Σχολή Θετικών Επιστημών & Τεχνολογίας
Μεταπτυχιακό Πρόγραμμα Σπουδών ΠΣΦ
«Προχωρημένες Σπουδές στη Φυσική»
Διπλωματική Εργασία
Μελέτη βαθμονόμησης, με αστρονομικό τρόπο, μεμονωμένου ραδιοτηλεσκοπίου παραβολοειδούς τύπου, στις ζώνες συχνοτήτων L, S, C, X, και K: Εφαρμογή στο πρώτο ραδιοτηλεσκόπιο της Ελλάδας
- το THERMOpYlae διαμέτρου 32 m
Κωνσταντίνος Χουχούμης
Επιβλέπουσα Καθηγήτρια: Νεκταρία Γκιζάνη
Πάτρα, Σεπτέμβριος 2020
αποκλειστική άδεια χρήσης του δικαιώματος αναπαραγωγής, προσαρμογής, δημόσιου δανεισμού, πα- ρουσίασης στο κοινό και ψηφιακής διάχυσής τους διεθνώς, σε ηλεκτρονική μορφή και σε οποιοδήποτε μέσο, για διδακτικούς και ερευνητικούς σκοπούς, άνευ ανταλλάγματος και για όλο το χρόνο διάρ- κειας των δικαιωμάτων πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Η ανοικτή πρόσβαση στο πλήρες κείμενο για μελέτη και ανάγνωση δεν σημαίνει καθ’ οιονδήποτε τρόπο παραχώρηση δικαιωμάτων διανοητικής ιδιοκτη- σίας του συγγραφέα/δημιουργού ούτε επιτρέπει την αναπαραγωγή, αναδημοσίευση, αντιγραφή, αποθή- κευση, πώληση, εμπορική χρήση, μετάδοση, διανομή, έκδοση, εκτέλεση, «μεταφόρτωση» (downloading),
«ανάρτηση» (uploading), μετάφραση, τροποποίηση με οποιονδήποτε τρόπο, τμηματικά ή περιληπτικά της εργασίας, χωρίς τη ρητή προηγούμενη έγγραφη συναίνεση του συγγραφέα/δημιουργού. Ο συγγρα- φέας/δημιουργός διατηρεί το σύνολο των ηθικών και περιουσιακών του δικαιωμάτων.
Μελέτη βαθμονόμησης, με αστρονομικό τρόπο, μεμονωμένου ραδιοτηλεσκοπίου παραβολοειδούς τύπου στις ζώνες συχνοτήτων L, S, C, X, και K: Εφαρμογή στο πρώτο ραδιοτηλεσκόπιο της Ελλάδας
- το THERMOpYlae διαμέτρου 32 m
Κωνσταντίνος Χουχούμης
Επιτροπή Επίβλεψης Διπλωματικής Εργασίας
Επιβλέπουσα Καθηγήτρια: Αξιολογητής Β':
Νεκταρία Γκιζάνη Βασίλειος Χαρμανδάρης
Επίκουρη Καθηγήτρια Καθηγητής
Ελληνικό Ανοικτό Πανεπιστήμιο Πανεπιστήμιο Κρήτης Σχολή Θετικών Επιστημών & Τεχνολογίας Τμήμα Φυσικής
Πάτρα, Σεπτέμβριος 2020
Ευχαριστίες
Θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω θερμά την επιβλέπουσα καθηγήτρια μου κ. Νεκταρία Γκι- ζάνη για την ενθάρρυνση και την καθοδήγηση που μου παρείχε κατά τη διάρκεια εκπόνησης της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας. Επίσης, θα ήθελα να ευχαριστήσω τον αξιολογητή Β' κ. Βασίλειο Χαρμανδάρη, και όλους τους καθηγητές του ΕΑΠ για τη συμβολή τους στην ολοκλήρωση του συγκεκριμένου μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος σπουδών.
Περίληψη
Για τη βαθμονόμηση μεγάλων κατοπτρικών ραδιοτηλεσκοπίων, οι ραδιοαστρο- νόμοι έχουν αναπτύξει την τεχνική της χρησιμοποίησης αστρονομικών ραδιοπηγών.
Η διαδικασία της βαθμονόμησης αυτής, αποτελεί το αντικείμενο της παρούσας ερ- γασίας. Συγκεκριμένα, σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η δημιουργία καταλόγου με ραδιοπηγές που χρησιμοποιούνται για τη βαθμονόμηση ραδιοτηλεσκοπίων παρα- βολοειδούς σχήματος, τύπου μεμονωμένης κεραίας (single dish), και η προσαρμογή του καταλόγου αυτού στις ζώνες συχνοτήτωνL, S, C, X, καιK, του πρώτου ελληνι- κού ραδιοτηλεσκοπίου στις Θερμοπύλες με όνομα THERMOpYlae, διαμέτρου 32 m.
Συνδυάζοντας τα τεχνικά χαρακτηριστικά του ραδιοτηλεσκοπίου THERMOpYlae, μαζί με τα χαρακτηριστικά ραδιοεκπομπής κατάλληλων ραδιοπηγών βαθμονόμη- σης, επιχειρείται μια πρόταση βαθμονόμησης του ραδιοτηλεσκοπίου THERMOpYlae, κατηγοριοποιώντας τις προτεινόμενες ραδιοπηγές σε κύριους και δευτερεύοντες βαθμονομητές ανά ζώνη συχνοτήτων, δίνοντας επιπλέον και μια εκτίμηση του χρό- νου παρατήρησης της κάθε ραδιοπηγής.
Λέξεις κλειδιά: ραδιοτηλεσκόπιο, θεωρία κεραιών, βαθμονόμηση, ραδιοπηγές βαθμονόμη- σης
Astrophysical calibration studies of a single dish at L, S, C, X, and Kbands:
Application on the 32 m diameter Hellenic radio telescope - THERMOpYlae Constantinos Chouchoumis
Abstract
Radio astronomers have developed the technique of using radio sources for cali- brating large reflector radio telescopes. In the present study we describe this calibra- tion process. Specifically, the main purpose of the present study is to create a list of radio sources, used for calibrating single dish paraboloids radio telescopes, and to adjust this list at theL, S, C, X, andKradio bands, of the 32 m diameter first hellenic radio telescope THERMOpYlae. Combining the technical data of the THERMOpYlae radio telescope with the radiation properties of suitable calibration radio sources, we attempt a calibration suggestion for the THERMOpYlae radio telescope, by classify- ing the suggested radio sources to primary and secondary calibrators per frequency band, giving in addition an estimation of the observing time for each radio source.
Keywords: radio telescope, antenna theory, calibration, calibration radio sources
Αναφορές
ALMA Solar Ephemeris Generator 2020, (accessed Mar 18, 2020), https://celestialscenes.
com/alma/coords/CoordTool.html
Akiyama K., et al., 2019, ApJ, 875, L3
Ambraseys N. N., Jackson J. A., 1990, GeoJI, 101, 663
Andernach H., 1998, Internet Resources for Radio Astronomy (arXiv:astro-ph/9807346) Argus D. F., Peltier W. R., 2010, GeoJI, 181, 697
Astropixels Planetary Ephemeris Data 2020, (accessed Mar 18, 2020), http://astropixels.
com/ephemeris/ephemeris.html
Augusto P., Gonzalez-Serrano J. I., Perez-Fournon I., Wilkinson P. N., 2006, MNRAS, 368, 1411 Baars J. W. M., 1973, ITAP, 21, 461
Baars J., 2007, The Paraboloidal Reflector Antenna in Radio Astronomy and Communication:
Theory and Practice. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Springer New York Baars J. W. M., 2014, URSI Radio Science Bulletin, 2014, 47
Baars J. W. M., Hartsuijker A. P., 1972, A&A, 17, 172
Baars J. W. M., Kärcher H. J., 2017, Radio Telescope Reflectors: Historical Development of Design and Construction. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Springer International Publishing Baars J. W. M., Mezger P. G., Wendker H., 1965, ApJ, 142, 122
Baars J. W. M., Genzel R., Pauliny-Toth I. I. K., Witzel A., 1977, A&A, 500, 135
Bailer-Jones C. A. L., 2005, in Kurtz D. W., ed., IAU Colloq. 196: Transits of Venus:
New Views of the Solar System and Galaxy. pp 429--443 (arXiv:astro-ph/0409531), doi:10.1017/S1743921305001596
Bailer-Jones C. A. L., Rybizki J., Fouesneau M., Mantelet G., Andrae R., 2018, AJ, 156, 58 Balanis C., 2012, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. Wiley
Baldwin J. E., 1961, MNRAS, 122, 513
Bartel N., Ratner M. I., Shapiro I. I., Herring T. A., Corey B. E., 1984, Proper Motion of Components of the Quasar 3C345. p. 113, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984IAUS.
.110..113B
Basharinov A. E., Vetukhnovskaya Y. N., Kuz'min A. D., Kutuza B. G., Salomonovich A. E., 1965, SvA, 8, 563
Beasley A. J., Conway J. E., 1995, VLBI Phase-Referencing. p. 327,https://ui.adsabs.harvard.
edu/abs/1995ASPC...82..327B
Benz A. O., 2009, 4.1.1.6 Radio emission of the quiet Sun. Springer, Berlin, pp 80--89, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88055-4_5
Berry H., Gabrielse G., Livingston A., 1977, ApOpt, 16, 3200 Bleiders M., Bezrukovs V., Orbidans A., 2017, LatJP, 54, 42
Bracewell R. N., 1986, The Fourier transform and its applications. Vol. 31999, McGraw-Hill New York
Breen S. L., et al., 2014, MNRAS, 438, 3368
Burke B., Graham-Smith F., 2010, An Introduction to Radio Astronomy. Cambridge University Press
Burke B., Graham-Smith F., Wilkinson P., 2019, An Introduction to Radio Astronomy. Cambridge University Press
Butler B., 1996, Tipping Considerations at the VLA, VLA Scientific Memo 170 (accessed Jan 23, 2020), http://library.nrao.edu/public/memos/vla/sci/legacy/memo170.pdf
Butler B., 2010, Atmospheric Opacity at the VLA VLA Test Memo 232 (accessed Jan 23, 2020), https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/95d0/fd3473abfdf02b88ab8051e1c635d97d259f.pdf
Butler B., 2012, ALMA Memo 594. Flux Density Models for Solar System Bodies in CASA. NRAO,https://science.nrao.edu/facilities/alma/aboutALMA/Technology/ALMA_
Memo_Series/alma594/memo594.pdf
Butler B., 2020, (accessed Mar 23, 2020), http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/~bbutler/work/mars/
model/
Butler B., Steffes P., Suleiman S., Kolodner M., Jenkins J., 2001, Icar, 154, 226 Butler B., Campbell D., de Pater I., Gary D., 2004, NewAR, 48, 1511
Campbell D. B., 2002, in Stanimirovic S., Altschuler D., Goldsmith P., Salter C., eds, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 278, Single-Dish Radio Astronomy: Techniques and Applications. pp 81--90,https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASPC..278...81C Caswell J. L., Vaile R. A., Ellingsen S. P., 1995a, PASA, 12, 37
Caswell J. L., Vaile R. A., Ellingsen S. P., Whiteoak J. B., Norris R. P., 1995b, MNRAS, 272, 96 Catsoulis B., Carapiperis L., 1984, Wthr, 39, 182
Chang C., Monstein C., Refregier A., Amara A., Glauser A., Casura S., 2015, PASP, 127, 1131 Chengalur J. N., Gupta Y., Dwarakanath K. S., 2003, Low frequency radio astronomy.. http:
//www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/gmrt/gmrt-users/low-frequency-radio-astronomy
Christiansen W. N., 1963, ARA&A, 1, 1 Chronis T. G., 2012, JGRD, 117, D03113
Clark B. G., 1999, in Taylor G. B., Carilli C. L., Perley R. A., eds, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 180, Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy II. p. 1, https:
//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ASPC..180....1C
Condon J. J., 2002, in Stanimirovic S., Altschuler D., Goldsmith P., Salter C., eds, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 278, Single-Dish Radio Astronomy: Techniques and Applications. pp 155--171,https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASPC..278..155C Condon J. J., 2009, High-Frequency Updates for the GBT Calibrator Catalog (accessed Jan 27,
2020), https://www.gb.nrao.edu/ptcs/ptcspn/ptcspn66/ptcspn66.pdf
Condon J. J., Ransom S. M., 2016, Essential Radio Astronomy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Cornwell T. J., Golap K., Bhatnagar S., 2008, ISTSP, 2, 647 Counselman C. C., 1976, ARA&A, 14, 197
Courvoisier T., 2012, High Energy Astrophysics: An Introduction. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library, Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Crane P. C., Napier P. J., 1986, in Perley R. A., Schwab F. R., Bridle A. H., eds, Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy. pp 87--108, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986syim.conf...87C Dai S., et al., 2015, MNRAS, 449, 3223
Davies R., Williams D., 1966, P&SS, 14, 15 de Gasperin F., et al., 2019, A&A, 622, A5 de Gasperin F., et al., 2020, A&A, 635, A150 Deller A. T., et al., 2019, ApJ., 875, 100 de Pater I., Dunn D. E., 2003, Icar, 163, 449 de Pater I., Goertz C. K., 1989, GeoRL, 16, 97 de Pater I., Gulkis S., 1988, Icar, 75, 306
de Pater I., 2006, Synchrotron Radiat. News, 19, 12
de Pater I., Kenderdine S., Dickel J. R., 1982, Icar, 51, 25 de Pater I., Richmond M., 1989, Icar, 80, 1
de Pater I., Romani P. N., Atreya S. K., 1991, Icar, 91, 220 Desvignes G., et al., 2016, MNRAS, 458, 3341
Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory 2020, (accessed Feb 26, 2020), https://www.
spaceweather.gc.ca/solarflux/sx-en.php
Drake F. D., 1961, PhT, 14, 40
Dreher J. W., Feigelson E. D., 1984, Natur, 308, 43
Duev D. A., Molera Calvés G., Pogrebenko S. V., Gurvits L. I., Cimó G., Bocanegra Bahamon T., 2012, A&A, 541, A43
Dulk G. A., 1985, ARA&A, 23, 169
Ellingson S. W., 2014, Antennas in Radio Telescope Systems. Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp 1--21, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-75-7_124-1
Evans I. N., et al., 2010, ApJS, 189, 37 Fey A. L., et al., 2004, AJ, 127, 3587 Fey A. L., et al., 2015, AJ, 150, 58 Findlay J. W., 1964, ITME, 8, 187
Findlay J. W., Hvatum H., Waltman W. B., 1965, ApJ, 141, 873
Fomalont E. B., 1999, in Taylor G. B., Carilli C. L., Perley R. A., eds, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 180, Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy II. p. 463, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ASPC..180..463F
Fomalont E. B., Perley R. A., 1999, in Taylor G. B., Carilli C. L., Perley R. A., eds, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 180, Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy II.
p. 79,https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ASPC..180...79F
Fomalont E. B., Petrov L., MacMillan D. S., Gordon D., Ma C., 2003, AJ, 126, 2562 Force M. M., Demorest P., Rankin J. M., 2015, MNRAS, 453, 4485
Frater R., Goss W., Wendt H., 2017, Four Pillars of Radio Astronomy: Mills, Christiansen, Wild, Bracewell. Astronomers' Universe, Springer International Publishing
Gaia Collaboration 2018, VizieR Online Data Catalog, p. I/345 Gaia Collaboration et al., 2018, A&A, 616, A1
Gajjar V., et al., 2019, in Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. p. 223 (arXiv:1907.05519)
Gallaway M., 2015, An Introduction to Observational Astrophysics. Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, Springer International Publishing
Garrett M. A., 2018, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:1810.07235
Ghisellini G., 2013, Radiative Processes in High Energy Astrophysics. Vol. 873, doi:10.1007/978- 3-319-00612-3,
Gizani N. A. B., Leahy J. P., 2003, MNRAS, 342, 399
Gizani N. A. B., Veldes G. P., 2018, EVN Newsletter 50, May 2018 Goedhart S., Gaylard M. J., Walt D. J. v. d., 2003, MNRAS, 339, L33 Goedhart S., Gaylard M. J., Van Der Walt D. J., 2004, MNRAS, 355, 553 Goldsmith P. F., 1987, IJIMW, 8, 771
Goldsmith P. F., 2002, in Stanimirovic S., Altschuler D., Goldsmith P., Salter C., eds, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 278, Single-Dish Radio Astronomy: Techniques and Applications. pp 45--79, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASPC..278...45G Granatstein V., 2012, Physical Principles of Wireless Communications, Second Edition. Taylor &
Francis
Green J. A., et al., 2010, MNRAS, 409, 913 Green J. A., et al., 2017, MNRAS, 469, 1383 Guidice D., Castelli J., 1971, ITAES, 7, 226
Gulkis S. S., Olsen E. T., Klein M. M. J., Thompson T. J., 1983, Sci, 221, 453 Guo L., et al., 2010, ScChG, 53, 1559
Gwinn C. R., Herring T. A., Shapiro I. I., 1986, JGRB, 91, 4755
HORIZONS Web-Interface 2020, (accessed Mar 18, 2020), https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/
horizons.cgi
Hafez Y. A., et al., 2008, MNRAS, 388, 1775
Hafez Y. A., Trojan L., Albaqami F. H., Almutairi A. Z., Davies R. D., Dickinson C., Piccirillo L., 2014, MNRAS, 439, 2271
Hagfors T., 1970, RaSc, 5, 189
Han J. L., Tian W. W., 1999, A&AS, 136, 571 Haniff C., 2007, NewAR, 51, 565
Harp G. R., et al., 2016, AJ, 152, 181
Harrison D. L., et al., 2000, MNRAS, 316, L24
Heiles C., 2002, in Stanimirovic S., Altschuler D., Goldsmith P., Salter C., eds, ASPC Vol. 278, Single-Dish Radio Astronomy: Techniques and Applications. pp 131--152 (arXiv:astro-ph/0107327)
Heiles C., 2007, PASP, 119, 643
Heiles C., Drake F., 1963, Icarus, 2, 281 Heiles C., et al., 2001, PASP, 113, 1274
Hellbourg G., 2018, 2018 IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Workshop (SSP)
Hellenic National Meteorological Service 2017-2020, (accessed May 27, 2020),http://www.emy.
gr/emy/el/climatology/climatology?
Hellenic Open University 2018, THE HELLENIC RADIOTELESCOPE (accessed Mar 14, 2020), https://www.eap.gr/en/important-announcments/6303-the-hellenic-radiotelescope
Hill R. S., et al., 2009, ApJS, 180, 246
Ho C., Slobin S., Kantak A., Asmar S., 2008, IPNPR, 42-175, 1 Hobbs R. W., Knapp S. L., 1971, Icar, 14, 204
Hobbs G., Lyne A. G., Kramer M., Martin C. E., Jordan C., 2004, MNRAS, 353, 1311 Hofstadter M. D., 1993, BAAS, 25, 1077
Hofstadter M. D., Butler B. J., 2003, Icar, 165, 168
Huege T., Falcke H., 2004, in Mantovani F., Kus A., eds, Vol. 135, The Role of VLBI in Astrophysics, Astrometry and Geodesy. p. 13, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/
2004rvaa.conf...13H
Hunter T. R., Napier P. J., 2016, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:1609.09376
IEEE Standard Letter Designations for Radar-Frequency Bands 2020, https://ieeexplore.
ieee.org/document/8999849
Issaoun S., Folkers T., Blackburn L., Marrone D., Krichbaum T., Janssen M., Martı-Vidal I., Falcke H., 2017a, A conceptual overview of single-dish absolute amplitude calibration.https:
//eventhorizontelescope.org/files/eht/files/EHT_memo_Issaoun_2017-CE-02.pdf
Issaoun S., Folkers T., Marrone D., Kim J., Tilanus R., Falcke H., 2017b, Submillimeter Telescope calibration memo: Updated absolute amplitude calibration procedure for 2017. https://
eventhorizontelescope.org/files/eht/files/EHT_memo_Issaoun_2017-CE-03.pdf
Jankowski F., van Straten W., Keane E. F., Bailes M., Barr E. D., Johnston S., Kerr M., 2017, MNRAS, 473, 4436
Jankowski F., et al., 2018, MNRAS, 484, 3691 Jansky K. G., 1933, PIRE, 21, 1387
Janssen M. A., Welch W. J., 1973, Icar, 18, 502 Janssen M., et al., 2019, A&A, 626, A75 Johnston S., 2002, PASA, 19, 277
Johnston S., Kerr M., 2017, MNRAS, 474, 4629 Kalaghan P. M., Wulfsberg K. N., 1968, ApJ, 154, 771
Kamide Y., Chian A., eds, 2007, Solar Radio Emissions. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 133--151, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-46315-3_6
Kenny F., 2019, Introduction to Polarisation and Polarimetry. pp 13--32, doi:10.1007/978-3-030- 19715-5_2
Kiepenheuer K., 2012, Structure and Development of Solar Active Regions. International Astronomical Union Symposia, Springer Netherlands
Klein M. J., 1971, Icar, 14, 210
Klein M. J., Hofstadter M. D., 2006, Icar, 184, 170
Ko H. C., 1961, ITAP, 9, 500 Ko H. C., 1964, ITAP, 12, 891
Kokkalas S., Jones R., McCaffrey K., Clegg P., 2007, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 40, 1959
Kotinis-Zambakas S. R., 1989, JCli, 2, 508
Koutsoyiannis D., et al., 2008, National Programme for Water Resources Management and Preservation,DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.25384.62727
Kovalevsky J., Seidelmann P., 2004, Fundamentals of Astrometry. Cambridge University Press Kramer M., Karastergiou A., Gupta Y., Johnston S., Bhat N. D. R., Lyne A. G., 2003, A&A, 407,
655
Kramer C., Moreno R., Greve A., 2008, A&A, 482, 359
Kraus, A. 2007, Calibration of the Effelsberg 100m telescope (accessed Apr 12, 2020), https://eff100mwiki.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=information_for_
astronomers:user_guide:effcalshort.pdf
Kraus, A. 2013, Calibration of Single-Dish Telescopes or: How to get from source counts to Jy... (accessed Apr 12, 2020), http://www.ira.inaf.it/eratec/PresentationOct2013/
Kraus.pdf
Kraus J. D. 1986, Radio Astronomy. Cygnus-Quasar Books Powell, Ohio Kraus, J. D. 1988, Antennas. Electrical engineering series, McGraw-Hill
Kraus, J. D. Carver K., 1973, Electromagnetics. Electrical Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill Krishnaswamy K., 2010, Astrophysics. New Age Internat., https://books.google.gr/books?
id=uqA0z_SN_KwC
Krotikov V. D., Pelyushenko S. A., 1987, SvA, 31, 216
Kutuza B. G., Losovskii B. Y., Salomonovich A. E., 1966, SvA, 10, 190 Kuzmin A. D., Losovsky B. Y., 1971, Icar, 14, 196
Lagouvardos K., et al., 2017, GSDJ, 4, 4
Learmonth Observatory 2020, (accessed Feb 26, 2020),http://www.sws.bom.gov.au/Solar/3/4 Lee J., 2007, SSRv, 133, 73
Lei L., Zhong Q., Wang J., Shi L., Liu S., 2019, AdAst, 2019, 1
Lestrade J. F., Rogers A. E. E., Whitney A. R., Niell A. E., Phillips R. B., Preston R. A., 1990, AJ, 99, 1663
Li L., Wang N., Yuan J. P., Wang J. B., Hobbs G., Lentati L., Manchester R. N., 2016, MNRAS, 460, 4011
Linsky J. L., 1973, ApJS, 25, 163
Lipovka A. A., Lipovka N. M., 2017, St. Petersburg Polytechnical University Journal: Physics and Mathematics, 3, 164
Liszt H., 1997, A&AS, 124, 183
Lobanov A. P., Horns D., Muxlow T. W. B., 2011, A&A, 533, A10
Lorimer D., Kramer M., 2005, Handbook of Pulsar Astronomy. Cambridge Observing Handbooks for Research Astronomers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Lorimer D. R., Yates J. A., Lyne A. G., Gould D. M., 1995, MNRAS, 273, 411 Lyder D. A., Galt J., 1997, AJ, 113, 1310
Ma C., et al., 1998, AJ, 116, 516 MacDoran P. F., 1974, AcA, 1, 1427
Maddalena R. J., 2002, in Stanimirovic S., Altschuler D., Goldsmith P., Salter C., eds, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 278, Single-Dish Radio Astronomy: Techniques and Applications. pp 329--352, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASPC..278..329M Mandal P., Agarwal D., Kumar P., Yelikar A., Soni K., Krishna T V., 2016, arXiv e-prints, p.
arXiv:1601.02982
Mangum J. G., 1993, PASP, 105, 117
Marcaide J. M., Shapiro I. I., 1983, AJ, 88, 1133
Maron O., Serylak M., Kijak J., Krzeszowski K., Mitra D., Jessner A., 2013, A&A, 555, A28 Marr J., Snell R., Kurtz S., 2015, Fundamentals of Radio Astronomy: Observational Methods.
Series in Astronomy and Astrophysics, CRC Press
Mason B. S., Leitch E. M., Myers S. T., Cartwright J. K., Readhead A. C. S., 1999, AJ, 118, 2908 Massaro F., et al., 2015, ApJS, 217, 2
Matsangouras I., Nastos P., Fakitsas G., 2010. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
266556990_Spatial_and_temporal_variability_of_lightings_over_Greece_during_
1998-2007
Matsangouras I. T., Nastos P. T., Kapsomenakis J., 2016, AtmRe, 169, 485 Mayer C. H., 1964, ITME, 8, 236
Mayer C. H., McCullough T. P., 1971, Icar, 14, 187
Mayer C., McCullough T., Sloanaker R., 1963, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, Ser. 5, 7 Mazarakis N., Kotroni V., Lagouvardos K., Argiriou A. A., 2008, JApMC, 47, 3089
McMullin J. P., Waters B., Schiebel D., Young W., Golap K., 2007, CASA Architecture and Applications. p. 127, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ASPC..376..127M
Melchior P., 1983, The tides of the planet earth 2nd edition.https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/
abs/1983opp..book...M
Menezes F., Valio A., 2017, SoPh, 292 Menten K. M., 1991, ApJ, 380, L75
Mezger P. G., Strassl H., 1959, P&SS, 1, 213 Moffat P. H., 1972, MNRAS, 160, 139
Momjian E., 2019, Calibrating the Flux Density Scale (accessed Jan 16, 2020),https://science.
nrao.edu/facilities/vla/docs/manuals/oss/performance/fdscale
Muhleman D. O., Berge G. L., 1991, Icar, 92, 263 Murphy T., et al., 2017, PASA, 34
Muscat D., 2014, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:1403.4209
Napier P. J., 1999, in Perley R. A., Schwab F. R., Bridle A. H., eds, ASPC Vol. 6, Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy. p. 39,https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ASPC....6...39N Nastos P. T., Matsangouras I. T., Chronis T. G., 2014, AtmRe, 144, 207
Nnadih O., Ugwuoke A., Okere B., 2015, Calibration of Radio Telescope using a Satellite Dish. pp 38--44, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280727502_Calibration_
of_Radio_Telescope_using_a_Satellite_Dish
Nyquist H., 1928, PhysRev, 32, 110
O'Neil K., 2002, in Stanimirovic S., Altschuler D., Goldsmith P., Salter C., eds, ASP Conference Series Vol. 278, Single-Dish Radio Astronomy: Techniques and Applications. pp 293--311 (arXiv:astro-ph/0203001), https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ASPC..278..293O Oberoi D., Sharma R., Rogers A. E. E., 2017, SoPh, 292
Olech M., Szymczak M., Wolak P., Sarniak R., Bartkiewicz A., 2019, MNRAS, 486, 1236
Ott M., Witzel A., Quirrenbach A., Krichbaum T. P., Standke K. J., Schalinski C. J., Hummel C. A., 1994, A&A, 284, 331
Page L., et al., 2003a, ApJS, 148, 39 Page L., et al., 2003b, ApJ, 585, 566
Palmer J., Davenhall A. C., 2001, Starlink Cookbook, 6
Partridge B., López-Caniego M., Perley R. A., Stevens J., Butler B. J., Rocha G., Walter B., Zacchei A., 2016, ApJ, 821, 61
Pavlides S., Valkaniotis S., Ganas A., Keramydas D., Sboras S., 2004, The Atalanti active fault:
Re-evaluation using new geological data, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
259272987_The_Atalanti_active_fault_Re-evaluation_using_new_geological_data
Peng B., Kraus A., Krichbaum T. P., Witzel A., 2000, A&AS, 145, 1
Peppas G., Bekas K., Naxakis I., Pyrgioti E., Charalampakos V., 2012, Analysis of lightning impacts in Greece. pp 1--5, doi:10.1109/ICLP.2012.6344347
Perley R. A., Butler B. J., 2013, ApJS, 204, 19 Perley R. A., Butler B. J., 2017, ApJS, 230, 7
Perley R. A., Zijlstra A., van Hoof P., 2006, The Radio Evolution of NGC7027. p. 92.02,https:
//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AAS...209.9202P
Pestalozzi M. R., Minier V., Booth R. S., 2005, A&A, 432, 737 Petrov L., 2013, AJ, 146, 5
Pilia M., et al., 2016, A&A, 586, A92 Price D. C., et al., 2020, AJ, 159, 86
Punge H. J., Kunz M., 2016, AtmRe, 176, 159
Rahmat-Samii Y., Densmore A., 2009, in 2009 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC). pp 17--23, doi:10.1109/IMOC.2009.5427640
Rampadarath H., Morgan J. S., Tingay S. J., Trott C. M., 2012, AJ, 144, 38 Reardon D. J., et al., 2016, MNRAS, 455, 1751
Reid M., Honma M., 2014, ARA&A, 52, 339 Reyes R., et al., 2008, AJ, 136, 2373
Rioja M. J., Marcaide J. M., Elosegui P., Shapiro I. I., 1997, A|&A, 325, 383 Roberts J., 1963, P&SS, 11, 221
Robertson D. S., Ray J. R., Carter W. E., 1994, JGRB, 99, 621
Rohlfs K., Wilson T. L., 2004, A List of Calibration Radio Sources. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 435--437, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05394-2_18
Romani P. N., de Pater I., Atreya S. K., 1989, GeoRL, pp 933--936.
Ros E., 2005, in Romney J., Reid M., eds, ASPC Vol. 340, Future Directions in High Resolution Astronomy. p. 482, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ASPC..340..482R
Ros E., Marcaide J. M., Guirado J. C., Ratner M. I., Shapiro I. I., Krichbaum T. P., Witzel A., Preston R. A., 1999, A&A, 348, 381
Roy S., Prasad A., Panja S., Ghosh K., Patra S., 2019, SoSyR, 53, 224
Rudy D. J., Muhleman D. O., Berge G. L., Jakosky B. M., Christensen P. R., 1987, Icar, 71, 159 Rybicki G., Lightman A., 1991, Radiative Processes in Astrophysics. A Wiley-Interscience
publication, Wiley
Sandell G., 1994, MNRAS, 271, 75
Sasao T., Fletcher A. B., 2005, Introduction to VLBI Systems. Lecture Notes for KVN Students. Suwon: Ajou University, http://astro.sci.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp/jvn/reduction/
kvnlecnote/kchap2.pdf
Sault R., 2003, ATCA flux density scale at 12mm (accessed Jan 16, 2020), https://www.
researchgate.net/publication/245533345_ATCA_flux_density_scale_at_12mm
Schlyter P., 2020, How to compute rise/set times and altitude above horizon (accessed Jul 11, 2020), http://www.stjarnhimlen.se/comp/riset.html#5
Schuh H., Behrend D., 2012, JGeo, 61, 68
Seiradakis J. H., 1996, An extension of the European Millimetre VLBI Network: Plans for a mm radiotelescope in Greece. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 326--329, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69999-6_47
Seiradakis J. H., Gil J. A., Graham D. A., Jessner A., Kramer M., Malofeev V. M., Sieber W., Wielebinski R., 1995, A&AS, 111, 205
Šekuljica D., Badessi S., Ferrante M., Vidmar M., 2017, Informacije MIDEM, 47, 79
Shapiro I. I., Knight C. A., 1970, Geophysical Applications of Long-Baseline Radio Interferometry.
Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 284--301, doi:10.1007/978-94-010-3308-4_28 Shapiro I. I., et al., 1979, AJ, 84, 1459
Shibasaki K., Alissandrakis C. E., Pohjolainen S., 2011, SoPh, 273, 309
Sioutas M., 2011, Hail occurrence in Greece. 6 th European Conference on Severe Storms (ECSS 2011) , 3 - 7 October 2011, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. pp 3--7, https:
//www.essl.org/ECSS/2011/programme/abstracts/224.pdf
Skrutskie M. F., et al., 2006, AJ, 131, 1163
Sovers O., Jacobs C., Gross R., 1993, JGRB, 98, 19959
Sovers O. J., Fanselow J. L., Jacobs C. S., 1998, RvMP, 70, 1393
Stournaras G., Yoxas G., Vassilakis E., Nastos P., 2011, Climate Change Implications on Groundwater in Hellenic Region. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 91--98, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19902-8_10
Sugiyama K., Fujisawa K., Doi A., Honma M., Kobayashi H., Bushimata T., Mochizuki N., Murata Y., 2008, PASJ, 60, 23
Szymczak M., Hrynek G., Kus A. J., 2000, A&AS, 143, 269
Szymczak M., Wolak P., Bartkiewicz A., van Langevelde H. J., 2011, A&A, 531, L3 Szymczak M., Wolak P., Bartkiewicz A., Borkowski K. M., 2012, AN, 333, 634
Szymczak M., Olech M., Sarniak R., Wolak P., Bartkiewicz A., 2017, MNRAS, 474, 219 Tan C., Yan Y., Tan B., Fu Q., Liu Y., Xu G., 2015, ApJ, 808, 61
Tapping K., 2013, SpWea, 11, 394
Tapping K. F., Detracey B., 1990, SoPh, 127, 321 Taylor G. B., Perley R. A., 1992, A&A, 262, 417
The Nautical Almanac 2020, (accessed Mar 18, 2020),https://thenauticalalmanac.com/2020%
20Nautical%20Almanac.pdf
Thompson A. R., 1999, in Taylor G. B., Carilli C. L., Perley R. A., eds, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 180, Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy II. p. 11, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ASPC..180...11T
Thompson A., Moran J., Swenson G., 2008, Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy.
Wiley
Thompson A., Moran J., Swenson G., 2017, Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy.
Astronomy and Astrophysics Library, Springer International Publishing Tiuri M. E., 1964, ITME, 8, 264
Torstensson K., van Langevelde H., Bourke S., 2007, IAUS, 242 Trippe S., 2014, JKAS, 47, 15
Troitskii V. S., Tikhonova T. V., 1970, R&QE, 13, 981
Troitsky V. S., 1962, in Kopal Z., Mikhailov Z. K., eds, IAU Symposium Vol. 14, The Moon. pp 475--490, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962IAUS...14..475T
Troitsky V., 1967, RSPSA, 296, 366
Turegano J. A., Klein M. J., 1981, A&A, 94, 91 Tushingham A., 1991, GeoRL, 18, 1281
Ulaby F., Ravaioli U., 2001, Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
Ulich B. L., 1981, AJ, 86, 1619
Umland H., 2006, A Short Guide to Celestial Navigation (accessed Jul 12, 2020). https://www.
waypointamsterdam.com/Handy_stuf/Short_Guide_To_Astro_navigation.pdf
Van Der Walt D. J., Goedhart S., Gaylard M. J., 2009, MNRAS, 398, 961 Vlemmings W. H. T., Torres R. M., Dodson R., 2011, A&A, 529, A95 Vourlidas A., Gary D. E., Shibasaki K., 2006, PASJ, 58, 11
Walter H., Sovers O., 2012, Astrometry of Fundamental Catalogues: The Evolution from Optical to Radio Reference Frames. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library, Springer Berlin Heidelberg Weiland J. L., et al., 2011, ApJS, 192, 19
White S. M., 2005, Coronal Magnetic Field Measurements Through Gyroresonance Emission.
Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 89--113, doi:10.1007/1-4020-2814-8_5, https://doi.
org/10.1007/1-4020-2814-8_5
White S. M., Kundu M. R., 1997, SoPh, 174, 31
Wiedemann H., 2003, Synchrotron Radiation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 647--686, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05034-7_20, https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-3-662-05034-7_20
Wielebinski R., 1976, MExP, 12, 82
Wilson T. L., 2011, arXiv e-prints, p. arXiv:1111.1183
Wilson T. L., Rohlfs K., Hüttemeister S., 2009, Tools of Radio Astronomy. Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85122-6
Winkel B., Kraus A., Bach U., 2012, A&A, 540, A140
Witz S., 2013, VLA Frequency Bands and Tunability (accessed Jun 18, 2020),https://science.
nrao.edu/facilities/vla/docs/manuals/oss2013B/performance/bands
Wrixon G. T., Welch W. J., Thornton D. D., 1971, ApJ, 169, 171
Wrobel J. M., Walker R. C., 1999, in Taylor G. B., Carilli C. L., Perley R. A., eds, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 180, Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy II.
p. 171, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ASPC..180..171W
Wu J., Yang H., Yin Y.-Z., 2014, Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, 55, 9
Φιλιππόπουλος Γ., 2018, Τα γιγάντια πιάτα του ΟΤΕ που συνέδεαν για δεκαετίες τρεις ηπείρους (accessed Jun 29, 2020), https://www.newsbeast.gr/weekend/arthro/4093330/
ta-gigantia-piata-toy-ote-poy-synedean-gia-dekaeties-treis-ipeiroys
Xie Y.-W., et al., 2019, RAA, 19, 103
Xue L., Wu W., Li X., 2020, IEEE Access, 8, 75833 Yan W. M., et al., 2011, MNRAS, 414, 2087
Yang K., et al., 2017, ApJ, 846, 160
Yang K., et al., 2019, ApJS, 241, 18
Zafar S. N. A. S., Sabri N. H., Umar R., Ibrahim Z. A., 2019, Sains Malaysiana, 48, 183
Zakharenko V., Yerin S., Bubnov I., Vasilieva I., Kravtsov I., 2016, in 2016 II International Young Scientists Forum on Applied Physics and Engineering (YSF). pp 210--213, doi:10.1109/YSF.2016.7753839
Zanis P., Kapsomenakis I., Philandras C., Douvis K., Nikolakis D., Kanellopoulou E., Zerefos C., Repapis C., 2009, IJCli, 29, 1614
Zhang X.-Z., Gray A., Su Y., Li J.-D., Landecker T., Zhang H.-B., Li C.-L., 2012, RAA, 12, 1297 Zhao R.-S., et al., 2017, ApJ, 845, 156
Zheleznyakov V., Hey J., 2013, Radio Emission of the Sun and Planets: International Series of Monographs in Natural Philosophy. International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Biolo, Elsevier Science
Zhou B., Geng J., Li Z., Wang W., Liang X.-L., Jin R., 2015, International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2015, 1
Zijlstra A. A., van Hoof P. A. M., Perley R. A., 2008, ApJ, 681, 1296
Υπεύθυνη Δήλωση Συγγραφέα:
Δηλώνω ρητά ότι, σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 8 του Ν.1599/1986, η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί αποκλειστικά προϊόν προσωπικής μου εργασίας, δεν προσβάλλει κάθε μορφής δικαιώματα διανοητικής ιδιοκτησίας, προσωπικότητας και προσωπικών δεδομένων τρίτων, δεν περιέχει έργα/εισφορές τρίτων για τα οποία απαιτείται άδεια των δημιουργών/δικαιούχων και δεν είναι προϊόν μερικής ή ολικής αντιγραφής, οι πηγές δε που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν περιορίζονται στις βιβλιογραφικές αναφορές και μόνον και πληρούν τους κανόνες της επιστημονικής παράθεσης.