! " # $ %$% ! "
& '(()(*
!"#$
% & '( '
#)# *+*, $ (
12
.
(
3 (
((((
))))
u
====
u x , y , z
((((
))))
v
====
v x , y , z
((((
))))
w
====
w x , y , z
u
d
v
w
12
12
# 4 ( , 4 '4 ( 5 6 ( , ( 1- 7
1 2 . ( . , 8
( 1- , 5 5 . ( , ' 9
((((
s))))
ds
∗∗∗∗=
=
=
=
ds 1
+
+
+
+
εεεε
s
A B
AB
ds
ds
AB
ds
12
st
C AB
2
2
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
π
γ
α
γ
α
γ
α
12
* :
12
1-
(
.
'
x
u
x
εεεε
====
∂∂∂∂
∂∂∂∂
yv
y
εεεε
====
∂∂∂∂
∂∂∂∂
z
w
z
εεεε
====
∂∂∂∂
∂∂∂∂
xyu
v
y
x
γγγγ
=
=
=
=
∂
∂
∂
∂
+
+
+
+
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
xz
u
w
z
x
γγγγ
=
=
=
=
∂
∂
∂
∂
+
+
+
+
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
yz
v
w
z
y
γγγγ
=
=
=
=
∂
∂
∂
∂
+
+
+
+
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
; <
12
12
[[[[ ]]]]
xyx xyy xzyzxz yz z
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
====
xy
xy yx
xz xz zx
yz yz zy
2
2
2
γγγγ
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
γγγγ
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
γγγγ
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
= =
== ==
= =
= =
== ==
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
+
.
12
1-
6
1-x y
z
x y
z
xx
αααα
x y
αααα
xz
αααα
(((( ))))
yx 2cos
αααα
====
l
(((( ))))
y y 2cos
αααα
====
m
(((( ))))
yz 2cos
αααα
====
n
(((( ))))
xx 1cos
αααα
====
l
(((( ))))
x y 1cos
αααα
====
m
(((( ))))
xz 1cos
αααα
====
n
(((( ))))
zx 3cos
αααα
====
l
(((( ))))
z y 3cos
αααα
====
m
(((( ))))
zz 3cos
αααα
====
n
(
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
x l m n x
y l m n y
l m n z
z ====
i ij j
v
====
ββββ
v
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
x
x l l l
y m m m y
z n n n z
====
<
1-5
<
.
2 2 2
k k k
l ++++ m ++++ n ==== 1
{{{{
k ==== 1, 2 , 3}}}}
k l k l k l
l l ++++ m m ++++ n n ==== 0
{{{{
k ≠≠≠≠ l}}}}
12
(
12
:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
x
x l l l
y m m m y
z n n n z
====
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
u l m n u
v l m n v
l m n w
w ==== x
u
x
εεεε
====
∂∂∂∂
∂∂∂∂
xu
x
εεεε
====
∂∂∂∂
∂∂∂∂
x
1 1 1
u
u x
u
y
u
z
x
y
z
x
x
x
x
u
u
u
l
m
n
x
y
z
εεεε
=
=
=
=
∂
∂
∂
∂
=
=
=
=
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
+
+
+
+
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
+
+
+
+
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
=
=
=
=
12
x
1 1 1
u
u x
u
y
u
z
x
y
z
x
x
x
x
u
u
u
l
m
n
x
y
z
εεεε
=
=
=
=
∂
∂
∂
∂
=
=
=
=
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
+
+
+
+
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
+
+
+
+
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
∂ ∂
=
=
=
=
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
=
+
+
=
=
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
∂
1 1 1
u ==== l u++++ m v ++++ n w
((((
1 1 1))))
1((((
1 1 1))))
1((((
1 1 1))))
1x l u m v n w l l u m v n w m l u m v n w n
x y z
εεεε
==== ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ++++ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ++++ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ++++∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x
1 1 1 1 1 1
u v w u v w
l l m l n l l m m m n m
x x x y y y
u v w
l n m n n n
z z z
εεεε
==== ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂
12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x
1 1
u v u w u v w v
l l m l n l m m n m
x x y x z y y z
w
n n
z
εεεε
==== ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂ ++++∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂∂ ∂∂ ∂∂ ∂∂ ∂∂ ∂∂ ∂∂ ∂∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂∂∂∂ ++++ ∂∂∂∂
(((( ))))
(((( ))))
(((( ))))
1 x 1 1 1 xy 1 1 xz 1 y 1 1 1 xz 1 z 1
x l l m l n l m m n m n n
ε
ε
γ
γ
ε
γ
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
γ
γ
γ
γ
ε
ε
γ
γ
ε
ε
ε
====ε
++++γ
++++γ
++++ε
++++γ
++++ε
{{{{
}}}}
xy xz xy xz xz xz 2 2 x 1 2 21 1 1 y 1
x
1
2 2 z
l
l m n m
n γγγγ γγγγ γγγγ γγγγ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ
εεεε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
εεεε
==== #. ( . ( .( . 12
12
xy xz xy xz
xy yz xy yz
yz xz
yz xz
T
2 2 x 2 2
x 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 y 2 1 2 3 2 y 2 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2 z
2 2 z
l l l l l l
m m m m m m
n n n n n n
γγγγ γγγγ γγγγ γγγγ
γ γ
γ γ
γ γ
γ γ γγγγ γγγγ
γγγγ γγγγ γγγγ γγγγ
εεεε
εεεε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
>
12
( .
12
(((( ))))
3(((( ))))
21 2 3
I I I 0
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
ε
−−−−ε
++++ε
−−−− ====< ( ? 2 , .
1- = @ 12
A 12 . ( . B 1- 7 6 1- 4
A / , 12
. ( . . ( . 1- B #
12 . (C ( 12
-12 . ( . ( ( ? ,
6 1- ( ( C ( 91 2 3
, ,
1 2 3
I , I , I
- (0
5
1- ,
.
-
8
(
1- 6
.
(
,
-
. 9
((((
))))
1 x y z
I ====
ε
ε
ε
ε
++++ε
ε
ε
ε
++++ε
ε
ε
ε
yz
xy xz
xz
xy yz
2
2 y
x x 2
2
2 z
2 y 2 z
I
γγγγ
γγγγ γγγγ
γγγγ
γγγγ γγγγ
εεεε
εεεε
εεεε
εεεε
εεεε
εεεε
= + +
== ++ ++
= + +
xy xz
xy yz
yz xz
2 2
x
2 2
3 y
2 2 z
I
γγγγ γγγγ
γ γ
γγ γγ
γ γ
γγγγ γγγγ
εεεε
εεεε
εεεε
====
12 ( . D ! 5 8 ( 0 ( 12 . ( . ,
. ( 12 . ( . 9
1
εεεε
((((
))))
((((
))))
((((
))))
x 1 xy xz
1
yx y 1 yz 1
1
zx zy z 1
2 l
2 m 0
n 2
ε
ε
γ
γ
ε
ε
γ
γ
ε
ε
γ
γ
ε
ε
γ
γ
γ
ε
ε
γ
γ
ε
ε
γ
γ
ε
ε
γ
γ
ε
ε
γ
γ
γ
ε ε
γ
γ
γ
γ
ε ε
ε ε
γ
γ
ε ε
−−−−
−−−− ====
−−−−
6 12 - . # , 4
( ?
1-2 2 2
1 1 1
l ++++ m ++++ n ==== 1
12
E( 4
(
# ?
2
( 4
(
((((
))))
oct 1 2 3
1 3
ε
ε ε
ε
ε
ε ε
ε
ε
ε ε
ε
ε
====ε ε
++++ ++++ε
((((
))))
((((
)))) ((((
))))
oct
1
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 3 2 3
2 3
γ
ε ε
ε ε
ε
ε
γ
ε ε
ε ε
ε
ε
γ
ε ε
ε ε
ε
ε
γ
==== ε ε
−−−− ++++ε ε
−−−− ++++ε
−−−−ε
12
F 6
12
5
)
G
H
8
I ( , = J ( 1- 2
12 . ) G H 8 ( = ,
1- . 1- 9
x x
x
x E
E
σσσσ
ε
σ
ε
ε
σ
ε
ε
σ
ε
ε
==== ⇒⇒⇒⇒σ
====ε
E
K
(
( , ( 5 9
{{{{ }}}}
σ
σ
σ
σ
====[[[[ ]]]]
D{{{{ }}}}
ε
ε
ε
ε
{{{{ }}}}
σσσσ
( . 2{{{{ }}}}
εεεε
( . 1212
1- 6 ( ( .
- ( 1- .
( C . (0
6 12 . 6 ( .
, ( ( . - 4
( (
( .
1-{{{{ }}}}
σ
σ
σ
σ
====[[[[ ]]]]
D{{{{ }}}}
ε
ε
ε
ε
[[[[ ]]]]
11 12 13 14 15 16
21 22 23 24 25 26
31 32 33 34 35 36
41 42 43 44 45 46
51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 64 65 66
D D D D D D
D D D D D D
D D D D D D
D
D D D D D D
D D D D D D
D D D D D D
====
( , 9
*> ( ( ? (
( .
0 . 0
- .
(L (
12
[[[[ ]]]]
11 12 13 14 15 16
22 23 24 25 26
33 34 35 36
44 45 46
55 56
66
D D D D D D
D D D D D
D D D D
D
D D D
D D
SIM D
====
< $ A ( . ( ' 0 B . = . 9
12 21
D
====
D
< ( C ( . (
# @ . @ ( = 89
12
[[[[ ]]]]
11 12 13
12 22 23
13 23 33
44
55
66
D D D 0 0 0
D D D 0 0 0
D D D 0 0 0
D
0 0 0 D 0 0
0 0 0 0 D 0
0 0 0 0 0 D
====
# 8 ( 6 ( ? (
/ ' . (
1--
1-M ( . ( 6 ( . 2
12
# ( 1- . . 8 J
( . . . # , ?
4 12 . ( ( 5 ( 0 , .
' ( 12 = ( ( 9
22 33 11
D ==== D ==== D
13 23 12
D ==== D ==== D
((((
11 12))))
44 55 66
D D
D D D
2
−−−− = = =
== == == = = =
14 15 16 24 25 26 34 35 36 45 46 56
12
[[[[ ]]]]
((((
))))
((((
))))
((((
))))
11 12 12
12 11 12
12 12 11
11 12
11 12
11 12
D D D 0 0 0
D D D 0 0 0
D D D 0 0 0
D D
0 0 0 0 0
D 2
D D
0 0 0 0 0
2
D D
0 0 0 0 0
2
−−−−
====
−−−−
−−−−
N
# +,
$
,
- .
/ +,
!
%/
/ $
# $ 0! "
"
$1/ -% "
$
$
#2 $ "
- !
-
$ 3
N
"
$
$ #2 $ " ! - /
!
4 /!#
/0-%#
- 5 %
6% "
$
-
- / $
#3
N
"
$
$
#2 $ " ,
7$ -
!
$
-
/ "8 " - / $
#9
12
) G H 8 . 0 @ . 9
((((
))))
x
x y z
E E
σσσσ νννν
ε σ σ
εε σσ σσ
ε ==== −−−− σ ++++σ
((((
))))
y
y x z
E E
σσσσ νννν
ε σ σ
εε σσ σσ
ε ==== −−−− σ ++++σ
((((
))))
z
z x y
E E
σσσσ νννν
ε σ σ
ε σ σ
ε σ σ
ε ==== −−−− σ ++++σ
xy xy G ττττ γγγγ ==== xz xz G ττττ γγγγ ==== yz yz G ττττ γγγγ ====
=. ( 2 , 9
((((
E))))
G
2 1 νννν
====
++++
x 1 x
E
I 1 1 2
νννν
σ ε
σσ εε
σ ε ν ν ν ν ν ν ν ν = + = + = + = + + − + − + − + −
y 1 y
E
I 1 1 2
νννν σ ε σ ε σ ε σ ε ν ν ν ν ν ν ν ν = + = + = + = + − + ++ −− + −
z 1 z
E
I 1 1 2
νννν σ ε σ ε σ ε σ ε ν ν ν ν ν ν ν ν = + = + = + = + + − ++ −− + −
xy G xy
τ γ
ττ γγ
τ ==== γ
xz G xz
τ γ
ττ γγ
τ ==== γ ττττyz ====Gγγγγ yz
1 x y z
12
) G H ( ) 49 λλλλ −−−−G
x I1 2G x
σ λ ε
σ λ ε
σ λ ε
σ ==== λ ++++ ε
y I1 2G y
σ λ ε
σ λ ε
σ λ ε
σ ==== λ ++++ ε
z I1 2G z
σ λ ε
σ λ ε
σ λ ε
σ ==== λ ++++ ε
xy G xy
τ γ
τ γ
τ γ
τ ==== γ
xz G xz
τ γ
τ γ
τ γ
τ ==== γ ττττyz ====Gγγγγ yz
((((
1))))((((
E1 2))))
νννν λλλλ
ν ν
νν νν
ν ν
====
+ − ++ −− + −