Nanotechnology and its Application on Drug Delivery
Meenakshi Verma
Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India Email:1707meenakshi@gmail.com
Abstract
Technology is increasing rapidly in modern times. Technology is the advantageous for research by encouraging societal advantage. Science is important for potential nanotechnology growth.
Nanotechnology is the potential progress. Nanoparticles may trigger persistent effects on health.
Viruses and DNA are representations of nanoscale natural objects. Nanoscience is the analysis of chemical, molecular and macromolecular modification. Nanotechnology also has the ability to boost production creation and development. The existingresearchmade an attempt to assess the usage of nanotechnology in drug distribution for disease identification, prevention and elimination. Nanotechnologies are medicine architecture, development and implementations, diagnosis, care, series. Nanotechnology may encourage conservation of the environment.
Nanotechnology may lead to energy reduction. The results of the thesis revealed that nanotechnology is a revolution and immensely beneficial for the fields of science and medical and it’s a fast rising and diverse opportunity for the future.
Keywords: application, diseases, drug, Nanotechnology, medicine INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology advancement Progresses and their implementations in the domain of pharmaceuticals and medicines transformed in the 20th century.[1]The study of extremely small materials is nanotechnology. The word "nano" means thin or very small. It is the development of structures of individual atoms, chemicals, or substances to establish exclusive properties of goods and devices. The development in Nanotechnology requires top-down efforts, that is, growing the scale of huge systems to the smallest.[2]Nanotechnology is associated with materials[3]–[5] between 0.1 to 100 nm in dimension; It is often inherent, though, to exhibit numerous characteristics e.g. conductivity, chemical reactivity, magnetism, optical effect and physical strength of bulk content due to the small size. Nanotechnology operates on matter in nanometer length dimensions (1-100 nm), and may also be used for a large variety of applications and creating multiple forms of micro- and nano-devices.[6]
Applications of Nanotechnology
The following are the various areas of application of nanotechnology mentioned in figure 1.1[7]:
Figure1: Nanotechnology and its fields of application
Nanotechnology in health and medicine
Different illnesses also occur nowadays, including asthma, cancerand ahigh number of moderate sclerosis and numerous kinds of severe inflammatory or infectious diseases (for example, HIV) are presented and complex disorders that pose a big human challenge.[8] Nano- medicine is a nanotechnology programme that deals in medicine and wellness. Nano-medicine utilizes nano materials and electronic biological sensors. During upcoming times, molecular nanotechnology will benefit from nanomedicine. The medical sector of nanotechnology has many advantages and is theoretically beneficial to all human races.
Early identification and prevention of nano-medicines would allow faster analysis, appropriate care and outbreak monitoring. Some nano particles are applied as identifiers, biological can be quickly done, research is more flexible and versatile.[9]Nano-gold particles have arrived with the introduction of nano equipment and gene sequencing has become more effective When marked with short fragments of DNA, genetic sequence in a sample can be identified.
Damaged tissue may be replicated or restored with the aid of nanotechnology. In tissue technology these so-called artificially activated cells are used to revolutionized organ transplants or artificial implants.
Advanced biosensors can be built with new functions by using carbon nano tubes[10], [11].
This bio-sensors can be used for astrobiology and can illuminate the roots of life studies. This technology is also used to build cancer diagnostics sensors. Although CNT is inert, it can be used with a sample molecule at the top.
In stem cell science, nanotechnology has made an outstanding contribution. For eg, The application of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) applied to separate; clusterof stem cells effectively.
“Quantum dots”applied for chemical imagery and traceability in stem cell, gene transfer or medication transmission to stem cells, the use of nano materials, namely,Carbon-nano-tubing, fluorescence CNTs and fluorescent products MNP. Specific nanostructures for controllable proliferation modulation and stem cell differentiation is developed with designed unique nano structures. Both these advances accelerate stem cell production Used in renewable medicine[12].
The aim of recent stem cell science nanotechnological applications is to open up novel arrangements of reformative drugs.The recent development in steem cell through Nanotechnology might help stem cell therapies to prevent, identify and cure human diseases[13].
Nano sensors may be used for monitoring and imaging stem cell studies. It refers to fundamental
to modulate stem cells.Nano instruments may be used both for intracellular entry and intelligent biomolecular transmission and sensing. Nano technology developments have a strong effect on the micro and tissue engineering of stem cells and a strong promise in biomedical applications.[14]
METHODS
The present research made an attempt to assess the importance of Nanotechnology in the grounds of medicine or drugs. The present research made searching from the PubMed database and select the relevant articles associated with the present research topic. For analysis, the study made use of Vos viewer software and conducted mapping and formation of clusters. The articles written in English language only selected for inclusion of eligibility criteria for present research.
RESULTS
Therapeutic Applicationthrough Nano Materials
In the domain of Science and Technology, Nanotechnology considered as an emerging field of study. Nanotechnology extends the area of study and application by dealing with biological nano-scale molecules. Nano sensors can consider the associations with organic molecules[13].
Also, substance decontamination is considered as another use of nanodrug usage in rats. Medical devices may use smaller tools that are less intrusive and likely inserted into the body and its reaction periods are significantly shorter. Nano systems are quicker and more adaptive than traditional medication distribution[15]. There are lot of extensive research has been conducted and still going by many researchers to uncover the application of nanotechnology in the sphere of medical domain. The selected articles on the nanotechnology examined and the following mapping has designed with the use of Vos viewer software. The figure2, showed the network visualization of most occurred keywords by the researchers in the selected studies on Nanotechnology.
Figure 2: Network Visualization of Most Occurred Keywords in Selected Articles
Figure 3, indicated the density visualization of most occurred keywords assessed in the selected articles. The density visualization has precisely made an important observation that majority of the selected articles has done research on nano particles for benefitting humans and animals. The presence of keywords on humans, animals and nanoparticles is deeply dense and clearly seen in yellow color.
Figure 3: Density Visualization of Most Occurred Keywords in Selected Articles
Drug Delivery
Nano particles are used in nanotechnology for drug delivery. This procedure uses the necessary therapeutic dosage which greatly decreases side effects. Nano electric systems are often used for the effective release of medicines. Iron nano particles or gold shells are essential for the therapy of cancer. A targeted therapeutic medication decreases prescription use and care prices to minimize the expense of treating patients.[2]
Nano medication used for distribution comprises of particulate or molecular nanoscale that can maximize pharmacological bio obtainability.[16]To improve bio obtainability in particular locations, nanotechnology instruments including nano robots are used for molecular targeting[9].
The molecules are targeted and medicines are administered with cellular accuracy.[17]Nano particles are used in comparison to nano particle representations such as in ultrasounds and MRI.
Nano-engineered materials are being produced to curesuccessfully. The development of nanotechnology will build biocompatible self-assembled nanotechnologies for the diagnosis and automated assessment of the disease, the cure and report preparation of cancer cells.
The present study conducts the cluster analysis of the most influential keywords assessed in the selected articles and stated the presence of strong association among four keywords in the selected articles, namely, drug delivery, nanotechnology, nanomedicine and humans as shown in figure 4. The present research has gone deeper to dig out the most prominent organizations which are initiating and the research of Nanotechnology in drugs and medicines as mentioned in figure 5. The table 1 exhibited the tabular presentation of explored clusters and also present the relevant organizations names.
Figure 3: Network Visualization of Most Influential Keywords in Selected Articles
Figure 4: Network Visualization of Most Relevant Organisations in Selected Articles
Table 1: Cluster Analysis and Description of Organizations relevant for the Study Cluster items (Only one cluster formed) Organization names
Drug delivery Biotechnology research center
Nanotechnology Nanotechnology research center
Nanomedicine Drug applied research center
Humans Drug applied research center,
Biotechnology research center and Nanotechnology research center
DISCUSSIONS
Drug delivery: Application of Nano Particles
Abraxane is a particulate paclitaxel albumin used to combat breast and lung cancer of non-small cells (NSCLC).Particles of nano are cast-off in mice model experiments carried out in various universities to produce drugs of improved efficacy in the management of head and neck cancer.The treatment mentioned uses Cremophor EL that enables intravenous paclitaxel to be administered. The dangerous Cremophore being substituted for carbon nano particles decreases the adverse reactions and increases the target drug considerably and lowers the dose needed for the toxic paclitaxel[18].
A mouse research performed at Case Western Reserve University used the nano particle chain to transmit medication doxorubicin to breast cancer cells. After the nano chains penetrate the tumor magnetic nanoparticles, a generation of the radiofrequency field which caused the liposome to break down was generated, the medication disperses around the tumor in its free form.
Nanotechnology has halted tumour development more successfully than conventional therapy for doxorubicin which is less damaging to healthy cells as there have been very low doses of doxorubicin.[19]
Nano particles bearing antibiotic loads at their centre is used for the specific targeting of bacterial infection within the body, according to MIT scientists. Nano particle delivery comprising a sub-layer of pH sensitive due to the aim high dose and lengthy drug release.
Nanotechnology may be used successfully to cure many infectious diseases[7].
Researchers from the University of Kentucky have produced X-shaped RNA nano particles that are able to hold four practical modules. This chemically and thermodynamically stable RNA molecules can survive preserved in the muzzle for over 8 hours and can tolerate RNA degradation in blood. This X-shaped RNA will serve beneficial and analytical roles efficiently.
They regulate the expression and work of cells and because of their design[9].
'Minicell' nanoparticles are being used in early-stage clinical trials for the care of advanced and untreatable cancer patients with drug delivery. Minicells are manufactured from mutated bacterial membranes and have been filled with paclitaxel, ceuximab-coated, antibody-based, and used to combat a number of cancers. The minicells are eaten up by the tumour cells. Once the tumour is inside, the treatment against cancer kills tumour cells. The greater scale of the minicells provides a superior side effect history. The minicell delivery method is less drug- friendly and can handle a variety of various tumours with multiple anti-cancer treatments and less side effects[12].
Nano sponges are essential instrumentsin pharmaceutical distribution and can connect poorly
and protein deterioration and can controlled drug usage.
CONCLUSION
The surface region of nano materials and nano effects increased and are therefore seen as a successful method for the development of pharmaceutical and gene transfer, diagnosis of biological imaging[20], [21] and biosensors.Special physical and biological properties of nano items are in contrast with larger materials. Due to its unique scale, form, chemical composition, surfacing arrangement, loading, solubility and agglomeration, Nano materials can profoundly impact their relationship with organic particles and cells. Through incorporation with other technologies, nanotechnology has a bright future; the advent of broad and sophisticated hybrid systems. Nanotechnology techniques are used for the care of genetic materials;nano-materials and biological elements are also being built. Nanotechnology's ability to generate innovation material in the least scale transforms fields of cognitive awareness and bioengineering, contributing to new and interrelated fields.It may be useful for all facets of human life by more study in nanotechnology.The leading areas of nanotechnology are biology, regenerative medicine, stem cell science and nutraceuticals.
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