✳✸ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s“experimentais”❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✺✶ ♣❡r✜s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ t✉♠♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ [0,04 : 0,05]m ❛♣ós ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
✺✳✹ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s“experimentais”❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✺✶ ♣❡r✜s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ t✉♠♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ [0,03 : 0,04]m ❛♣ós ✶✷✵✵s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s
T ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ t❡❝✐❞♦✱ [K]✳
Ta ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ s❛♥❣✉❡ ❛rt❡r✐❛❧✱ [K]✳ k ✲ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✱ [ W
m2K]✳ ρ ✲ ♠❛ss❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞♦ t❡❝✐❞♦✱ [mkg3]✳ ρs ✲ ♠❛ss❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞♦ s❛♥❣✉❡✱ [mkg3]✳ c ✲ ❝❛❧♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞♦ t❡❝✐❞♦✱ [ J
kgK]✳ cs ✲ ❝❛❧♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞♦ s❛♥❣✉❡✱ [kgKJ ]✳ w ✲ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ [s−1
]✳
ws ✲ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡❛ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r✱ [s
−1
]✳
t ✲ t❡♠♣♦✱ [s]✳
Qm ✲ t❛①❛ ✈♦❧✉♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦✱ [mW3]✳ Qe ✲ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡①t❡r♥❛✱ [[mW3]]
Qp ✲ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡❛✱ ❬mW3❪✳ Qm1 ✲ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ ♥♦ t❡❝✐❞♦ s❛✉❞á✈❡❧✱ [mW3]✳ Qm2 ✲ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ t✉♠♦r❛❧✱ [mW3]✳
Tc ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣r❡s❝r✐t❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦✱ [K]✳ T0 ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ [K]✳
✈✐✐✐
T∞ ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ [K]✳ θ ✲ ❱❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✹
✸ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✾
✸✳✶ ❈â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ▼❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ▼❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❖ ❈â♥❝❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❉✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✷ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❇✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❯♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❚r❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ◆✉♠ér✐❝❛ ✲ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞♦s ❱♦❧✉♠❡s ❋✐♥✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✷✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❯♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❚r❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✷✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❚r❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷✳✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❚r✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❚r❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷✳✷✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ P❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ◆✉♠ér✐❝❛ ✲ ❈❖▼❙❖▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✿ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❉✐r❡t♦ ✷✾
✹✳✶ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❯♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❚r❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✶✳✸ P❡r❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❳ P❡r❢✉sã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✶✳✹ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✶✳✺ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✷ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❚r❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛❧❤❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✷✳✷✳✶ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✷✳✹ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✸ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ P❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛❧❤❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
①
✹✳✸✳✷ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ t✉♠♦r ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✹ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❚r✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❚r❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❘❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✹✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛❧❤❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹✳✶✳✷ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ✶❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❊s❢ér✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✹✳✷✳✶ ❈❛s♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹✳✷✳✷ ❈❛s♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ❡♠ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ■♥✈❡rs♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛
❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✼✾
✺✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✐r❡t♦✿ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡✲ t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ t✉♠♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✺✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❈♦r♣♦ s❡♠ t✉♠♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❈♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❈♦r♣♦ s❡♠ t✉♠♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❈♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠ t✉♠♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✶✶✶
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✶✸
❆ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡♥♥❡s ✶❉ ✶✶✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦s sé❝✉❧♦s✱ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♠♣❧✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦✐ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ♣ré✲❤✐stór✐❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ✈ár✐❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦rá✲❧♦ ❡♠ s✉❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ✜❧ós♦❢♦s ❣r❡❣♦s✱ ❍✐♣ó❝r❛t❡s ✭✹✻✵ ✲ ✸✼✵ ❛✳❈✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♦ ✏♣❛✐ ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛✑✱ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✈❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛❧♦r ✐♥❛t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡r❛ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ s✐♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✳ ❊s♣❛❧❤❛✈❛✲s❡ ❧❛♠❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✈❛✲s❡ ♦♥❞❡ s❡❝❛✈❛ ❡ ❡♥❞✉r❡❝✐❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛s ❝♦♥st❛t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❆❉❆▼❙✱ ✶✽✹✾✮✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❝❧í♥✐❝❛s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❝❡rt❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉✲ r❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥♦r♠❛✐s ❡ ❛♥♦r♠❛✐s✳
❉❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s✳ ●❛❧✐❧❡✉ ●❛❧✐❧❡✐ ✭✶✺✻✹ ✲ ✶✻✹✷✮ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ t❡r♠ô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ❛r✳ ❙❛♥❝t♦r✐✉s ✭✶✺✻✶ ✲ ✶✻✸✷✮ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦♦✉ ♦ t❡r♠ô♠❡tr♦ ❡ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝♦✉ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳ ❆♥t♦✐♥❡ ▲❛✈♦✐s✐❡r ✭✶✼✹✸ ✲ ✶✼✾✸✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s à r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣✐r❛çã♦✳ ❲✉♥❞❡r❧✐❝❤✱ ❡♠ ✶✽✻✽✱ ♠❛♣❡♦✉ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ✈á✲ r✐♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡stã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❈❍❆❚❖✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ ♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♠ t❡❝✐❞♦s ✈✐✈♦s ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✉ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦ ♥❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ t❡❝✐❞✉❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✱ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❍❛rr② ❍✳ P❡♥♥❡s ❡♠ ✶✾✹✽✳ ❆ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡r ♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥♦ ❛♥t❡❜r❛ç♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ é ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✏❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✑ ♦✉ ✏❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡♥♥❡s✑ ✭❈❍❆❘◆❨✱
✷
✶✾✾✷✮✳
❆♣ós ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ P❡♥♥❡s ✭✶✾✹✽✮ ❡ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❛❧✐st❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦✲ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✭◆❆❑❆❨❆▼❆❀ ❑❯❲❆❍❆❘❆✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✱ ✭▼■❚❈❍❊▲▲❀ ▼❨❊❘❙✱ ✶✾✻✽✮✱ ✭❑❊▲▲❊❘❀ ❙❊■▲❊❘✱ ✶✾✼✶✮✱ ✭❲❯▲❋❋✱ ✶✾✼✹✮✱ ✭❑▲■◆●❊❘✱ ✶✾✼✽✮✱ ✭❈❍❊◆❀ ❍❖▲▼❊❙✱ ✶✾✽✵✮✱ ✭❑▲■◆●❊❘✱ ✶✾✼✽✮✱ ✭❲❊■◆❇❆❯▼❀ ❏■❏■✱ ✶✾✽✺✮✱ ✭❘❖❊❚❩❊▲❀ ❳❯❆◆✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
P♦ré♠✱ ❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r r✐❣♦r ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r ❡st❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s✉❛ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡♥♥❡s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛✐s ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ t❡❝✐❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✈✐✈♦s✳
❊♠ ✶✾✺✻✱ ▲❛✇s♦♥ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐✉ q✉❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣❡❧❡ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❝â♥❝❡r ♥❛ ♠❛♠❛ ❡r❛ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦ t❡❝✐❞♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✳ ❊❧❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ♦ s❛♥❣✉❡ ✈❡♥♦s♦ q✉❡ ❞r❡♥❛ ♦ t✉♠♦r ♠❛❧✐❣♥♦ é ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s q✉❡♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛rt❡r✐❛❧ ✭❆▼❆▲❯ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❛st♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✱ ♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐ó♣s✐❛ ❞❛ ár❡❛ s✉s♣❡✐t❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❡①❛♠❡ ❝❧í♥✐❝♦ ✭♠é❞✐❝♦✮ ♦✉ ♣♦r ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✭♠❛♠♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ✉❧tr❛✲s♦♠ ♦✉ r❡ss♦♥â♥❝✐❛✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❈â♥❝❡r ✲ ■◆❈❆✱ ♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ♥♦✈♦s ❞❡ ❝â♥❝❡r ❢❛rá ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤❛❥❛ r❡❝✉rs♦s s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣r✐r ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦✱ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛ é ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ t✐♣♦ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠✉❧❤❡r❡s✱ ❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐❞❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛♣ós ❝✐♥❝♦ ❛♥♦s é ❞❡ ✻✶✪ ✭■◆❈❆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
❏✉st✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜✐♦tér♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡♥♥❡s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❞♦ ❝â♥❝❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♠❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ♠❛♠❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐♦tér♠✐❝♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ✜♥✐t♦s ❡ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❈❖▼❙❖▲ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝❛s♦s ✶❉✱ ✷❉ ❡ ✸❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✷❉ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✳
✸
s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✿ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐♦tér♠✐❝♦ ✶❉✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❜ás✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t✉♠♦r ♥❛ ♠❛♠❛✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡♥♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✶❉✱ ✷❉ ❡ ✸❉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳
❆s ✈❛❧✐❞❛çõ❡s ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡♥♥❡s sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❢✉sã♦ s❛♥❣✉í♥❡❛ ❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳
◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✳
