Present status and prospects of bioethics in Argentina

Regional Panorama

Present Status and Prospects of Bioethics

in Argentina

JUSTO ZANIER,~ PEDRO

HOOFT,~

CRISTINA

DI

DOMENICO,~

ORLANDA SERORIRO,~ CRISTINA GURREA,~ TERESA ASNARIZ,~

JORGE ~IANZINI,~ NATALIA BIL~,~ EMILIA PEPA,~

HBCTOR BRUNAMONTINI,~ ORLANDO CALO,~

ANA MAR&I PETRIELLA,~ MARiA

I.

PACENZA,~ & LAURA GOLPE~

Most developments supporting the study of bioethics in Argentina are of relatively

recent vintage. This article is dedicated to describing those developments-including

creation of Argentina’s

Institute

of Medical Humanities,

formation

of a bioethics

workinggroup

at the National

University

of Mar de1 Plata, initiation

of a two-year

graduate bioethics course at the same university,

and the holding of an international

symposium and workshop on bioethics at Mar de1 Plata in 1988. Particular

atten-

tion is devoted to the graduate course, the detailed design of which is outlined in

Annex 1.

C

reation of Argentina’s

Institute

of

Medical Humanities

in 1972 repre-

sented a milestone in the history of Ar-

gentine bioethics and led subsequently to

establishment

of the Chair of Medical

*Rectorate, National University of Mar de1 Plata,

Mar de1 Plata, Argentina. Mailing address: Juan B.

Alberdi 2695,760O Mar de1 Plata, Argentina.

%tstitute of Legal Philosophy, College of Lawyers,

Judicial Department of Mar de1 Plata, Buenos Aires

Province, Argentina.

aSchool of Psychology, National University of Mar

de1 Plata, Mar de1 Plata.

4Human Genetics Association of Mar de1 Plata.

Trivate Community Hospital, Mar de1 Plata.

6Dr. Juan H. Jara National Institute of Epidemiol-

ogy, National Ministry of Health and Social Ac-

tion, Mar de1 Plata.

Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National

University of Mar de1 Plata, Mar de1 Plats.

Humanities

at the La Plata University

Medical School in 1980. This concern for

research, teaching, and public reporting

of health matters related to the human-

ities and bioethics is attributed

in great

measure to Dr. Jose Albert0

Mainetti,

who has devoted himself to the teaching

and development

of this area of study. In

addition, in recent years a Bioethics Cen-

ter created at the Institute of Medical Hu-

manities has promoted the formation

of

similar centers in Buenos Aires, Tucu-

man, Mendoza, and Mar de1 Plata.

It should be noted, however, that most

of the interest in bioethics does not ex-

tend outside these centers, some hospi-

tals, and certain other private health care

institutions.

Articles about the subject do

appear sporadically in the press, and one

does hear comments about it on the ra-

dio. In general, the Catholic Church is

the institution

that has contributed

most

to publicizing

bioethics, but its concern

has generally been limited to in vitro fer-

tilization,

embryo

implantation,

and

other aspects of reproductive

technology.

The technologic

and scientific

ad-

vances of our time have made it possible

for people to intervene

in the affairs of

others and their environment,

and this

has produced basic, profound,

unprece-

dented changes in the field of science.

Even today, in a time of major techno-

logic expansion, we cannot foretell what

the limits

of such changes will

ulti-

mately be.

As Tyrrel (see bibliography)

has noted,

there is no proof that present-day

man

has evolved mentally and morally at the

same pace as this technologic

explosion

has occurred. This absence of proof raises

certain questions about man’s ability to

administer with restraint, equity, and hu-

manitarianism

the dizzying advances oc-

curring

in every

scientific

field.

The

emerging

discipline

that we today call

bioethics, and which some authors pur-

suing a wider meaning

call “scientific

ethics”

or “technoethics,”

tries to find

answers to such questions.

Although

in Argentina

the main con-

cerns of this nature that have arisen have

related to specific aspects of medical

practice (abortion,

euthanasia,

etc.), it

has also become necessary to extend bio-

ethics to the basic sciences, which are the

foundation

of medical practice and health

care, in order to broaden the sphere of

interests involved

and to adopt inter-

disciplinary

criteria capable of encom-

passing the problems found.

Many people view present-day

scien-

tific and technical advances with a mix-

ture of concern and hope deriving from

the broad avenues these advances have

opened up. They feel concern because of

these advances’

unforeseeable

conse-

quences, the lack of legal standards limit-

ing their application to both man and his

environment,

and the great responsibil-

ity borne by the present generation

in

making

decisions

affecting

future

generations.

With this in mind, the National

Uni-

versity of Mar de1 Mata has brought to-

gether a group of representatives

spe-

cializing in different disciplines

who are

interested in these matters. This team in-

cludes anthropologists,

biologists, educa-

tors, jurists,

philosophers,

physicians,

psychologists,

and sociologists belonging

to the university’s

teaching and technical

teams and other professional

and scien-

tific bodies of the community.

The team considers bioethics as a disci-

pline reflecting the ethical problems de-

rived from current scientific and techno-

logic expansion,

one that adopts

an

interdisciplinary

approach to those prob-

lems with a view to having them consid-

ered in the course of actual scientific and

professional

activities as well as in legis-

lation and public decision-making.

The

product of a year and a half of work by

this group has crystallized

into two quite

important

undertakings:

design

of a

postgraduate bioethics course and the or-

ganization

of the First Mar de1 Rata

Workshop on Bioethics as part of the VI

International

Symposium on Bioethics.

PHILOSOPHK FOUNDATION AND

FRAME OF REFERENCE

The sciences dealing with humanity

enable us to know with increasing preci-

sion what a human being is, but they do

not explain to us that being’s essence and

the meaning of its existence. In contrast

to the situation

prevailing

in antiquity,

expansion of such knowledge and the ra-

pidity with which it has been changing

make it impossible for a single person to

comprehend

it all. Therefore, specializa-

tion in different areas of knowledge

and

even in proliferating

subareas is neces-

sary. While recognizing

this need, how-

ever, it should be noted that such special-

ization places us in danger of losing sight

of the whole.

Moreover, to understand even a part of

the whole, and to avoid losing sight of

our origins, we must have some reason-

able guiding

ideas about the nature of

that whole. Hence, we believe there is an

urgent need for clear answers to the fol-

lowing

questions:

What sort of human

development

is desired? What sort of so-

ciety? and What sort of science do we

need?

Regarding the first question, a human

being may be seen as a unique and unre-

plicable person who requires sufficient

freedom to develop individually

and so-

cially in a responsible way. As a person,

this being does not deal with the world

indifferently

but makes value judgments

through

which he or she discerns and

judges what things mean.

Regarding the second question, a per-

son’s social life constitutes

an essential

dimension of that person. Indeed, a per-

son’s intimate, personal, and social rela-

tions are inseparable,

together compris-

ing that person’s life in the community.

Freedom for human beings will therefore

be achieved fully and authentically

in a

society that ensures recognition

and real-

ization of equal freedom for all in an envi-

ronment

of necessary interdependence

between individuals

and society. Within

this context, bioethical training of educa-

tors, professionals,

and scientists is es-

sential in order that they can identify

problems

needing

axiologic

study and

devote appropriate

attention

to those

matters.

Regarding the type of science that we

need, it is important

that science not be

autonomous

or sterile, since the knowl-

edge that it generates should be at the

service of human beings conceived

as

ends and never merely

as means to

others’

ends. However,

the more we

know the more power we accumulate,

and this presents us with the risk of

using human beings as tools for our own

purposes.

It is unquestionable

that science has

provided

positive benefits for humanity

and will be able to provide more in the

future. Despite this, it must also be borne

in mind that science is neither the only

nor the ultimate criterion of truth. And

the man or woman of science must be

aware of personal dignity (both his or her

own and that of others), always regard-

ing the human being as the end. Other-

wise we run the risk that technoscience

values will be deemed worth more than

human values, and that all done in the

name of technoscience

will be justified,

even

when

it

leads

to

increasing

dehumanization.

It must be noted that not everything

that is technically possible is ethically jus-

tifiable.

Science and philosophy,

then,

are not separate things, but instead are

disciplines

that must be practiced

to-

gether, complementing

each other in the

eternal search for knowledge.

In the field of the life sciences, the sci-

entific and technologic

revolution

is of

such a magnitude

that today it presents

physicians, biologists, lawyers, and other

professionals

with problems that cannot

be solved

with

technical

information

alone. It is also necessary to take philo-

sophic questions into consideration

if we

do not want a cold and technified world

dominated

by a science without

con-

science-a world that might very well be

headed toward its own destruction.

GRADUKIE

BIOETHICS

COURSE

This course was proposed to the Uni-

versity

of Mar de1 Plata’s Governing

Council and approved in August 1988. Its

structure

conforms

to existing

regula-

tions governing university

graduate pro-

Keeping in mind the course’s design

grams, being of two years’ duration and

features, a multimedia

teaching strategy

demanding

successful completion

of ap-

was chosen-a

strategy in which infor-

propriate

evaluative

requisites

for pro-

mation is transmitted

not only through

motion. The course is directed at profes-

the instructor’s

words in a personal en-

sionals in all disciplines

whose work

counter, as in a theoretical

class, but is

affects the individual

and social lives of

also conveyed

through

printed

matter,

people or which takes this as a general

audiovisual

materials, case analyses, and

subject of study.

other methods.

The course’s aims are as follows:

to

motivate and train professionals

and in-

vestigators

to identify

and resolve bio-

ethical problems in their own areas of

work; to train “multiplier”

agents in bio-

ethics who can act in government

and

within the scientific community

at large;

and to create the first group of teachers

and investigators

in this field, looking to-

ward its future organization

as an inde-

pendent discipline.

A BIOETHICS WORKSHOP

The course has been designed by sub-

ject so as to focus upon certain problem

nuclei-these

being

relationships

be-

tween society and bioethics, institutions

and bioethics, professions and bioethics,

and humanity

and bioethics (Annex 1).

These relationships

embrace aspects of

the reality to be analyzed,

and on this

basis the content of the course has been

established.

The second part of the VI International

Symposium

on Bioethics and the First

Mar de1 Rata Workshop

on Bioethics

were held at Mar de1 Plats on 2 and 3

December 1988. As part of this event,

three round table discussions were held.

These dealt with “The Major Themes of

Bioethics,”

“A

Multidisciplinary

Ap-

proach

to Genetic

Counseling,”

and

“Presentation

of

the

Postgraduate

Course in Bioethics.”

Four lectures were

also given.

As the Annex

shows,

six central

themes appropriate to the problem nuclei

have been selected. These are health and

illness, genetics and health, euthanasia,

work and society, behavior

manipula-

tion, and delinquency

and society. The

first three of these have their roots in eco-

logic biology, while the last three have

their origins in psychology.

The First lberoamerican

Studies in Bio-

ethics Group was organized at the sym-

posium. This group’s

objectives are to

develop links among its members; pro-

mote the organization

of a scientific soci-

ety for research in this area; sponsor and

organize research in related disciplines

through courses, seminars, conferences,

workshops,

and congresses; participate

in international

congresses and work-

shops in the country

and abroad; and

maintain permanent contact with univer-

sities, research centers, specialists,

and

allied institutions.

These themes relate to one another in

an interdisciplinary

manner so that they

can be arranged in an articulate and or-

dered sequence, and so that within

the

ground encompassed by each theme rele-

vant material pertaining

to the four prob-

lem nuclei and each of various

areas

within

these nuclei

are available

for

study.

BIBLIOGRAPI-IY

Bunge, M. Etica y ciencia. Siglo XX, Buenos

Aires, 1986.

Kieffer, G. H. Biokfica. Alhambra, Madrid,

1983.

Tyrrel, G. N. La personalidad de1 hombre.

Paid&, Buenos Aires, 1976.

Annex 1. Design of the Graduate Bioethics Course, Mar del Plata National University, Argentina. Each central theme is intended to develop comprehension, analysis, thought, and decision-making for application to specific problems of an ethical nature.

A. Central Theme: Health and Disease

Problem nuclei

Area Society and bioethics lnstrtutrons and bioethics Professions and broethics Humanity and bioethics

Brologic- Health: Naturalrstrc and individualistic concepts ecologic Histonc evolutron of the concept of health

Health as a social asset

Standards of livrng and health indrcators Psychosociosomatic illnesses

Social implrcatrons of the health diagnoses Research on health needs

Research on health systems

Scheduling and plannmg Iresource use and allocationl

Psycho- logic

Phrlo- sophic

Anthro- pologic

Health, disease, and normalrty Histonc evolution of mental health

Health criteria in relation to society and culture Psychopathologic epidemiology

Health educatron

Health as reward and punishment The dignity of the mdrvrdual

Philosophrc concepts and their projectron rn lrfe systems

Phrlosophic views of the rndrvidual Humanism

Values and thee hierarchy Anthropology and health

Medrcal anthropology: Epistemologic formulations

Psychiatnc anthropology The intercultural perspective and the notion of health

lnstitutrons and health

Educatron and health, education and ecology

Psychosociosomatrc drseases Professional ethics and instrtutions Control of environmental

management

Publrc and pnvate instrtutrons The family and its Influence on health

and disease Education and preventron

Normative ethrcs. Standards throughout history

Educational systems as projections of values

lnstitutrons as generators of new socrocultural patterns at the level of public health medrcine

Importance and partrcrpatron of the different professions in public health Drsease as a subjectively lwed reality Psychosocrosomatrc drseases Applicatron of the medical-social

approach to clinical patient management

Health as value; health as equilibrium Vulnerabrlity to disease: A defectwe

attnbute of human beings Disease as a subjectrvely lived reality Psychosocrosomatic illnesses Diagnosis of health status Medrcal technology and man Cnteria for reasoning about health

status

Eprdemrology as an rnterdiscrplinary science

Preparatron of the health professronal Professional ethics

Professtonal confrdentrality and medical-social information The psychologrst, the psychoanalyst,

and the psychratnst Psychology and medrcrne Psychopathology

The professronal-patrent relatronship Psychologtc and psychratnc

epidemiology

Life and death: Eros and Thanatos Health promotron

Preparation of the health professional

Responsrbilrty of the screntist and The indrvidual Human acts and moral

technologist acts

Cntrcal analysrs of the various deontologres

Will and free chorce The concepts of “person” and

“lrberty” Axrology

Sociocultural contnbutions and the medrcal and behavioral sciences The anthropologrst’s role in the health

field: Anthropology and public health

Legal

Sociologic

Culture and subculture Community and global culture

The emergence of bioethrcs as a socral need, Implications

Society and biotechnologic advances Endoculturation of social patterns

Implementation of health programs in society Sociogenesrs of drsease

Cultural factors in disease diagnosis and treatment

Transculturation and disease: The case of immrgrant famrlies

The healer seen through the rntercultural stereoptican

The therapeutic role of magic Socioanthropologic categones in health

srtuatron diagnosis The doctor-patient relationship

Lactation and health: Bioethical considerations Health and sexuality

Society, health, and marginality Prevention in groups at risk

Incorporation of new sociocultural patterns into the community

Health as a fundamental human right Health as a protected legal asset Mental health and the law Mental health and legal responsibrlrty Health policies

Legal projection of health Ecology and law

Condrtrons of habitability and theories of justice Legal aspects of the doctor-patient relationship Diagnosis: Responsibility

Public health policies Sociologic concept of health Historical-social transformatrons: Their

implications for health models Production and health Man-machine analogy Concept of health and disease

Level of development and social stratrfrcation Research and prevention and their relationship

to socral integration

Legal regulation of health Rights to privacy, education, and

health

Ecology and the polrce power

Different types of medical institutions The family: Different forms of health

promotion

The school as transmitter of general publrc health patterns

The role, development, and production of disease

Myths and beliefs in disease therapeutics

The doctor-patient relationshrp: Incorporation of the anthropologic perspective in medicine and psychology

Epidemiology: Anthropologic contributions about marginality

Professional legal responsibility Codes of professional ethics The legal nature of the doctor-patrent

relatronshrp

Human rights vis-b-vis scientific and technical development

Responsibilrty rn the face of diagnostic errors

Legrslatron on these matters

The sociologist in epidemrologic work: Research and prevention

Social drscnmination regarding disease and disabrlity

Socral forms of health recognrtron In different cultures

Socrologic contributrons to epidemrologic knowledge Maladjustment between social needs

and inclivrdual choices of profession Level of specialization: Loss of the

Annex 1.

Kontmued)

B. Central Theme: Genetics and Health

Problem nuclei

Area Socrety and bioethics Institutions and bioethics Professions and bioethics Humanity and bioethics

Biologrc- Genetics and health. Society-based selective ecologfc cntenon

Standards tendrng to meet thus objective Reproductrve techniques

Future genetic technologres

Limrts of genetic research. The degree of control that socrety has in thus area Ecology and genettc research Psycho-

logic

Phrlo-

Anthro- pologic

Legal

Genetics and health: Centralized or decentralrzed plannrng Birth control

Lrmrts of genetrc research: Institutional norms and prescnptrons in this area Ecology and genettc research

Psychosocral effects derived from genetrc research and genetic engineering Psychologrc counseling

Consrderatron of the psychosocral effects that can be foreseen from use of future genetrc technologres

Incentives and lrmrtatrons on clmical research and Internment instrtutrons

Concept of the rndrvrdual lnstttutronal customs

Humanrsm and the hierarchy of values Implementation of prefects through Concept of the rndrvrdual In polrtrcal ideologues instrtutions

and projects

Need for an ethrcs of the future Different contemporary ethrcs flrfeboat

moralrty)

Lrberty, wrll. and free chorce

Genetrc anthropology Control of brrth and margrnalrty Reproductive technology from the

anthropologrc vrewpomt

Broethical considerations regarding sterilization Socral constructron of the bioethrcal paradigm Socral hmlts on brotechnologrc advances Respect for the human specres

lnstitutrons and genetic advances lnstitutrons and the various bioethics

positions on birth control and reproductrve technrques

lnviolabrlity of the Individual as a fundamental human right

Protectron of the genetrc hentage Comparatrve law

Need for regulation

Genetic manipulation and its lrmits Genetrcs, artrfrcral fertility, and the law

Populatron policy

Instrtutions, autonomy of the mdrvidual, and birth control Lrmrts of genetic manrpulatron

Genetics as a branch of medicrne: Its scope and obfectrves

Limrts of genetic research from a professional standpoint tdeontologic criteria)

Extension to all Irving things

Directed or undirected counselmg lncentrves and limitatrons on clinical

research

Artificial mtellrgence and psychologic rdentrty

Deontologies

Anthropologic genetrcs. The professronal and margmal groups Professronal limitatrons and

socrocultural patterns

Professional responsibrlrty Constitutional and legal limits on

genetrc research

Consrderation of man as an end or a means

Consrderatron of man as an end or a means

Values: Concept of the mdrvrdual; self- ness

Human identrty Genetrc manrpulatron

The Individual as an object or subject of the law

Socrologrc Development of biotechnology. Social consequences

Social Darwinism: The humanistic reaction Biologic assrgnment of socral roles

Family planmng, Socral instrtutrons Family planmng. The family and

consumption

The role of science rn contemporary Man as a means or an end

society The human Ideal

C. Central Theme: Euthanasia

Problem nuclei

Area Society and bioethics lnstrtutrons and bioethics Professions and broethics Humanity and bioethics

Biologrc- Sustaining life by artificial means ecologic Consequences of the diagnosis of death

Euthanasia: Social criteria regarding euthanasra Terminal illness

The Baby Doe problem

Psycho- Man and death

logic Psychologic representation of death Denial of death

Sustainmg life by artificial means Consequences of determrnatron of

death

Euthanasra. Medical-legal aspects fregulatron by law1

The Baby Doe problem Need for instrtutions to provide

psychologic assistance for the patient, family, and staff Need for reflectron on possible

interventron In terminal srtuations

Problem of determinatron of death (technical aspects)

Euthanasia: Technrcal aspects, active and passrve euthanasia

Termmal illness The Baby Doe problem Need for reflection on possrble

mterventron In termmal srtuations lnterdrscrplinary contnbutrons to the

problem of determination of death

Consequences of determrnatron of death Terminal illness

The Baby Doe problem

The individual and death

Psychologic representation of death Denial of death

PhilosophicThe meaning of death

Anthro- Nature and culture: The terminal patient’s pologic sociocultural universe

Organ donation, the social problem Human suffering

The anthropology of death: Implications The sacred and the profane

Euthanasia. Social and cultural aspects and consrderatrons relatmg to the manipulation of lrfe

Legal Organ transplants

Life as a legally protected asset Legal cntena for determrnatron of death

Socrologic The socral being and the biologrc mdrvrdual Screntrfrc effrctency, Its reflectron in society Science as a manipulator of socral values

Concept of the Individual lnstitutrons and transplants. The

institutron and human suffering Death and mstrtutrons

Conflict between humamstrc values via-a-vis technologic and practical values and thetr protection rn the law

Comparatrve law Euthanasra and the law Conflrct between the system of

values of the medical rnstitution and the famrlv

Concept of the individual The anthropologist and euthanasra The anthropology of suffenng The anthropology of death The terminal patient

Codes of professional ethics Legal regulatron of the medical

professions Euthanasra and the law

The meanrng of death The sacred and profane of death Human suffering

The individual, marginality, and subculture

Human dignity and codes of ethics

%

2

8 D. Central Theme: Society and Delinquency

!x

$5 Problem nuclei

2

8 Area Socrety and broethrcs lnstrtutions and bioethrcs Professrons and broethrcs Humanrty and bioethrcs Brologrc- Biological basis of aggression

ecologic

Socrety and delinquency

Philo- sophrc Anthro- pologic

Hierarchy of values Educatron systems The delrnquency subculture

Crimrnology and cnmmal law Legal

Admmrstratron of tustrce

Internment instrtutions: Penitentianes and instrtutions for manors

Hrerarchy of values Educatron systems The delrnquency subculture

Preventrve systems

Penal systems Educatron and treatment

Auxrlrary scrences

Socrologic Anomre and social drsintegratron Establrshed finstrtutronalrzed) concepts

Psychologrc assrstance and counselmg Cnme and responsrbilrty on cnme prevention, resocralzatron, Drsease and responsrbrlrty and skill development Lrberty and responsibrlrty Experimentatron with behavior Lrberty and the common good Hierarchy of values

Education systems

The concept of self-ness The individual and liberty Subculture and delrnquency Subculture and delrnquency

Need for legal assrstance

Legal regulatron of the auxrlrary legal professrons

Drgnity of the rndrvrdual as a lrmit on human expenmentatron

Sociology and cnmrnality Development of sociologic skulls The problem of socral rnsertron

Concepts of fraud and culpabrlrty The lrmits of rmputabilrty

E. Central Theme: Behavior Modification

Problem nuclei

Area Society and bioethrcs Institutions and bioethics Professions and bioethrcs Humanity and bioethics

Biologic- Productron-consumptron equilibnum ecologic Ecology and rational use of natural resources

Psycho- logic

Production-consumption In contemporary society

Advertising and behavror modrfication

Phrlo- Inversion of the scale of values

sophic Regardrng the rndivrdual as a means to an end

Anthro- pologic

Communication and culture

Legal Legislation for consumer protection Law and natural resources

Sociologic Relationship between productron and consumptron in contemporary socrety

Public relations agencies and communications medra

Legal regulation of programming and publicrty

lnversron of the scale of values Regarding the individual as a means

to an end

Communication and culture

Normatrve regulation Applrcable legal regimen

Marketmg research

Behavior modification using surgical methods and medications

Psychology and communication The psychologrst as public relations

advrser

Psychologic techniques rn behavior modifrcatron

lnversron of the scale of values Regardrng the individual as a means to

an end

Communication and culture Socrocultural consequences of

behavror modification

Cnteria of professional responsrbrlrty: Ethrcal and legal

Communrcations medra and mass psychology

The therapeutic value of talk The relatronship between man and the

freedom of others

Communication as a characteristic of man

Communicatron and liberty Free versus induced choice

The concept of self-ness Liberty and the individual

Suppression of human identity

The right to privacy as a fundamental right of the individual

Freedom of expressron and the right to information

F

P

3

x

E F. Central Theme: Labor and Societv

Ii

x .-

Problem nucler

2

2

Area Socrety and bioethics Institutions and broethrcs Professrons and broethrcs Humanity and bioethics

Biologic- The medicine of human activrty ecologic Occupational diseases

Work-related accrdents Unhealthful work

The physrcran as Job selector Labor medrcine

Health examinatrons Psycho-

logic

Work and socrety

Phrlo- The problem of the individual and the problem sophic of values

The drgnity of work as human fulfillment Anthro-

pologic

The anthropology of work: Problems regarding age and sex

Work and free time Legal Human nghts and the law

The right to socral secunty

Sociologrc Labor relations rn contemporary socrety

Labor relations

The problem of standards The problem of liberty and

responsrbility

The right to work and to socral secunty

Occuoatronal accrdents and diseases

The socrology of organizations

Psychologrc counselrng Human relatrons Job selection

Psychology and productron incentives Experimentation rn labor psychology The problem of standards The problem of liberty and

responsibility

Work, rdentrty, and professrons

Autonomy of the rndrvrdual Rights to pnvacy

Constitutronal pnncrples relatrng to work and socral secuntv

The socrologist and manpower trarmng

Labor relations and freedom Work. Self-realization or alienation

Self-ness

Work and rdentrtv

The right to work and professional assocratrons