WALTERCIO CALDAS
Waltercio Caldas is known for his rigorous formal concerns, which arrive from investigations into human
perception. Widely considered by critics, curators and writers to be one of the most important artists emerging from Brazil in the years following the Neo-Concrete movement of the early 1960s, Caldas frequently uses forms that defy one’s sense of volume and depth perception. Viewers are often surprised by his objects which reference architectural and perspectival space that is not wholly present. His materials – often stainless steel, thread, granite, ice or cloth – become part of the experience created or intimated. These materials suggest an ephemerality, further confirming Caldas’ desire to let the viewer’s experience cultivate meaning in the work.
Caldas (Rio de Janeiro, 1946) lives and works in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Most recently Caldas has been the subject of a touring retrospective that opened at Fundação Ibere Camargo, Brazil (2012) then traveled to Pinacoteca São Paulo, Brazil (2013), and will make its final stop at Blanton Museum in Austin, TX (October 2013). He has been the subject of solo exhibitions at Casa França-Brasil, Rio de Janeiro (2012); Daros Latinamerica, Zurich,
Switzerland (2010) and Museu de Arte Moderna, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2010). Caldas’ work is in the collections of such institutions as Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY; Museu de Arte Moderna, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC; and Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, Brazil, among others.
Born 1946 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Lives and works in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Selected Solo Exhibitions 2013
Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica, CA
The nearest air and other materials A Retrospective (1970-2011), Pinacoteca, São Paulo, Brazil, traveled to Blanton Museum of Art, Austin, TX
2012
The nearest air and other materials A Retrospective (1970-2011), Fundação Iberê Camargo, Porto Alegre, Brazil Cromática, Casa França-Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Múltiplos e Gravuras, Galeria Múltiplo Espaço Arte, Rio de Janeiro 2011
Nuevos Objetos, Galeria Elvira González, Madrid, Spain A Série Negra, Galeria Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil 2010
Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica, CA
Anita Schwartz Galleria de Arte, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Salas e abismos, Museu De Arte Moderna, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Gabinete De Arte Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil
2009
Sculptures et Dessins, Denise René, Paris, France Salas e abismos, Museu Vale, Vila, Velha, ES. 2008
Máis Lugares, Centro Galego de Arte Contemporanea, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Horizontes, Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon, Portugal
2007
Esculturas e desenhos, Galeria Artur Fidalgo, Rio de Janerio Esculturas e desenhos, Galeria Elvir González, Madrid 2006
Esculturas, Laura Marsiaj Arte Contemporânea, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Esculturas, Celma Albuquerque Galeria de Arte, Belo Horizonte 2005
Esculturas, Galerie Denise René, Paris, France
Black Series, Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica, CA 2004
Esculturas y Desenhos, Gabinete de Arte Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil 2003
Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica, CA Desenhos, Galeria Artur Fidalgo, Rio de Janerio 2002
Livros, Pinacoteca de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 2001
Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica, CA Gabinete de Arte Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil
Retrospectiva 1985/2000, Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil Galeria Laura Marsiaj Arte Contemporânea, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Esculturas, Celma Albuquerque Galeria de Arte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Livros, Museu de Arte da Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Uma sala para Velazquez, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2000
Celma Albuquerque Galeria de Arte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Livros, Museu de Arte da Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Galeria Laura Marsiaj Arte Contemporanea, Rio de Janiero, Brazil
Uma sala para Velazquez, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1999
Sculpture, Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica, CA Livros, Museum of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Livros, Casa da Imagem, Curitiba, Brazil
1998
Sculpture, Galerie Lelong, New York, NY
Mar nunca nome, Centro Cultural Light, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Esculturas, Galeria Paulo Fernandes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1997
Esculturas, Galería Javier López, Madrid, Spain New Sculptures, Quintana Gallery, Miami, FL
1996
A História da Pedra, Museu Chácara do Céu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Antações 1969-1996, Paço Imperial, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1995
Esculturas, Centre D'Art Contemporain, Geneva, Switzerland
Esculturas e deshenhos, Joel Edelstein Arte Contemporânea, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1994
Esculturas, Gabinete de Arte Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil 1993
O ar mais próximo, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1992
Sculpturen em Tekeningen, Stedelijk Museum, Schiedam, The Netherlands 1991
Sculpturen em Tekeningen, Kanaal Art Foundation, Kortijk, Belgium Esculturas, Gabinete de Arte Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil 1990
Tekeningen, Pulitzer Art Gallery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Desenhos, Galeria 110 Art Contemporâneo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1989
Esculturas, Gabinete de Arte Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil 1988
Quarto esculturas curvas, Galeria Paulo Klabin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Esculturas, Galeria Sergio Milliet, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1986
Esculturas, Galeria Paulo Klabin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1984
Esculturas, Gabinete GB Arte, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Esculturas, Gabinete de Arte Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil 1983
Esculturas, Gabinete de Arte Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil 1982
Esculturas, Gabinete de Arte Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil 1980
Aparelhos, Galeria Luisa Strina, São Paulo, Brazil 1979
Ping-ping, Galeria Saramenha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil O é um, Projeto ABC / Funarte, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Galeria Luisa Strina, São Paulo, Brazil
1976
Objetos e desenhos, Museu de Arte Moderna, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1975
A Natureza dos jogos, Museu de Arte, São Paulo, Brazil Esculturas e desenhos, Galeria Luisa Strina, São Paulo, Brazil
Selected Group Exhibitions 2015
Made in Brazil, Casa Daros, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2013
The imminence of Poetic, 30 Bienal De São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Conceptual Geographies, selections from Frames and Documents: Conceptual Practices at the Ella Fontanals-Cisneros Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Art Gallery, Miami, FL
2012
Notations - The Cage Effect Today, Hunter College, Times Square Gallery, New York Zona letal / Espaço vital, Museu da Imagem em Movimento, Leiria, Portugal
Aberto fechado: caixa e livro na arte brasileira, Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo Homenagem a Ivan Serpa, Dickinson Gallery, New York
2011
Frames and Documents: Conceptual Practices, Ella Fontanals-Cisneros Collection, Miami, FL 2010
Optisimo Radical, Josée Bienvenu Gallery, New York, NY; Galeria Nara Roesler, São Paulo, Brazil
The Desire for Form – O Desejo da Forma, Neoconcretism and Contemporary Art from Brazil, Akademie der Künste, Hanseatenweg, Germany
Then & Now: Abstraction in Latin American Art from 1950 – Present, Deutsche Bank, 60 Wall Gallery, New York, NY
2009
INSIDE JOB, curated by Maria de Corral and Dan Cameron, Vienna, Austria 2007
Pinta, the Contemporary Latin American Art Fair, Metropolitan Pavillion, New York, NY 2006
TEOR/eTica, San Jose, Costa Rica
Take Two – Worlds and Views – Contemporary Art from the Collection, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY Certain Encounters: Daros-Latinamerica Collection, The Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, Vancouver, Canada
2005
V Bienal do Mercosul, Porto Alegra, Brazil
Colección Cisneros, Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Santiago de Chile, Spain Darus Collection, The Irish Museum, Dublin, Ireland
2004
5th Annual Gwangju Biennale, Gwangju Korea. Received the Biennale’s highest honor, City of Light Award Latin American and Caribbean Art, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
The L.A. Years, Part 1, 25th Anniversary Exhibition, Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica, CA 2003
Breaking the Charmed Circle, Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica, California
El Museo del Barrio (from Museum of Modern Art's Collection of Latin American Art), New York, NY 2002
Tempo, Museum of Modern Art, Queens, New York
The Cisneros Collection, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY Transit: Latin American Art, University of Essex, United Kingdom 2001
Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica, CA
Experiment Art in Brazil, 1985/2000, Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, England Banco du Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Los Angeles International Biennial along with Pia Fries, Herbert Hamak, Marcelo Pombo and Tunga, Los Angeles, CA
2000
Global Conceptualism: points of origin 1950s, Miami Art Museum, Miami, FL Brasil 500 Anos, Mostra do Descobrimento, Fundação Bienal, São Paulo, Brazil Século XX: Arte do Brasil, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa, Portugal 1999
Group show with Waltercio Caldas, Cildo Meireles, Mira Schendel, Tunga Re-Aligning Vision, Miami Art Museum
Museu de Arte Moderna, São Paulo, Brazil Museo de Arte, São Paulo, Brazil
Museo de Bellas Artes, Caracas, Venezeula
Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, Monterrey, Mexico Museu de Arte Contemporâneo, Nitreroi, Brazil 1998
Archer M. Huntington Art Gallery, Austin, TX
Amnesia, Christopher Grimes Gallery and Track 16 Gallery, Santa Monica, CA; travelled to The Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, OH; Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia; The Contemporary Art Museum, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL; The Bronx Museum of the Arts, Bronx, NY; Museo Alejandro Otero, Caracas, Venezuela
Kunstmuseum, Heidenheim, Germany Ludwig Forum, Aachen, Germany
1997
Venice Biennale XLVII (representing Brazil), Venice, Italy
The LA International, exhibited by Christopher Grimes Gallery, Santa Monica, CA
Arte Contemporânea da Gravura — Brasil Reflexão 97, Museu Metropolitano de Arte de Curitiba, Curitiba, Brazil Cegueses, Museu d'Arte de Girona, Girona, Spain
Diversidade da Escultura Contemporânea Brasileira, Ministério da Cultura/Instituto Cultural Itáu, São Paulo, Brazil
Escultura Brasileira — Perfil de uma Identidade, Banco Safra, São Paulo, Brazil; BID, Washington D.C. I Bienal do Mercosur, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Parque de Esculturas, Museu de Arte Moderna da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
Novas Aquisições 1977 - Collection Gilberto Chateaubriand, Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Re-Aligning Vision, El Museo del Barrio, New York, NY
Panorama das Artes Plásticas Brasileiras, Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Tridimensionalidade na Arte Brasileira do Século XX, Instituto Cultural Itáu, São Paulo, Brazil 1996
Anos 70: Fotolinguagem, Escola de Artes Visuals, Parque Lage, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Esculturas Urbanas, Gabinete de Arte, São Paulo, Brazil
Intériores, Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Mensa, Mensae, Galerias da Funarte, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Propositions of Sculptures for Urban Spaces, Palácio Itamarati, Brasilia, Forum de Artes Plásticas; Fundacao Athos Bulcáo, Asa Norte, Brazil
Pequenas Mãos, Paço Imperial, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Sin Fronteras, Museo Alejandro Otero, Caracas, Venezuela
XXII Bienal Internacional de São Paulo (representing Brazil), São Paulo, Brazil 1995
Brazil in New York, Galerie Lelong, New York, NY
Drawing on Chance, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
Entre o Desenho e a Escultura, Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 1994
A Arte com a Palavra, Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil A Espessura do Signo, Karmeliter Kloster, Frankfurt, Germany
Brasil Século XX, Fundação Bienal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Global Climate, Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst, Aachen, Germany Mapping, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
Trincheiras, Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Weltanschauung, Goethe Institute, Turin, Italy
Entretexto, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil 1993
Klima Global, Staatliche Kunsthalle, Colonia, Germany
Lateinamerikanische Kunst im 20, Jahrhundert, Joseph Hanbrich Kunsthalle, Colonia, Germany
Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY John Gibson Gallery, New York, NY
Pética, Gabinete de Arte Raquel Arnaud, São Paulo, Brazil Segni d'Arte, Fundecione Stanpalia, Veneza, Italy
Out of Place, Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, British Columbia L'ordre des choses, Domaine de Kerguehennac, France
A Presença do Ready-Made 80 Anos, Museu de Arte Contemporånea São Paulo, Brazil Arte Erótica, Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Um olhar sobre Joseph Beuys, Museu de Arte de Brasília, Brazil
Brasil 100 Anos de Arte Moderna, (Colleção Sergio Fadel) Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1992
Arte Amazonas, Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro Arte Amazonas, Museu de Arte de Brasília
Quatro Artistas na Documenta, Museu da República, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Art Contemporain de l'Amerique Latine, Hotel des Ars, Paris, France Artistas na Documenta, Museu de Arte de São Paulo, Brazil
Brasilian Contemporary Art, Galeria do IBAC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Raum für den nächsten Augenblick, Documenta IX, Kassel, Germany
Public Sculpture Projects 2005
“Espelho Rapido,” Parque de Rio Guaiba, Porto Alegre, Brazil 2000
“Momento de Fronteira,” Santa Catarina, Brazil 1997
"Espelho sem Aço," permanent installation at Avenida Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil 1996
"Escultura para o Rio," permanent installation at the center Citade Rio de Janeiro, Av Beira Mar. Urban Sculpture Project, Department of Culture of Rio de Janeiro
1994
"Omkring," permanent installation at Paseo de Las Americas, Punta del Este, Uraguay 1992
"Formato Cego," permanent installation at Paseo de Las Americas, Punta del Este, Uraguay 1991
"Raum für den nächsten Augenblick" installation at Neue Galerie, Kassel, Germany 1989
"Software," Escultura luminosa instalado temporariamente no Vale do Anhagabau, São Paulo "O Jardim Instantanco," Jardim/Escultura, permanent installation in Parque do Carmo, São Paulo, in commemoration of the bicentennial of the Declaration of Rights
Humanos, projeto de Secretaria Municipal de Cultura de São Paulo 1982
Literary Editions 2009
“Salas e abismos,” Museu Vale, Fundacao Vale, 238p. 2008
“Horizontes,” Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 150p.
“Mais lugares,” Centro Galego de Arte Contemporanea, Xunta de Galicia, 170p. 2007
“Manual of popular science,” New Extended Edition, Contemporary Brazilian Art Collection, 1982/2007, 79p. 2001
“Waltercio Caldas: 1985-2000” CANONGIA, Ligia, ed. Rio de Janeiro, Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil, 2001. 265p., 1997
"Desenhos" CALDAS, Waltercio
Rio de Janeiro, Reila Gracie Editora, 1997. 20 Serigrafias 1996
"Velazquez" CALDAS, Waltercio
São Paulo. Editora Anônima, 1996. 144p., il. (67 color) 1982
"Manual da Ciència Popular" Texto de Paulo Venâncio Filho Rio de Janeiro, FUNARTE, 1982. 52p., il. (incl. color) 1979
"Aparelhos" BRITO, Ronaldo. Waltercio Caldas
Rio de Janeiro, GBM Editora, 1979. 160p., 103 il. (incl. 49 color) Edição bilíngue
Videos 1996
"Um Rio:", 1996 Video realizado por ocasião da exposição Anotaçòes, 1969/1996", no Paço Imperial Direção: Waltercio Caldas/Realização: Carlos Miziara/Produção: FINEP
1989
"Software, uma escultura," 1989
Direção: Ronaldó Tapajós/Co-produção: Jornal da Tarde, Q Produções 1986
"Apaga-te Sésamo - Objector e Esculturas de Waltercio Caldas.” Direção: Miguel Rio Branco/Produção: RIOARTE/STUDIOLINE Prèmio Especial do Juri, Jornada de Cinema da Bahia, 1986.
Selected Collections Banco Itaú
Blanton Museum of Art, Austin, TX Chase Manhattan Bank
Gilberto Chateaubrian Patricia Phelps de Cisneros Instituto Cultural Itaú Museu de Arte, Brasília
Museu de Arte, Montevideo, Uruguay Museu de Arte Contemporâneo, Niteroi Museu de Arte Moderna, Bahia
Museum of Modern Art, NY
Museu of Modern Art, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Museu of Modern Art, São Paulo, Brazil National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
National Musem of Fine Arts, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Neue Galerie, Staatliche Museen, Kassel
Phoenix Art Museum, Phoenix, AZ Ricard Takesh Akagawa
Bibliography 2014
Castro, Fernando. "Waltercio Caldas: The Nearest Air," Art Nexus, no. 92, Vol. 13, 2014: 64-66. Muchnic, Suzanne. “Waltercio Caldas at Christopher Grimes Gallery,” ARTnews (Febuary) 2014. 2013
Waltercio Caldas. The Blanton Museum of Art, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas (exhibition catalog) Cabanas, Kaira M. "Waltercio Caldas," Artforum (March) 2013.
2010
Rosenblum, Beth. “Waltercio Caldas, Christopher Grimes Gallery.” ArtNexus (June) 2010. Taft, Catherine. “Waltercio Caldas, Christopher Grimes Gallery.” ArtForum (Summer) 2010. 2008
Murría, Alicia. “Waltercia Caldas: ‘Let the object become intermingled with the situation it creates’,” ArteContexto, Issue 20, 2008: 46-49.
“La perfección de los instantes de Waltercio Caldas,” ABCD, No. 836, February 9, 2008.
Navarro, Mariano. “Walter Caldas, aparatos para la percepción,” El Cultural, November 8, 2007. 2006
Cochran, Rebecca Dimling. “A latin primer,” Art Review (January) 2006. 2005
Finkel, Jori. “Waltercio Caldas,” ARTnews (December) 2005.
Le Blanc, Alex. “Waltercio Caldas”, ArtNexus, December 2005 – February 2006.
Pagel, David. “Around the Galleries: From anonymous to knowable,” Los Angeles Times, September 2005. Sheets, Hilarie M. “Underrated Overrated,” ARTnews (January) 2005: 99- 102.
2004
Chattopadhyay, Collette. “Waltercio Caldas,” Sculpture Magazine (January-February) 2004: 24-25. 2003
Mosquera, Gerardo. “From Latin American Art to Art from Latin America,” Art Nexus No. 48, Vol. 2, 2003: 70-74.
Knight, Christopher. “Line, shape, space all formed by yarn,” Los Angeles Times, March 21, 2003: E30. Cisneros, Patricia. “Cisneros Foundation,” Tema Celeste (January-February) 2003.
“Reviews: Waltercio Caldas,” ArtNexus 2003. 2002
Chattopadhyay, Collette. “Waltercio Caldas,” Sculpture Magazine (January) 2002: 77-79. 2001
Dezeuze, Anna. “Experiment/Experriencia: Art in Brazil, 1958 – 2000,” Art Monthly (October) 2001: 24-26. 1999
Ladagga, Reinaldo. “Waltercio Caldas,” ArtNexus (May-July) 1999.
Johnson, Kevin. “Art in Review: Waltercia Caldas,” The New York Times, January 8, 1999.
Salzstein, Sônia. “Waltercio Caldas, Livros: Books, Running Surfaces,” Museu de Arte Moderna, Rio de Janeiro, 1999.
1998
“NY vê história da arte de Waltercio Caldas,” Folha de S.Paulo, December 3, 1998.
Oliveira, Roberta. “Tabelando com Giotto e Thelonious Monk,” O Globo, November 19, 1998. Freitas, Iole de. “A transparência,” Folha de S.Paulo, April 11, 1998.
Osorio, Luiz Camillo. “Inteligência plástica situado no avesso de Dalí,” O Globo, April 4, 1998. Osorio, Luiz Camillo, “A Severidade do Vazio,” Revista Bravo No. 6 (March) 1998: 61.
Sá, Fatima. “Exposições: Leve como a luz,” Jornal do Brasil, No. 50, March 20, 1998: 26. Cordovil, Cláudio. “A Vaneza de Waltercio Caldas,” Jornal do Brasil, March 18,1998.
“Waltercio Caldas abvre temporad de 98 do Centro Cultural Light,” Tribuna da Imprensa, March 13, 1998: 6. Totti, Iúri. “Waltercio Caldas traz ao Rio trabalhos que criou para a Bienal de Veneza,” O Globo, March 14, 1998: 5.
Paiva, Anabela. “Um escultor solta o traço e acorda o papel,” Jornal do Brail, January 21, 1998. 1997
Cabello, Helena, and Ana Carceller. “El peso del vacío,” El Periodico del Arte, Agenda, No. 6, (December) 1997. Navarro, Marian. “Waltercio Caldas,” ABC de la artes, November 28, 1997: 31.
Callo, Ruben. “Re-Aligning Vision: Alternative Currents in South American Drawing,” Poliester: 60-61. Moraes, Angelica de. “Waltercio trabalha com a pele da arte,” O Estado de S. Paulo, May 8, 1997. Moraes, Angelica de. “Waltercio Caldas esculpe a história da arte,” O Estado de S.Paulo, May 8, 1997. Turner, Elisa. “Art Review: Exhibit features minimalist Brazilian,” The Herald, April 11,1997.
Fioravante, Celso. “Waltercio Caldas coloca novo foco em Velázquez,” Folha de S.Paulo, February 15, 1997. 1996
Lagnado, Lisette. “Waltercio Caldas,” Art Nexus, No. 22 (October-December) 1996: 60-63.
Fioravante, Celso. “Artes Plásticas: Bienal ultrapassa sua capacidade máxima,” Folha de S.Paulo, December 1996. Moraes, Angelica de. “Artistas defendem a democracia do belo,” O Estado de S.Paulo, September 7, 1996.
