Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Ciência da Computação
▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❊stá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦
❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts
❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❡ ❆rr✉❞❛ ❏✉♥✐♦r
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✐ ❲❡✐❣❛♥❣
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✖ ❯♥❇ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❆❧✈❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦
❇❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✐ ❲❡✐❣❛♥❣ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❆❧✈❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❱❛♥❞❡r ❘❛♠♦s ❆❧✈❡s ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇ Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❨❛❡❦♦ ❨❛♠❛s❤✐t❛ ✖ ❊◆❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❨✉❛♥ ❏✐♥ ❨✉♥ ✖ ▼❆❚✴❯❋P❘
❈■P ✖ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦
❆rr✉❞❛ ❏✉♥✐♦r✱ ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❡✳
▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❊stá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts ✴ ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❡ ❆rr✉❞❛ ❏✉♥✐♦r✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✿ ❯♥❇✱ ✷✵✶✺✳ ✶✷✾ ♣✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾✱✺ ❝♠✳
❚❡s❡ ✭❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
✶✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts✱ ✷✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ❙♦❧♦✱ ✸✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✱ ✹✳ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣✱ ✺✳ ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛
❈❉❯ ✵✵✹✳✹
❊♥❞❡r❡ç♦✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❉❛r❝② ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ✖ ❆s❛ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❊P ✼✵✾✶✵✲✾✵✵
Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Ciência da Computação
▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❊stá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦
❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts
❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❡ ❆rr✉❞❛ ❏✉♥✐♦r
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✐ ❲❡✐❣❛♥❣ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❆❧✈❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❱❛♥❞❡r ❘❛♠♦s ❆❧✈❡s
❈■❈✴❯♥❇ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❨❛❡❦♦ ❨❛♠❛s❤✐t❛ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❨✉❛♥ ❏✐♥ ❨✉♥
❊◆❈✴❯♥❇ ▼❆❚✴❯❋P❘
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❆❧✈❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❛ ❞♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ à t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧
à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❆♥❣é❧✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❡✉ ✜❧❤♦ ❉❛♥✐❡❧✳
❙❡♠ s❡✉ ❛♠♦r✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥çã♦✱
♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✈❡♥❝❡r
♠❛✐s ❡ss❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ❉❡✉s✱ ♣❡❧❛ s❛ú❞❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞❛t❛✱ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦✱ ❈í❝❡r♦✱ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ❡ ❱✐t♦r✱ ♠❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ ❞♦s ❝ré❞✐t♦s ❞❛s ♠❛tér✐❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❡③ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛✦
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❈r❡s♣♦✱ ❑❛♠✐❧❛✱ ▼ár❝✐♦ ❡ ❱✐♦r❡❧✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣✉✲ ❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ tr❛❞✉çõ❡s✱ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❡①t❡♥s❛s r❡✈✐sõ❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ❝♦♠ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠♦s ❡♠ ✶✵✵✪ ❞❛s s✉❜♠✐ssõ❡s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♣r♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✐ ❲❡✐❣❛♥❣✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡ss❡s q✉❛tr♦ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦✳ ➚ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✭PP●■♥❢✮✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞❛ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❛♥♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❯♥❇✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ ❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❖✳ ❈❛❥✉❡✐r♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❉r✳ ▼❛✉rí❝✐♦ ❙✳ ❇✉❣❛r✐♥✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♥t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❋❆❈❊✮✱ ♣♦r ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❏♦❣♦s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❡st✐♠á✈❡❧ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❩✐❝♦ ❡ ❋r❛♥❝✐♦♥❡✱ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s ❡ ◆ú❜✐❛✱ ❘✉❜❡♥s ❡ ❆❞❛❧✈❛✳ ❱♦❝ês ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛té ❛q✉✐✳
P❡❧♦ ❝♦♥✈✐t❡ ❡ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ♥❛ ❡st❛❞✐❛ ❡♠ P❛r✐s✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ✭♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡✮✱ s✉❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ▼❛r❝✐❧❡♥❡ ❡ à ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❆❧✐❝❡✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✉❛ ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡st❛r ♥❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛r ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❯♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉r✳ ❋é❧✐① ▼✳ ❈❛♠✐♥♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❜♦❛s✲✈✐♥❞❛s ❡♠ ❚♦✉❧♦✉s❡✱ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡stá❣✐♦ ♥❛ ➱❝♦❧❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❧✬❆✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ❈✐✈✐❧❡ ✭❊◆❆❈✮✳ ▼❡r❝✐ ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣✦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ q✉❡ ❛♣♦✐❛♠ ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ ❛❝❛❞ê✲ ♠✐❝♦ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣♦r ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐❛s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤♦rár✐♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❊ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❆ér❡♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ◆❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❆ér❡❛ ✭❈●◆❆✮✱ ❞♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡s❛ ❆ér❡❛ ❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❆ér❡♦ ✭❈■◆❉❆❈❚❆✮ ❡ ❞❛ ❚♦rr❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❆❡✲ r♦♣♦rt♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ♣♦r ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❡♠ ✈✐s✐t❛s ❡♠ s✉❛s ✐♥st❛❧❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❣❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✱ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡ t❡st❡s ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
✳
❱✐✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❢♦ss❡ ♠♦rr❡r ❛♠❛♥❤ã✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❢♦ss❡ ✈✐✈❡r ♣❛r❛ s❡♠♣r❡✳
✕ ▼❛❤❛t♠❛ ●❛♥❞❤✐
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ✭❈❉▼✮ é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦ ✭❆❚▼✮✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛✱ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❆❚▼✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦ ✭●❉P✮ ❝♦♠ ❈❉▼ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs ❛t✉❛✐s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❙♦♠❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❡ss❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ●❉P tê♠ s✐❞♦ r❡❧❛t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❯♠ ❞❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s é q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡stá✈❡✐s ♥❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛❡r♦♣♦rt✉ár✐♦s✳
❊st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❆❚▼ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s st❛❦❡❤♦❧✲ ❞❡rs q✉❡ sã♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts tr❛t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♠♣r❡s✲ s✐♦♥✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❈❉▼✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦✱ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡✱ ♦ ❣❡st♦r ❞♦ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❡ ♦ ❣❡st♦r ❞♦ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦ sã♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♥♦✈♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❉❡❢❡rr❡❞ ❆❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ✭❉❆✮ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s✳
❖s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛r❛♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛é✲ r❡♦s ❞♦ ❆❡r♦♣♦rt♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❛♥❝r❡❞♦ ◆❡✈❡s ✭❙❇❈❋✮ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✱ ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞♦ s✐t❡ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ ❞❛ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ■♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❆❡r♦♣♦rt✉ár✐❛ ✭■◆❋❘❆❊❘❖✮✳ ❆ ❛♥á✲ ❧✐s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❤✐♣♦tét✐❝♦s ❡ r❡❛✐s ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ót✐♠❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❉❆✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ❛❧♦❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ♦s ❥♦✲ ❣❛❞♦r❡s ❛ ❜✉s❝❛r❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ót✐♠♦s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❊st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ❡ s♦❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts✱ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ❙♦❧♦✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✱ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣✱ ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛
❆❜str❛❝t
❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ▼❛❦✐♥❣ ✭❈❉▼✮ ✐s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❆✐r ❚r❛✣❝ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✭❆❚▼✮✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤✐s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠✱ t❤❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❡♥t✐t✐❡s r❡s✉❧t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❆❚▼✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✲ str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❧♦t ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ●r♦✉♥❞ ❉❡❧❛② Pr♦❣r❛♠ ✭●❉P✮ ✇✐t❤ ❈❉▼✱ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♠❛❥♦r st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✱ s♦♠❡ s❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s ✐♥ ●❉P ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ r❡♣♦rt❡❞ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❧❛st ②❡❛rs✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❈♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✐♥ ❈❉▼ ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡s t❤❡ st❛❜❧❡ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛✐r♣♦rt✳
❚❤❡s❡ ❧✐♠✐ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❚▼ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❞✐ss❛t✐s❢❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs✳ ❚♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ t❤✐s P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❧♦t ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳ ❚❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❉❆✲ ❙▲❖❚ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❉▼✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t✱ t❤❡ ❛✐r♣♦rt ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s❡r✈✐❝❡s✳
❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡♦r② t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ ♠❛r❦❡t s❧♦ts ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❛✐r❧✐♥❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛✐r♣♦rt ♠❛♥❛❣❡rs ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❡rs✳ ❚❤❡s❡ st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs ✐♥ ❈❉▼ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡✐r str❛t❡❣✐❝ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❉❡❢❡rr❡❞ ❆❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ✭❉❆✮ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ❢♦r t✇♦✲s✐❞❡❞ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ♠❛r❦❡ts✳
❚❤❡ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❢♦r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ❚❛♥❝r❡❞♦ ◆❡✈❡s ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❆✐r♣♦rt ✭❙❇❈❋✮ ♦❢ ✷✵✶✹✳ ❆❧❧ t❤❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ❤❛✈❡ t❛❦❡♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦✣❝✐❛❧ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❆✐r♣♦rt ■♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❈♦♠♣❛♥② ✭■◆❋❘❆❊❘❖✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥ ❤②♣♦t❤❡t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✉❛❧ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❛t ❉❆✲ ❙▲❖❚ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♣❧❛②❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ st❛❜❧❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ❞❡s✐r❛❜❧❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ✐♥❤❡r✐t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❉❆ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s st❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts✱ ♠❛② ❧❡❛❞ st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs t♦ ❣❡t ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡s❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❙❧♦t ❆❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✱ ●r♦✉♥❞ ❉❡❧❛② Pr♦❣r❛♠✱ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ❙②st❡♠✱ ▼❛t❝❤✲ ✐♥❣ ❚❤❡♦r②✱ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ▼❛❦✐♥❣
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❡s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✶✵
✷✳✶ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❏♦❣♦s ♣❛r❛ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✶ ✶✾✺✵ ✲ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✷ ✶✾✻✷ ✲ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❉♦✐s ▲❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✸ ✶✾✼✹ ✲ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❯♠ ▲❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❛s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊stá✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❉❡❢❡rr❡❞ ❆❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♥✜r♠❛ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✲ ❉❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts ♥♦ ❆❚▼ ✷✵
✸✳✶ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❆ér❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✷ ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ✭❈❉▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❆✐r♣♦rt ❈❉▼ ✭❆✲❈❉▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❙✉r❢❛❝❡ ❈❉▼ ✭❙✲❈❉▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✸ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ❙♦❧♦ ♥♦ ❆❚▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❈❉▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ●r♦✈❡r ❏❛❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ❈❉▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✹✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✺ Pr♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸✳✻ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✹ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ❡ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❈❉▼ ✸✺ ✹✳✶ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡♠ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ■♥t❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ●❉P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ■♥t❡✐r❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈❉▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆❡r♦♣♦rt♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✶✳✹ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋✐①♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✶✳✺ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✶✳✻ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❆✐r♣♦rt ❈❉▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❚❚❈✲❇❛❧❛❦r✐s❤♥❛♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❚❚❈✲❙❝❤✉♠♠❡r✲❱♦❤r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✸ ❆ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❏♦❣♦s ❡ ♦ ❈❉▼ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts ✺✵
✺✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✷ ❏♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✻ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✺✻
✻✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✷ ❊♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✻✳✸ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✻✳✹ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❆çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✻✳✺ ▼ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✻✳✺✳✶ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✻✳✺✳✷ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✻✳✺✳✸ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✻✳✺✳✹ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✻✳✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ P❛②♦✛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✻✳✼ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✻✳✼✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ Pré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✻✳✼✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✻✳✼✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✻✳✽ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✼ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✼✶ ✼✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❡ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❈❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✼✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✶ ✕ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ✈❡rs✉s ❈♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✼✳✸ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✷ ✕ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ❝♦♠ P❛②♦✛ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✼✳✹ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ✸ ✕ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ❝♦♠ P❛②♦✛ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✼✳✺ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✽ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✾✶
✽✳✶ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✽✳✷ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✽✳✷✳✶ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✽✳✸ ▼❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✽✳✸✳✶ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ Ót✐♠❛ ♣❛r❛ Pr♦♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✽✳✸✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ à Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✽✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s Ót✐♠♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✽✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ✈❡rs✉s ❈❉▼ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✽✳✻ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✾ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✾✾
✾✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✾✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✾✳✸ ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✾✳✹ ❉❡s❛✜♦s ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✾✳✺ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✾✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✶✵✻
❆ ❆rt✐❣♦s P✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✶✶✷
❆✳✶ ❆rt✐❣♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ❆✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✭❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ❆✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✭r❡s✉♠♦ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐❞♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❆✲❈❉▼✳ ❋♦♥t❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✿ ✭❊❯❘❖❈❖◆❚❘❖▲✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✷✸ ✸✳✷ ❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ●r♦✈❡r ❏❛❝❦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❱♦ss❡♥ ❡ ❇❛❧❧ ✭✷✵✵✻❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✸ ❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❈❉▼ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❱♦ss❡♥ ❡ ❇❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✵✻❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✹ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❘❇❙✳ ❋♦♥t❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✿ ✭❇✉t❧❡r✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✹✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❆❚❋❙▼✲▼❆❙✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❉✐❜✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❚▼❯ ❡ ❆❖❈✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❲♦❧❢❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❈❉▼✳ ❋♦♥t❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧
❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✿ ◆♦r✐♥ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✺✳✶ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ✕ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✻✳✶ ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✼✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ✭t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✽✳✶ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s❛♠❡♥t♦s ① ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❤♦♠❡♥s ❡ ♠✉❧❤❡r❡s ♥♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❉❆ ✭◆✐s❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ✶✽
✹✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❈❉▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✼✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈❉▼ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✼✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✿ ✈♦♦s ♣r❡✈✐st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✼✳✸ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✿ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✼✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❈❉▼ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ① ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ✭✜♠ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✼✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❈❉▼ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ① ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ✭✜♠ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✼✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❈❉▼ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ① ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ✭r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✼✳✼ ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ s❧♦ts ❡ ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❘❇❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✼✳✽ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ér❡♦s ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ✭❆❆❘ ❂ ✻ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ✴ ❤♦r❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✼✳✾ ▲✐st❛s ❞❡ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s ✈♦♦s f ∈F✳ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❙❝❤✉♠♠❡r ❡ ❘❛❦❡s❤ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ✼✾
✼✳✶✵ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ DS(f) ✕ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✭✻✳✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✼✳✶✶ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ RS(f)✕ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✭✻✳✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✼✳✶✷ ▲✐st❛s ❞❡ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s s❧♦ts ✕ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✭✻✳✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✼✳✶✸ ▲✐st❛s ❞❡ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s s❧♦ts ✕ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✭✻✳✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✼✳✶✹ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✼✳✶✺ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ér❡♦s ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙❇❈❋ ✭■♥❢r❛❡r♦✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✼✳✶✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✭✻✳✶✮ ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ér❡♦s ✽✹ ✼✳✶✼ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s ✈♦♦sF ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✼✳✶✽ ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❝r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ s❧♦t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✼✳✶✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✭✻✳✷✮ ❡ ❞❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ✭✻✳✸✮ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s
❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ér❡♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✼✳✷✵ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s s❧♦ts ≻S ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✼✳✷✶ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s ✈♦♦s (≻F)✱ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s s❧♦ts (≻S)✱ ❡ ♦s
♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ❞♦s s❧♦ts ✭O✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✼✳✷✷ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✽✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ❡ ❈❉▼ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❆❘ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❆❡r♦♣♦rt♦ ✭❆✐r♣♦rt ❆rr✐✈❛❧ ❘❛t❡✮
❆✲❈❉▼ ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❆❡r♦♣♦rt♦s ✭❆✐r♣♦rt ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❉❡❝✐✲ s✐♦♥ ▼❛❦✐♥❣✮
❆❉❘ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ❆❡r♦♣♦rt♦ ✭❆✐r♣♦rt ❉❡♣❛rt✉r❡ ❘❛t❡✮
❆❍P Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ♥♦ ❆r ✭❆✐r❜♦r♥❡ ❍♦❧❞✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✮
❆▼❆◆ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛s ✭❆rr✐✈❛❧ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✮
❆◆❆❈ ❆❣ê♥❝✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈✐❛çã♦ ❈✐✈✐❧
❆❖❈ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❈♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❆ér❡❛s ✭❆✐r❧✐♥❡ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❈❡♥t❡r✮
❆PP ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ✭❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❈❡♥t❡r✮
❆❙▼ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❆ér❡♦ ✭❆✐r ❙♣❛❝❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✮
❆❚❈ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❆ér❡♦ ✭❆✐r ❚r❛✣❝ ❈♦♥tr♦❧✮
❆❚❋▼ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❆ér❡♦ ✭❆✐r ❚r❛✣❝ ❋❧♦✇ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✮
❆❚▼ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❆ér❡♦ ✭❆✐r ❚r❛✣❝ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✮
❆❚❙ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❆ér❡♦ ✭❆✐r ❚r❛✣❝ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✮
❈❆❚❋▼ ❆❚❋▼ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦ ✭❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❆✐r ❚r❛✣❝ ❋❧♦✇ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✮
❈❇❘ ❘❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈❛s♦s ✭❈❛s❡✲❇❛s❡❞ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣✮
❈❉▼ ❚♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ✭❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ▼❛❦✐♥❣✮
❈●◆❆ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ◆❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❆ér❡❛
❈❚❆ ❍♦rár✐♦ ❞❡ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ✭❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❚✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❆rr✐✈❛❧✮
❉❆ ❉❡❢❡rr❡❞ ❆❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡
❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ❉❡❢❡rr❡❞ ❆❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ❙❧♦t
❉❇❈ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❉❡♠❛♥❞❛ ✭❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❈❛♣❛❝✐t② ❇❛❧❛♥❝✐♥❣✮
❉❊❈❊❆ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❆ér❡♦
❉▼❆◆ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❛rt✐❞❛s ✭❉❡♣❛rt✉r❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡r✮
❊❚❆ ❍♦rár✐♦ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛ ✭❊st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❚✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❆rr✐✈❛❧✮
❋❆❆ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❆✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥
●❉P Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ❙♦❧♦ ✭●r♦✉♥❞ ❉❡❧❛② Pr♦❣r❛♠✮
●❍P Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ❙♦❧♦ ✭●r♦✉♥❞ ❍♦❧❞✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✮
■❈❆❖ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆✈✐❛çã♦ ❈✐✈✐❧ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❆✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ❖r❣❛♥✐✲ ③❛t✐♦♥✮
■◆❋❘❆❊❘❖ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ■♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❆❡r♦♣♦rt✉ár✐❛
▼❆P ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s
▼❆❙ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❧♦ts
▼❉❈ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛
❘❇❙ ❘❛t✐♦♥✲❇②✲❙❝❤❡❞✉❧❡
❙❚❱❉ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s
❙❨◆❈❘❖▼❆❳ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ●❡stã♦ ❞❡ ❋❧✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❆ér❡♦
❚❚❈ ❚♦♣ ❚r❛❞✐♥❣ ❈②❝❧❡s
❱❈● ❱✐❝❦r❡②✲❈❧❛r❦❡✲●r♦✈❡s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❛ér❡♦ t❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦ ✭❆❚▼✮ ✭❇❛❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ ♥♦✈♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦ ✭◆♦r✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦s ❡ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❛ér❡♦ sã♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡ss❡s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ✭❇❛❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❚✉♠❡r ❡ ❆❣♦❣✐♥♦✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❲♦❧❢❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦ sã♦ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✱ ❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❡♠ s♦❧♦ ✭●r♦✉♥❞ ❉❡❧❛② Pr♦❣r❛♠ ✕ ●❉P✮ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦ ✭❇✉t❧❡r✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❍♦✛♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❱♦ss❡♥ ❡ ❇❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✵✻❛✮✳
❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣✐st❛s ❞❡ ♣♦✉s♦ ❡ ❞❡❝♦❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❡r♣♦rt♦s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s s❧♦ts✳ ■ss♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞♦s ✈♦♦s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ❞♦s ✈♦♦s ❛❢❡t❛❞♦s ✭❱♦ss❡♥ ❡ ❇❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✵✻❛✮✳
❖ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❛tr❛s♦s é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ✭❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ▼❛❦✐♥❣ ✕ ❈❉▼✮✳ ❖ ❈❉▼ é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❆❚▼✳ ❖s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♠✿ ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦ ✭❆✐r ❚r❛✣❝ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✕ ❆❚❈✮✱ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r✱ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s✱ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡ss✐♦♥ár✐❛s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦s✳
❆ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❈❉▼ ♣♦❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ r❡❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈♦♦s ✭❇✉t❧❡r✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❍♦✛♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡st❛ ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s às ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝❛♥❝❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✈♦♦s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❤á❜✐❧ ✭❙❝❤✉♠♠❡r ❡ ❘❛❦❡s❤✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ■ss♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s s❧♦ts ♣❡r♠❛♥❡ç❛♠ ♦❝✐♦s♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s s❧♦ts é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✭❍♦✛♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❙❝❤✉♠♠❡r ❡ ❘❛❦❡s❤ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r à ❛❧♦❝❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ❡stá✈❡✐s✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦ t❡r❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭❇❛❧❛❦r✐s❤♥❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❇❛❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❇✉t❧❡r✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❍♦✛♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❙❝❤✉♠♠❡r ❡ ❘❛❦❡s❤✱ ✷✵✶✸❀ ❱♦ss❡♥ ❡ ❇❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✵✻❜❀ ❲♦❧❢❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲ s❡ ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts s♦❜ ❛ ót✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❈❉▼ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ●❉P ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡①♣♦st♦✱ ❡ss❛ ❚❡s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ✉♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛ ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ót✐♠♦ ✶ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✳
❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚✱ ❢♦✐ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❉❡❢❡rr❡❞ ❆❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ✭❉❆✮ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s ✭t✇♦✲s✐❞❡❞ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ♠❛r❦❡ts✮ ✭●❛❧❡ ❡ ❙❤❛♣❧❡②✱ ✶✾✻✷✮✳
❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✐♥é❞✐t❛ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡str❛✲ té❣✐❝❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ só ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❡ ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦ ✭❆❚❈✮ ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❣❡st♦r ❞♦ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛
❆ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡s❝❛ss♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ é ❢❛t♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✭❘♦t❤ ❡ P❡r❛♥s♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❚✉♠❡r ❡ ❆❣♦❣✐♥♦✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r r✐s✲ ❝♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❝♦rr❡t♦s✱ ❝♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ót✐♠♦s✱ é ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛✲ çã♦ ✭❘♦t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❙ö♥♠❡③ ❡ Ü♥✈❡r✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❊ss❛ ❝r✐t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❛ér❡♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♣❛ss❛❣❡✐r♦s✱ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❡ tr✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ✭◆♦r✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❈r❡s♣♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ ❆❚▼✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❞♦s ❛tr❛s♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s às ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s✳ ❆ ✈❡rsã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❞❡ss❡ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❘❛t✐♦♥✲❇②✲❙❝❤❡❞✉❧❡✭❱♦ss❡♥
✶◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ót✐♠♦ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡stá✈❡❧✳ ❊♠
❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✽✳✹✱ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ót✐♠♦s s❡rã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❛❧♦❝❛çõ❡s ❡stá✈❡✐s ❡ à ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✳
❡ ❇❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✵✻❛✮ ❡ ❈♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✭❍♦✛♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✼✮ ♦♥❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r tr❛t❛r ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ❡♠ s♦❧♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦✳
❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ s❡rá ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❚❡s❡ ❞❡ ❈❉▼ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✱ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦ ❥✉♥t♦ às ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ✭❇❛❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❇✉t❧❡r✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❙❝❤✉♠♠❡r ❡ ❘❛❦❡s❤✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ●❉P ♥♦s r❡♠❡t❡ à ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✿
• ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛ ❞✐r❡t❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦❀ ❡
• ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❧♦ts✱ ♥ã♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡
✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ót✐♠♦✳
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✉ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ t❡♠❛ ❞❡st❛ ❚❡s❡ é ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s✳
❆ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♥♦✈♦ st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡r ❡stá ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❛ér❡♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❆❚▼ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s❡r✲ ✈✐ç♦s ♣r❡st❛❞♦s à ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s ✭■◆❋❘❆✲ ❊❘❖✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❆ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❛ér❡♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ss❡ ♥♦✈♦ st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡r ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s✱ ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡✲ ③❡s ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐tór✐♦s✱ q✉❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s tê♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ór❣ã♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ✭❉❊❈❊❆✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❛❡r♦♣♦rt✉ár✐♦s tê♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s ✈♦♦s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♠ ❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❡♠ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦s✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s s❡r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s à ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r à ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ér❡♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ✭❚✉♠❡r ❡ ❆❣♦❣✐♥♦✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❆ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♥❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts ♥♦ ❈❉▼✱ ❝♦♠ r❡✢❡①♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts✱ q✉❡ tr❛t❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ é ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜♦♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ér❡♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣♦♥✲ t❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ é tr✐✈✐❛❧✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♦♣❡✲ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❈r✉❝✐♦❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛r✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ss❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛❞♦s ✭❆rr✉❞❛ ❏r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ à ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ✭●❛❧❡ ❡ ❙❤❛♣❧❡②✱ ✶✾✻✷✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ✭❆❜✲ ❞✉❧❦❛❞✐r♦➜❧✉ ❡ ❙ö♥♠❡③✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❊r❣✐♥ ❡ ❙ö♥♠❡③✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❘♦t❤ ❡ P❡r❛♥s♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❙ö♥♠❡③ ❡ Ü♥✲ ✈❡r✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❊ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♥ã♦ t❡r s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ s❡✉s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛✲ ❞❡s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❡ ♠❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ✭●❛❧❡ ❡ ❙❤❛♣❧❡②✱ ✶✾✻✷❀ ❙❤❛♣❧❡② ❡ ❙❝❛r❢✱ ✶✾✼✹✮✳
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r q✉❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ót✐♠♦s✱ ❡ ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❛rt❡s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉s♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❛ér❡♦✱ sã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✱ ✈✐st♦ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ✭❆rr✉❞❛ ❏r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ ◆♦r✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❙❝❤✉♠♠❡r ❡ ❘❛❦❡s❤✱ ✷✵✶✸❀ ❱♦ss❡♥ ❡ ❇❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✵✻❛❀ ❲♦❧❢❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s à s❧♦ts ♥♦s ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ à ♠❡r✲ ❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❡ ❞♦ ❣❡st♦r ❞♦ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❆ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❉❡✲ ❢❡rr❡❞ ❆❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛r ✉♠❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ót✐♠❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ss❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳
❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ três ár❡❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✿ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❏♦❣♦s ❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❆ér❡♦✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ à ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛✿
• ❘❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦
q✉❛♥t♦ à s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ❡♠ ♣✐st❛s ❞❡ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦s❀
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s
❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦ ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥❀
• ❈♦♥str✉✐r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r
❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛②♦✛ ❡ ❝♦♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦ ❞❛s ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s❀
• ▼♦♥t❛r ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦❀
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚✱
✈❛❧✐❞❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❛♥t♦s ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ér❡♦s✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ à ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❏♦❣♦s✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛✿
• ❘❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦✱ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧❀
• ❊st✉❞❛r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❥á ♣r♦♣♦st❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❡♠
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts ❡ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s❀
• ▼♦❞❡❧❛r ❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ✏♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❧♦ts✑✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s❡✉s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡
♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❧❛❞♦s❀
• ❉❡✜♥✐r ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛②♦✛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s
♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦❀
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚✱ q✉❛♥t♦ às ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧♦❝❛çõ❡s ❡stá✈❡✐s ❡ à ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ à ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡s ❆ér❡♦s✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛✿
• ❊st✉❞❛r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ór❣ã♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✱ ❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ❡♠ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡♠ s♦❧♦❀
• ❉❡✜♥✐r ❝♦♠ ❡♠❜❛s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦✱ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s st❛❦❡❤♦❧✲
❞❡rs ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❛ér❡♦✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❛t✉❛✐s ❞❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦✲ r❛t✐✈❛❀
• ▼♦❞❡❧❛r ❡ss❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛❧♦❝á✈❡✐s ♦✉ t♦♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♥♦s
♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞♦ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦s st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs r❡❛✐s❀
• ❖❜t❡r ❞❛❞♦s r❡❛✐s ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ér❡♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦❀
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❉❆✲❙▲❖❚ ❡ ❛ ❞♦ ❈❉▼ ❝❧ás✲
s✐❝♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s à ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛✲ çõ❡s ót✐♠❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ❡ s❧♦ts✳
