It should give readers an overview of the environment in which rehabilitation techniques are practiced. This book is a reflection of the significant advances made in rehabilitation engineering.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
REHABILITATION ENGINEERING
Because of the optimal interaction between the technology or technique and the person whose (re)habilitation goals are to be met, specialized scientific techniques are required to evaluate the efficacy of the technology or technique (Cole arid Edgerton 1990, Pope and Tarlov 1991). Rehabilitation engineers must rely on scientific methods and user feedback to evaluate the effectiveness of a technology or technique.
US LEGISLATION INFLUENCING REHABILITATION ENGINEERING
The first major successes of the disability rights movement in America were the passage of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (PL93-112) and the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (PL94-142) . Despite the advances of the 1970s, people with disabilities were far from fully integrated into society (Ficke 1992, Zola 1982).
INTERNATIONAL POLICY INFLUENCING REHABILITATION ENGINEERING
France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom have quota systems for employment of people with disabilities. The British Parliament has made significant efforts to contribute to the social improvement of people with disabilities.
ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY
Assistive technology should be evaluated to determine the potential contribution of the device of technology to the rehabilitation process (Galvin 1991). The satisfaction of the consumer with a disability is the most important basis for evaluating assistive technology.
REHABILITATION TECHNOLOGY SUPPLIERS
ENGINEERING ACCEPTABLE PERFORMANCE
System human performance is often measured using standards of accuracy, speed, training time, and consumer satisfaction. The skill of the rehabilitation engineer is influenced by his ability to make trade-offs that lead to the best overall human performance.
REHABILITATION ENGINEERING DESIGN
One of the first steps in the design process is to define when the problem is solved. It is important to remember that all are solutions to the problem; the process is to choose the best solutions.
ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY DESIGN CRITERIA
The device must meet the manufacturer's claims as perceived by the consumer. It is also important to give the consumer some options when purchasing the device.
SUMMARY
Rehabilitation engineering applied to mobility and manipulation: analysis and design of devices and systems for improving and assessing physical limitations. Rehabilitation engineering applied to access to information and communication: analysis and design of devices and systems for improving and assessing sensory or communication disorders.
FURTHER READING AND REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF
REHABILITATION ENGINEERING DESIGN
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The level of independence and the attitude of the person towards assistive technology will influence the user. The physical, emotional and cognitive abilities of the consumer must be appropriate for assistive technology to be acceptable.
The scores of the consumer and the clinician are added and placed in the appropriate box within the matrix. The percentages of various alloying elements have an effect on the properties of the steel.
ALUMINUM FOR ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY DESIGN
If the first number in the designation is a number between 2 and 9, the material is made of aluminum alloy. It is used for structural parts that require high fatigue resistance, good strength-to-weight ratio and high machinability, but do not require welding.
DESIGN WITH ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Stress is the applied force divided by the cross-sectional area of the deformed section. The modulus of elasticity (E) is a measure of stiffness for a material, and defines the slope of the stress-strain curve in the elastic region under tension (see Figure 2.7) or compression loading. 2.3) The modulus of elasticity in shear (G) is the shear stress (a,) divided by.
FABRICATION
Torch welding is a process in which the adjacent edges of the materials to be bonded are heated until they reach a molten state. A high level of skill is required to achieve full penetration and good flow of the fill material. Electric arc welding does not require oxygen to create heat, so it can be used on a wider variety of metals.
Shielded metal arc welding (stick welding) is the most common form of electric arc welding. The electrode can be coated with flux to help remove impurities and oxidants from the weld, in which case the electrodes are short 'sticks', or the flux can be in the center of the electrode which allows the use of a coil with core wire for the electrode. Basic Electric Circuits 55 in such a way that the choice of the right fastener is solved by determining critical dimensions.
Choosing the right screw type depends on the amount of space available, the likelihood that someone will come into contact with it, and the amount of force the screw must support.
BASIC ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
The voltage across the coil is proportional to the rate of change of current. The equivalent inductor ( L, ) for a set of N parallel-connected inductors is the sum of the individual inductors ( L k. The source vector w, ~ consists of the sum of the sources in the network j t h with the corresponding sign assigned to each source.
The average power delivered by a sinusoidal current is related to the effective value of the current (Ieff). The product of the effective voltage (Veff) and the effective current (I,ff) is called the apparent power and has the units volt-ampere (VA). In an ideal model of an operational amplifier (Figure 2.1 l), the impedance between terminals 1 and 2 is infinite (input impedance) and the amplifier acts as a voltage-controlled voltage source.
An inverting amplifier will give a response proportional to the negative of the input, as shown in Figure 2.13.
CHAPTER 3 BIOMECHANICS OF MOBILITY AND
- HUMAN MOTION ANALYSIS
- GAIT ANALYSIS
- FUNCTIONAL NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION FOR MOVEMENT RESTORATION
- BIOMECHANICS OF WHEELCHAIR PROPULSION
The inflection point of the residual curve can be used to select the appropriate cutoff frequency. By choosing the Eulerian angle description, the finite rotation sequence can be made commutative. The center of mass can be defined as the distance q from the proximal end of the segment.
The oscillation period of the pendulum can be used to estimate the moment of inertia. By using static moments, a determination of the entire body's center of mass can be made. Walking base is the width of the stride (ie the distance from side to side between the center line of each foot).
Velocity is the rate of linear motion along the line of progression from the body's center of mass. Stride length affects the rise and fall of the torso (i.e. the rise and fall of the center of mass), which requires effort against gravity. The body's gravity acts through the center of the foot to stabilize the knee injection.
Camera 1 -0
- BIOMECHANICS OF SEATING
- BIOMECHANICS OF MANIPULATION 1. Assessment of upper-extremity orthoses
Applying momentum to the hoop causes a change in the momentum of the racing wheelchair and the rider. The shape of the lumbar spine while sitting depends on the rotation of the pelvis. Most upper extremity orthoses are used to improve the function of the fingers, hand and wrist.
Central to the prosthetic design and selection process are the wishes of the person with the amputation. Barter J T 1957 Estimating the mass of body segments Report (WADC TR 57-260) Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. Dempster W T 1955 Space requirements of the seated operator Report (WADC TR 55- 159) Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH.
Fujikawa K 1963 The center of gravity of the parts of the human body Okijima's Folia Anat.
CHAPTER 4 UNIVERSAL DESIGN AND
- BARRIER-FREE DESIGN
- ELEMENTAL RESOURCE MODEL
- FACTORS AFFECTING BARRIER-FREE DESIGN I . Human needs
- INTERIOR SPACE DESIGN
- DESIGN FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
The age of potential users must be considered in the design selection of fixtures, information systems and traffic flow patterns. However, access for all must be taken into account when designing religious buildings, just as with other buildings. The environment must be arranged so that all people's hygiene needs are met.
All members of the design team must be aware of current ideas on their topic. The layout of the fixtures should be such that people have easy access to them. The door handles should be easy to operate by a large number of people, and the swing weight of the door (i.e. the force required to open the door) should be low enough that most people can operate the door independently.
Often, compromises must be made to accommodate the largest number of people or to best accommodate the most widespread users of the facility.
THE ENABLER
ACCESSIBLE TRANSPORTATION 1. Bus and highway transportation
The Urban Mass Transportation Act (UMTA) of 1970, the Federal Aid Highway Act (FAHA) as amended in 1975, and the Americans with Disabilities Act. People with disabilities should have the same right to use mass transit as other individuals. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 has been used more effectively to ensure the rights of people with disabilities to use public transportation.
New and renovated transportation facilities must be designed to provide access for people with disabilities. People with disabilities must be included in all aspects of the planning and implementation of rail transport. Many rail systems were not originally designed with access for people with disabilities in mind.
People with disabilities want the same level of access to air travel as other people.
ACCESS LEGISLATION
Airlines fear that meeting the bathroom needs of disabled people will reduce the number of seats and be expensive. After World War 11, the Vocational Rehabilitation Act amendment (PL78-113) was created to provide job training for the disabled. One of the most extensive and fundamental pieces of legislation to address issues important to people with disabilities is the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (PL93-112).
Many people with disabilities continued to have difficulty accessing new aids. States were often unaware of technology to improve the integration of people with disabilities into mainstream society. The most comprehensive legislation ever passed in the United States regarding people with disabilities is the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
The ADA prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment (public and private), all public services, public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunications.