Then our working hypotheses are outlined: does the position of a political party influence its perception of the E.U. In the second part, the case studies are discussed, by presenting a short profile of the two parties.
FOREWORD
For example, 2004 was the year of the Olympic Games in Athens, a year when frequent references to the EU. The second part of the study includes the case studies of SYRIZA and Chrysi-Avgi. All documents under review were selected according to their usefulness for the multifaceted representation of Euroscepticism in party political ideology and views.
Declaration of principles and framework of programmatic positions of SYRIZA-EKM, available at the official website of the party. Political positions – For the Golden Dawn of Hellenism, Proposals for the solution of the Greek problem, the. Termination of the Memorandum and cancellation of the illegal debt is the only way for the Greek economy.
A negative vote by the Cypriot parliament will be a message of "war" in Europe. It is known that the CFSP is one of the less developed pillars, while the EU. CA: "Why did the Germans give Antonis Samaras (the Greek Prime Minister) the European Politician of the Year award?
SY: "In contrast to the Mechanism, the Party of the European Left (KEA) proposes to the peoples of Europe to create a "European Fund for Social Development". After all, Objective 22 reiterates the party's commitment to "Greece's future in united Europe". however, in the context of a broad institutional reform to strengthen "the political and democratic control of the E.C.B" (see: Chapter 8).In addition, given the continuing change of the political scene, SYRIZA could be described as.
FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
- WHAT DO WE MEAN BY EUROSCEPTICISM?
- A DIVERSITY OF DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS
- THE PROS AND CONS OF EACH DEFINITION
- A STROLL AMIDST EXISTING LITERATURE: TOWARDS FORMULATING OUR
This means that, depending on which issues are more dominant in the political debate of each country, the perception of the EU. More specifically, according to the newspaper, the parties of the political right are more likely to express their criticism in terms of the loss of sovereignty and the threat of national identity and culture. On the other hand, the parties of the left focus their criticisms and concerns on the impact of integration on the state of well-being and socio-economic status of citizens.
A BRIEF PROFILE OF THE TWO PARTIES
Until now, decisions are taken by unanimity, in order to balance the different dynamics and size of the constituent organizations. The forum promoted the joint list of participating political subjects, in light of the upcoming national elections of 2004. In the context of the Euroscepticism theory proposed by Taggart and Szczerbiak (2008), we can suggest that SYRIZA left the periphery of systemic politics , towards becoming the main party.
Laikos Syndesmos (lit. "People's Association")–Chrysi-Avgi is a far-right party whose roots date back to the 1980s, when the magazine of the same name first appeared in 1980. At the same time, Patriotiki Symachia ( lit. "Patriotic Alliance") was essentially a frontal organization of the AK, with the participation of independent members (not necessarily) of the wider right. European Parliament elections, June 2004: Patriotiki Symachia received 12,000 votes, ranking third among the three existing far-right parties at the time.
The growth of CA coincides with the outbreak of the European financial crisis and constitutes the starting point of our analysis. Nikos Michaloliakos was the founder, organizer, visionary and theoretician of the party, remaining the undisputed leader.
OVERVIEW OF OFFICIAL TEXTS AND DECLARATIONS
Our permanent goal is to immediately draw the borders of the Greek E.E.Z., according to the principle of the center line. We entered as southerners and that is exactly how we are treated by the technocrats from the north. If we get rid of the first one, then we automatically loosen the tight European "slipknot".
SY: “The Cyprus crisis has shown that today's neoliberal Europe is in practice a denial of the idea of European integration. All foreign powers – Europe, Russia, the US – conspired against the Greeks to exploit the energy reserves of the Greek and Cypriot EEA. SY: “SYRIZA is now the backbone of the majority of the Greek people who oppose the Memorandum.
Presidential elections in France - Francois Hollande wins => Socialist turn in one of the main members of the Union. The solidarity of people affected by international European capital is necessary today more than ever. SY: "One of the main proposals of the European Left Party is control over capital flows.
Therefore, at this point we must recognize that we are dealing with a structural failure of the E.M.U.
CLASSIFYING THE EUROSCEPTIC ATTITUDES OF SYRIZA AND CHRYSI-
Page | It becomes clear that SYRIZA focuses its criticism on a particular political group that is leading the integration process in a wrong, antisocial direction, and not against integration itself. As for Chrysi-Avgi, it is not a problem to realize the hard texture of his Eurosceptic attitude: after the Eurogroup meeting on April 12, 2013, the Press Service issued a statement reiterating the party's commitment to the Eurozone. and the country's creditors, who "prepared its economic disaster." Michaloliakos described CA as the 'party of nationalist opposition', while after Hollande's election CA labeled Greece's official creditors as the 'party of nationalist opposition'.
Looking at the party's official positions - as they appear on its website - we can find numerous indications of anti-European ideas ("Europe stripped of energy"; "EU membership... marked the final destruction... of agricultural production..." ; the false European vision"; "the narrow European humanity on the neck of our nation") Of course, the CA focuses its criticism on the loss of national sovereignty ("self-sufficiency is the great national objective"; .. the unilateral conclusion of the Memorandum " ; "Greece must again become a free and sovereign country") and emphasizes its antithesis to the "European Zionist vision" which "in its current form is the tombstone of Hellenism," while "E.U. Critically Eurosceptic (by Statham & Koopmans definitions), if we consider the party's opposition. Europe on a new basis, where social security, peaceful foreign policy, democracy and respect for the environment will be integral elements.
EU-Rejectionist (according to Flood & Usherwood), for the same reasons above which are related to the fundamental.
BACK TO OUR WORKING HYPOTHESES
This observation indeed applies to Chrysi-Avgi, which is on the far right of the political spectrum and prefers to see Greece out of the EU. On the other hand, SYRIZA cannot be defined as extreme, either in political or ideological terms: as we have seen, it expresses a softer objection to European integration, by not opposing its fundamental values. The results and the 6.92% share of the CA do not justify any conclusion regarding the xenophobic feelings of the Greek people.
In fact, there have been numerous complaints and accusations against members of the CA for perpetrating violence against immigrants throughout Greece.x On the contrary, SYRIZA does not attach much importance to national values, whereas it has supported immigration and immigrants on various occasions .30. Consequently, parties from the political right are more likely to express their criticism in terms of loss of sovereignty and threat to national identity and culture. More specifically, left-wing parties tend to focus their criticism on the current neoliberal orientation of integration, which then translates into economic insecurity for individuals.
On the part of the political right, "the bottom line of the battle is the defense of national sovereignty, as parties successfully mobilize considerations of national identity against the EU." Indeed, SYRIZA has often opposed the "neoliberal alliance of conservatives and social democrats" (Timeline describing itself as "a ray of hope and perspective for it. On the other hand, Chrysi-Avgi has stated that "Greece must become one again free and sovereign country and not be a miserable protectorate of foreign powers", describing the EU's role.
CONCLUSIONS
The reason is simple: these words do not have a universal meaning, but can be used according to the respective context, either in a negative (mainly) or positive sense. SYRIZA puts forward a softer form of Euroscepticism, by not opposing the idea of European integration (“we believe that Greece's position and future lies within the united Europe”, see: Goal 22, Chapter 8) , but rather by proposing a different direction than the current, neoliberal direction, towards a socialist Europe ("the unification of Europe must restart", Election Programme, May 6, 2012). Chrysi-Avgi is also Eurosceptic, but in a very different way; it focuses its rhetoric on sovereignty and national values and identity, which are in danger as a result of the current form of integration, described as the 'tombstone for Hellenism'. Although there is no clear intention to leave the EU, which would be too expensive a political proposition for any party, no matter how extreme it may be, we can conclude that CA would prefer to see Greece independent, because its entry into the EU one of the main reasons is to leave the EU.
In other words, there is a qualitative difference in the Eurosceptic positions of the two parties that covers the entire spectrum of Euroscepticism. Indeed, Euroscepticism appears to be influenced by the party's position on the political spectrum, with Syriza focusing on the unwanted neoliberal direction of the Union and its impact on citizens' well-being, and Chrysi-Avgi basing its views on the notion of national independence and sovereignty, mobilizing considerations of national identity primarily against immigrants and secondarily against the EU. 1 Pew Research Center, Global Attitudes Project European Union Report, “The New Sick Man of Europe: the European Union, French Dispirited; Attitudes differ greatly from Germans,” May 14, 2013.
Left/Right,” paper presented at the Seventh Biennial International Conference of the European Community Studies Association, May 31 – June 2, 2001, Madison, Wisconsin. 22 Press conference of representatives of the "Space for Dialogue for the Unity and Common Action of the Left," May 15, 2001, available at:
