Bioethics and Public Health: From the 1970s to the COVID-19 pandemic
Aikaterini A. Aspradaki
Barrett DH, Bolan G, Dawson A, Ortmann LW, Reis A, Saenz C (eds) Public health ethics: cases around the world. Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach. Heart disease and social inequality: ethical issues in the etiology, prevention and treatment of heart disease.
Genomics in the era of COVID-19: ethical implications for clinical practice and public health. Transparency, trust, and community well-being: toward a rigorous public health ethical framework for the genomics era.
Η μάταιη θεραπεία (futile treatment): Ιατρική και θεολογική προσέγγιση
Futile treatment: Medical and Theological approach
Ethical issues in geriatric care at the end of life: The approach of three monotheistic religions - Judaism, Catholicism and Islam. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication Withholding_and_Withdrawing_Life- Saving_Treatment_OrdinaryExtraordinary_Mea ns_Autonomy_Futility. Associations between patient characteristics, health-related quality of life, and spiritual well-being among Arab Muslim cancer patients.
The influence of religious beliefs on health care: Between medical futility and refusal of treatment. The Book of Job: A 2,500-Year-Old Current Guide to the Practice of Oncology; The connection between medicine and spirituality. Perceptions of appropriateness of care among European and Israeli intensive care unit nurses and physicians.
Conflict in the care of long-stay ICU patients: types, sources, and predictors. Recommendations for end-of-life care in the intensive care unit: A consensus statement from the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Spirituality and religion in the care of surgical oncology patients with life-threatening or advanced disease.
AI and the Healthcare sector: Industry, legal and ethical issues Victoria Dipla
To be more precise, in terms of the healthcare sector, AI has the ability to process a huge amount of patient data and deliver an automatic decision tailored to each of them, without the need for them to be close to each other. 33Article 22§1 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data, on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation – GDPR). The right to “informed consent” is (not within the provisions of the GDPR, but included in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union)39 one of the foundations of medical law within the EU legal framework, as well as in individual fallen. Legislation of the EU Member States.
37 Article 22§4 of the Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data on the free movement of such data, and revocation of Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation- GDPR). One of them is recital 71:44 "The right to obtain an explanation of the decision taken after such an assessment", which accompanies and sheds light on the prohibition of fully automatic processing. On the other hand, another argument on this debate about the actual existence of a right to an explanation stems from the combined interpretation of Articles 13-15 of the GDPR,45 Article 22§4 and Recital 71.
This is why the answer to the initial problematic of the existence of a right to explanation lies in the way the term is used. In summary, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) could provide a clarification of the term with regard to the “right to explanation”. A similar approach was taken in the past by the Court of Justice with regard to the 'right to be forgotten', which was actually created as a result of the court's interpretation of the law.51 Another solution would be changes to the GDPR itself.
Part of the initiative was the direct reference to the GDPR and Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union, highlighting the humanitarian scope, focusing on justice, non-discrimination and freedom. Thus, AI constitutes the HLEG group's first document on trustworthy AI, accompanied by guidelines for its ethical use, "Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI",56 which was also incorporated in the latest communication from the EU Commission (Communication: Building Trust in Human - Centric Artificial Intelligence57 All three were based on previous reports from the European Parliament (EP) Committee on Legal Affairs, on 2, 5 and 8 October 2020.
Additionally, very related and interesting principles of the text concern the scope of privacy and recognition and biometric data. Undoubtedly, in the modern world, the speed of contemporary progress leaves most people in awe, but also like any innovation, it creates reasonable concern.
Sustainable Biofuel Policies: Challenges and ethical considerations
Zinovia Tsitrouli 1,2
- Biofuels
- The sustainable biofuels governance challenge
- Are existing policies and regulatory frameworks promoting truly sustainable
- Towards a Biofuels’ Ethical Framework Approaching biofuels governance from a
- Conclusions
Biofuels are seen as a promising and breakthrough solution to ensure energy security, reduce dependence on fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, as they have been shown to be carbon neutral under specific conditions (when the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted during their combustion is equal to or less than the atmospheric CO2 previously used from plants (biofuel feedstock) for photosynthesis). The current status of biofuels in the European Union, their environmental impact and future prospects. What does it mean for something to be sustainable and how is sustainability relevant in the field of biofuels.
This situation has been evaluated as beneficial for countries outside the EU, so that their biofuels can be improved in terms of sustainability; on the other hand, this precondition is also considered as an obstacle to import into the EU for mainly ethanol-producing countries. We can summarize our sustainability-oriented assessment of policies by emphasizing the fact that the economic component seems to be the most respected by policy makers, in the sense that it has priority when compared to the other two components and that environmental protection issues are gradually . taken into consideration more seriously, but the social aspect is the one that is mostly neglected. Towards an Ethical Biofuels Framework Approaching biofuels governance from a sustainability perspective is important and all three pillars (economic, environmental and social) should be considered in policy formation.
For the most part, biofuel ethics are approached in a way that places human interests at the center and assesses policies based on whether human needs are not fully considered and/or met. It is true that preserving biodiversity and preventing greenhouse gas emissions have also been central to the ethical discourse surrounding biofuels, with the Nuffield Council on Bioethics61 recognizing two relevant ethical principles in 2009: a)... biofuels should be environmentally sustainable”, (b) “biofuels must contribute to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions”. However, after several years of active development in this field, it became clear that several criteria must be met before biofuels can be characterized.
We will conclude the current discussion by providing some key recommendations regarding the reformulation of legislation and policies, which could be beneficial for the overall sustainability of biofuels. In addition to politicians and policymakers, both the scientific community and NGOs should play an active role in the policy-making process. This would be a truly sustainable solution in the environmentally stressed world we live in, where overproduction and overconsumption are constantly worsening the situation.
However, keeping this ideal as a guide, legislation can be progressively reformulated to try to achieve a balance between human activities and the laws of nature. Current status of biofuels in the European Union, their environmental impacts and future prospects, 2012.
Surrogacy in France: A summary of the situation
Yannis Bonnet 1,2
This article will focus on the principle of surrogacy itself, the legal issues that have arisen and how it is handled in France. In this decision, based on the inaccessibility of the human body and the inaccessibility of the human condition, the court ruled that it completely prohibits surrogacy and invalidates the relevant contracts. This opening had many consequences for the legal perception of surrogacy in France, along with transnational decisions.
The European Court of Human Rights has delivered two decisions based on surrogacy issues in France. Based on the child's best interest and the right to private life, the court ruled that the rejection of a transcript of a foreign birth certificate established abroad based on the fact that the intended parent is not the right one is not, an obstacle to the recognition was of the child's parentage, and thus a violation of article 8 of ECHR. An association against surrogacy contested that circular before the "Conseil d'Etat" and the court again ruled on the basis of the child's best interest, and especially the right to private life (article 8 ECHR).
A few months later, the Cour de Cassation ruled on Decision No. 14-21223) that surrogacy abroad does not represent a fraud against the law that requires the refusal to transcribe a foreign birth certificate if it complies with the provisions of the French Civil Code. (Article 47). At the European Court of Human Rights, France ruled again in Foulon and Bouvet v. France. Once again, the decision was based on the child's right to privacy; the court ruled that France did not consider the duty to print the birth certificate enough.
The European Court of Human Rights again ruled against France on the same basis in the Laborie v. France decision. The European Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion regarding the state of surrogacy across Europe. In the Conseil d'Etat (decision no. 411984) issued a reminder to the Minister of the Interior, emphasizing that the foreign birth certificate of a surrogate child, although not transcribed, expresses descent with the named parents (even with intended parent).
Based on Article 8 of the ECHR and the right to private life, the court ruled that the national authorities act against the child's best interests when transcription is refused on the grounds that the intended parent is not the right one. Indeed, by refusing to write off a foreign birth certificate on the grounds that it would not correctly establish parentage, French jurisdictions seek to triumph over the reality of the child's birth.
Ανασκόπηση - Review
Lie detection in the brain - Moral, social, legal and religious challenges
Chrysa G. Poulou 1,2
Η Ανίχνευση του Ψεύδους στον Εγκέφαλο με την Τεχνική f-MRI
Αξιοπιστία της Μεθόδου f-MRI για την Αναγνώριση του Ψεύδους
Mechanical Detection of Deception: A Brief Educational Overview: Interrogation: Science and Art - Foundations for the Future, ed. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law: An Official Legal Review from the University of Arizona College of Law and the University of Miami School of Law.
