33 Ìåòàëëîãåíèÿ Âîñòîêà Àçèè õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ìíîãîîáðàçèåì òèïîâ îðóäåíåíèÿ, ñôîðìèðîâàííîãî â ðàçëè÷íûå ìåòàëëîãåíè÷åñêèå ýïîõè.  ðóäíûõ ìå- ñòîðîæäåíèÿõ (ðèñ. 1), êàê ãåíåòè÷åñêè ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ðàçíîâîçðàñòíûìè èçâåðæåííûìè ïîðîäàìè, òàê è íå èìåþùèõ ÷åòêî âûðàæåííîé âçàèìîñâÿçè ñ ïîñëå- äíèìè, ïðèñóòñòâóþò Ê-ñîäåðæàùèå ìèíåðàëû, çà÷à- ñòóþ â àññîöèàöèè ñ ãàëåíèòîì. Ýòî îáóñëîâëåíî ãåîõèìè÷åñêîé (êðèñòàëëîõèìè÷åñêîé) âçàèìîñâÿ- çüþ Ê1+ è Pb2+â ïðîöåññàõ ýìàíàöèîííîãî êîíöåíòðè- ðîâàíèÿ. Àíàëèç èçîòîïíîãî ñîñòàâà Ê-Pb ìèíåðàëü- íûõ àññîöèàöèé äàåò èíôîðìàöèþ êàê î ãåîõðîíîëî- ãèè ðóäîîáðàçîâàíèÿ, òàê è î õàðàêòåðå ýâîëþöèè èñ- òî÷íèêîâ ñâèíöà â òàêèõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ. Êðèñòàë- ëèçàöèÿ Ê-ñîäåðæàùèõ ìèíåðàëîâ â ïðîöåññàõ ðóäî- ãåíåçà âåäåò ê íàêîïëåíèþ â íèõ 40Ar. Ïîýòîìó K-Ar ìåòîä äàåò äîñòàòî÷íî íàäåæíîå ðàäèîëîãè÷åñêîå îïðåäåëåíèå âîçðàñòà îáðàçîâàíèÿ ðóäíûõ àññîöèà- öèé. Èçîòîïíûé ñîñòàâ ðóäíîãî ñâèíöà ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî èíäèêàòîðîì âîçðàñòà, íî è îòðàæàåò ýâîëþ- öèþ ìàòåðèíñêîãî ñóáñòðàòà, ïîñêîëüêó âõîäÿùèå â íåãî èçîòîïû 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb ãåíåòè÷åñêè âçà- èìîñâÿçàíû ìåæäó ñîáîé ïîñòîÿííûì â êàæäûé ìî- ìåíò ñîîòíîøåíèåì 204Pb è èñõîäíûõ äëÿ ðàäèîãåí- íûõ èçîòîïîâ Pb ýëåìåíòîâ – óðàíà, àêòèíîóðàíà è òîðèÿ. Ïîêà ïîñëåäíèå íàõîäÿòñÿ â çàêðûòîé ñèñòå- ìå â ðàññåÿííîì ñîñòîÿíèè, ïðîèñõîäèò ïîñòîÿííîå îáîãàùåíèå Pb ðàäèîãåííûìè èçîòîïàìè [26]. Ïî- ÿâëåíèå ìèíåðàëüíûõ ôàç Pb, ëèøåííûõ U è Th è óæå íå ìåíÿþùèõ ñâîé èçîòîïíûé ñîñòàâ, ôèêñèðó- åò ýòàïû ïåðåõîäà îò çàêðûòûõ ê îòêðûòûì, ò.å. ñîá-
ÓÄÊ [551.24:550.93] (5-012)
ÎÁ ÈÇÎÒÎÏÍÛÕ ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈßÕ Pb  ÃÀËÅÍÈÒÀÕ ÐÓÄÍÛÕ ÌÅÑÒÎÐÎÆÄÅÍÈÉ ÂÎÑÒÎÊÀ ÀÇÈÈ
Ô.È. Ðîñòîâñêèé
Äàëüíåâîñòî÷íûé ãåîëîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò ÄÂÎ ÐÀÍ, ã. Âëàäèâîñòîê
Pb îòíîñèòñÿ ê ÷èñëó ýëåìåíòîâ, ãåîõèìè÷åñêàÿ èñòîðèÿ êîòîðûõ îòðàæåíà â èõ èçîòîïíîì ñîñòàâå.
Ïîêà Pb, U è Th íàõîäÿòñÿ â ìàíòèè â ðàññåÿííîì ñîñòîÿíèè, ïðîèñõîäèò ïîñòåïåííîå îáîãàùåíèå Pb ðàäèîãåííûìè èçîòîïàìè. Ïîÿâëåíèå ïëþìîâ, ðàñïàäàþùèõñÿ â àïèêàëüíûõ ÷àñòÿõ íà ðÿä ðàçíîãëó- áèííûõ àðåàëîâ àñòåíîñôåðû, âåäåò ê ïîÿâëåíèþ ìèíåðàëüíûõ ôàç Pb, ëèøåííûõ U è Th è óæå íå ìåíÿþùèõ ñâîé èçîòîïíûé ñîñòàâ. Ñîîòíîøåíèå èçîòîïîâ ñâèíöà â òàêèõ ôàçàõ óêàçûâàåò íà âîçðàñò ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ àðåàëîâ ïàëåîàñòåíîñôåðû.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: èçîòîïû Ê è Pb, ïëþìû, àñòåíîñôåðà, ðóäíûå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ, Âîñòîê Àçèè.
ñòâåííî Pb-ãåíåðèðóþùèì ñèñòåìàì. Òàêèå ýòàïû íàèáîëåå îïòèìàëüíî õàðàêòåðèçóþòñÿ ìîäåëüþ Ðàñ- ñåëëà-Ôàðêóàðà-Êàììèíãà [5].
ÈÑÒÎ×ÍÈÊÈ ÐÓÄÍÎÃÎ ÂÅÙÅÑÒÂÀ ÃÀËÅÍÈÒΠ ÌÅÑÒÎÐÎÆÄÅÍÈßÕ ÂÎÑÒÎÊÀ ÀÇÈÈ Ðóäíûå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ þãà Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà Ðîññèè (Õàíêàéñêèé ìàññèâ, Ñèõîòý-Àëèíñêàÿ ãîð- íî-ñêëàä÷àòàÿ îáëàñòü, Âîñòî÷íî-Ñèõîòý-Àëèíñêèé âóëêàíè÷åñêèé ïîÿñ), ñóäÿ ïî âîçðàñòó Ê-ñîäåðæà- ùèõ ìèíåðàëîâ (÷àñòè÷íî äóáëèðîâàííûõ Rb-Sr ìå- òîäîì), ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü â âîçðàñòíîì äèàïàçîíå îò 200 äî 20 ìëí ëåò [22]. Õàðàêòåðíî îìîëîæåíèå âîç- ðàñòà îáðàçîâàíèÿ âîëüôðàì-îëîâÿííîãî, îëîâÿííîãî è ïîëèìåòàëëè÷åñêîãî îðóäåíåíèÿ â þãî-âîñòî÷íîì íàïðàâëåíèè. Íà Ëåðìîíòîâñêîì âîëüôðàìîâîì ìåñ- òîðîæäåíèè (Ñ-Ç Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ) ìóñêîâèòû èç øåå- ëèò-êâàðöåâûõ æèë, ñåêóùèõ ñêàðíû ñ øååëèòîì, èìåþò âîçðàñò 125–124 ìëí ëåò. Íà ìåñòîðîæäåíèè Âîñòîê-2 ìóñêîâèò èç ãðåéçåíîâîé àññîöèàöèè õà- ðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ çíà÷åíèåì âîçðàñòà 108 ìëí ëåò, à ìóñ- êîâèò èç èíòåðñòèöèé ñðåäè çåðåí øååëèòà – 103 ìëí ëåò. Íà Òèãðèíîì ìåñòîðîæäåíèè, ðàñïîëîæåííîì þãî-âîñòî÷íåå, âîçðàñò ìóñêîâèòîâ âîëüôðàìèò-êàñ- ñèòåðèòîâûõ àññîöèàöèé – 94–92 ìëí ëåò, à ñåðèöè- òîâ ñ ãàëåíèòîì – 86–84 ìëí ëåò. Íà ìåñòîðîæäåíèè Ðóäíîì (Þ- Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ) ìóñêîâèò èç âîëüôðà- ìèò-êâàðöåâûõ æèë èìååò âîçðàñò 81–78±2 ìëí ëåò.
 îëîâîðóäíûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ Àðìèíñêîãî ðóäíî- ãî ðàéîíà íà Ñ-Ç Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ âîçðàñò ìóñêîâèòîâ èç êàññèòåðèò-êâàðöåâûõ è êàññèòåðèò-ñèëèêàòíûõ
àññîöèàöèé ñîñòàâëÿåò, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 90±2 è 87±1 ìëí ëåò. Ñåðèöèòû, ñîïðîâîæäàþùèå ïîëèìåòàëëè-
÷åñêîå îðóäåíåíèå, èìåþò âîçðàñò îò 74 äî 68±2 ìëí ëåò.  àíàëîãè÷íûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ Êàâàëåðîâñêîãî ðóäíîãî ðàéîíà âîçðàñò ìóñêîâèòîâ (ñåðèöèòîâ) êâàðö-ñèëèêàòíûõ àcñîöèàöèé 81±3 – 78±2 ìëí ëåò.
Ñåðèöèòû èç ïîëèìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ àññîöèàöèé èìåþò âîçðàñò îò 68±2 äî 56±2 ìëí ëåò.  Îëüãèíñêîì è Äàëüíåãîðñêîì ðóäíûõ ðàéîíàõ (ïðèáðåæíàÿ ÷àñòü Ñèõîòý-Àëèíÿ) øèðîêî ðàçâèòû ñêàðíû, ëîêàëèçóþ- ùèåñÿ â èçâåñòíÿêàõ íà êîíòàêòàõ ñ àëþìîñèëèêàò- íûìè ïîðîäàìè. Äëÿ ñêàðíîâ, ñîïðîâîæäàþùèõñÿ ïîëèìåòàëëè÷åñêèì îðóäåíåíèåì, õàðàêòåðíà ïðîïè- ëèòèçàöèÿ âìåùàþùèõ ïåñ÷àíèêîâ è àëåâðîëèòîâ ñ ïîÿâëåíèåì ïåðåìåííûõ êîëè÷åñòâ ñåðèöèòà. Âîç- ðàñò ïîñëåäíåãî íà ðàçëè÷íûõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿõ âàðü- èðóåò îò 68 (Íèêîëàåâñêîå) äî 57 (Ñàäîâîå) ìëí ëåò.
Æèëüíûå ïîëèìåòàëëè÷åñêèå ðóäû Ëèäîâñêîãî, Íîâî-Ìîíàñòûðñêîãî è äð. ìåñòîðîæäåíèé õàðàêòå- ðèçóþòñÿ çíà÷åíèÿìè âîçðàñòà 47–45 ìëí ëåò (îïðå- äåëåíèÿ ïî ñåðèöèòó). Àíàëîãè÷íûå öèôðû (46–45 ìëí ëåò) óñòàíîâëåíû äëÿ ïðîæèëêîâî-âêðàïëåííîãî Pb-Zn îðóäåíåíèÿ â âóëêàíèòàõ Âîñòî÷íî-Ñèõîòý- Àëèíñêîãî ïîÿñà (Êèñèíñêîå, Àðöåâñêîå, Çàÿâî÷íîå è äð. ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ) è äëÿ æèë, ñåêóùèõ ñêàðíîâî- ïîëèìåòàëëè÷åñêèå çàëåæè Íèêîëàåâñêîãî è Ïàðòè- çàíñêîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèé. Äëÿ ðåãèîíà õàðàêòåðíî
øèðîêîå ðàçâèòèå çîëîòûõ è çîëîòî-ñåðåáðÿíûõ ìåñ- òîðîæäåíèé ðàçëè÷íûõ ôîðìàöèîííûõ òèïîâ, èìåþ- ùèõ ïîëèõðîííîå ïðîèñõîæäåíèå.  ÷àñòíîñòè, âîç- ðàñò ðóä Êîìèññàðîâñêîãî ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ (Õàíêàéñ- êèé ìàññèâ) – 201,5±1,7 ìëí ëåò, à ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ Ãëóõîãî (Öåíòðàëüíûé Ñèõîòý-Àëèíü) – 100,0±1,3 ìëí ëåò (40Ar/39Ar ìåòîä) [13]. Âîçðàñò ïðîÿâëåíèÿ Ñìóòíîãî (Ñåðãååâñêèé ìàññèâ) – 99,5±0,4 ìëí ëåò, ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ Àñêîëüä – 82,3±0,3 ìëí ëåò [11].
Áëèçïîâåðõíîñòíûå (ýïèòåðìàëüíûå) ìåñòîðîæäå- íèÿ Au-Ag ôîðìàöèè Âîñòî÷íî-Ñèõîòý-Àëèíñêîãî ïîÿñà ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü â äèàïàçîíå 49–26 ìëí ëåò [14, 19] ñ îìîëîæåíèåì âîçðàñòà â ñåâåðíûõ ðóìáàõ.
Îñíîâíûå ïðîäóêòèâíûå àññîöèàöèè òàêèõ ìåñòî- ðîæäåíèé, ñóäÿ ïî âîçðàñòó àäóëÿðà, èìåþò âîçðàñò (ñ þãà íà ñåâåð): îò 49±3 äî 45±4 ìëí ëåò (Ñîþç), 44,4 ìëí ëåò (Ìàéñêîå), 43±3 – 42,5 ìëí ëåò (Ñàëþò), 38,2 ìëí ëåò (Áóõòÿíñêîå). Ñåðèöèò ïîñòïðîäóêòèâ- íûõ àññîöèàöèé ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ Ñîþç, ïî äàííûì È.Í. Òîìñîíà, õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ çíà÷åíèÿìè âîçðàñòà 26±3 ìëí ëåò.
Âîçðàñò ðóäíîãî ñâèíöà âñåõ ýòèõ ðàçëè÷íûõ ïî ãåíåçèñó ìåñòîðîæäåíèé Ñèõîòý-Àëèíñêîé ñêëàä÷àòîé ñèñòåìû è Âîñòî÷íî-Ñèõîòý-Àëèíñêîãî âóëêàíè÷åñêîãî ïîÿñà, íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, îïðåäå- ëåí îí ïî ìîäåëè Ðàññåëëà-Ôàðêóàðà-Êàììèíãà [21]
èëè ïî äâóñòàäèéíîé ìîäåëè Ñòåéñè-Êðàìåðñà [16], õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ ãîðàçäî áîëåå äðåâíèìè çíà÷åíèÿ- ìè ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ãåîëîãè÷åñêèì. Äðåâíèé âîçðàñò ñâèíöà óñòàíîâëåí íå òîëüêî äëÿ ãàëåíèòîâ èç ìåñ- òîðîæäåíèé Êóðèëüñêîé è ßïîíñêîé îñòðîâíûõ äóã, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðûõ øèðîêî ðàçâèòî ìèîöåíîâîå îðó- äåíåíèå òèïà Êóðîêî, à âîçðàñò ïðîäóêòèâíûõ àññî- öèàöèé Au-Ag ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ Õèñèêàðè – 1,01±0,8 – 0,8±0,07 ìëí ëåò [18], íî è äëÿ âîçãîíîâ èç ñîâðå- ìåííûõ ôóìàðîë Êàì÷àòêè (òàáë.). Ýòà òèïîìîðô- íàÿ îñîáåííîñòü ðóäíîãî ñâèíöà âñåõ ìåñòîðîæäå- íèé Âîñòîêà Àçèè (ðèñ. 1) â êîíöåïöèè “ïëþìáîòåê- òîíèêè” õàðàêòåðèçóåò îðóäåíåíèå “îìîëîæåííûõ êðàòîíîâ”. Ñîãëàñíî ýòîé êîíöåïöèè, âñå âàðèàöèè ñâèíöîâî-èçîòîïíûõ îòíîøåíèé (ðèñ. 2) îáóñëîâëå- íû ïåðåìåøèâàíèåì ñâèíöà, ïðîäóöèðóþùåãî èç ìàíòèè, íèæíåé è âåðõíåé êîðû â îðîãåíàõ [10].
Âìåñòå ñ òåì, ìàëàÿ äèñïåðñèÿ èçîòîïíîãî ñîñòàâà ñâèíöà (0,50–1,2 %) èç âñåõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé, ðàçâè- òûõ íà ñòîëü îáøèðíîé òåððèòîðèè, ãîâîðèò î áëèç- êèõ çíà÷åíèÿõ îòíîøåíèé U/204Pb, Th/204Pb è U/Th â èõ ïåðâè÷íîì èñòî÷íèêå, èìåþùåì òàêîé êîëîññàëü- íûé îáúåì, ÷òî ñîñòàâ åãî ñóùåñòâåííî íå ìåíÿëñÿ ïî ìåðå ïåðèîäè÷åñêîãî îòòîðæåíèÿ îò íåãî ñâèíöà ñ áîëåå ìîëîäûìè èçîòîïíûìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè. Òà- êèì îáøèðíûì ðåçåðâóàðîì, ãîìîãåííûì â îòíîøå- íèè Pb, U è Th, ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ìàíòèþ, à íå ãåòåðî- Ðèñ. 1. Ñõåìà ðàçìåùåíèÿ ðóäíûõ îáúåêòîâ ñ èçâå-
ñòíûìè Pb-èçîòîïíûìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè.
Òàáëèöà. Èçîòîïíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ñâèíöà ãàëåíèòîâ Âîñòîêà Àçèè.
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+ *
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88 . 9 . 42#5 2( !87 27 78( 8( &!& " (7! 8!7 ( 8!6 # 288#
8& . 9 . 42#5 2( !!6 27 7&! 8( &!7 " (78 8!6 8!6 288(
87 . 9 . 42#5 2( 2'6 27 78& 8( !6# " (77 87' 8 862 28&!
8# . 9 . 42#5 2( 26" 27 782 8( 8!( " (7& 872 8'7 ( 28&"
8' . 9 . 42#5 2( !72 27 772 8( &'7 " (7! 82# 7 8"7 7 288#
8( . 9 . 42#5 2( !7" 27 7&2 8( &!( " (7! 82' 8!' # 288#
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7( . 9 . . 9 . 4'5 2( 8## 27 722 8( 876 " (&7 !7" ! 8#2 28!!
76 . 9 . . 9 . 4'5 2( !&7 27 &(6 8( !6! " (&6 8!" 7 86! ( 288"
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Òàáëèöà. (Ïðîäîëæåíèå).
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Òàáëèöà. (Ïðîäîëæåíèå).
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272 . 9 . 2( 2!& 27 7#6 8' 6(' " (76 8(' 7 786 7 287"
27! N ,.@ ; . 9 . 2( 2!" 27 7## 8( "!! " (76 86" 78! ! 287"
278 : . 9 . 2( 28! 27 7'! 8( ""# " (76 8(8 8 78! 6 287"
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27# = * . 9 . 2( 22" 27 7'& 8( ""7 " (#" 867 78! 6 287!
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2#6 . 9 . . 9 . 4!65 2( 7#6 27 7(6 8( &2' " (&" 287 7 888 ! 282!
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2'& * 4!65 2( 8'' 27 #"# 8( 72# " (&6 !&8 ( !(7 8 288"
2'7 C* 0 * * YP.UV 42&5 2( 2(( 27 7&7 8( 8#2 " (77 87! 8 8#" 28&!
2'# 3 UV.UW 42&5 2(  27 77# 8( 778 " (&! 26& ' !#' 7 282#
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2(" H < . 9 . 42&5 2( 786 27 7(8 8( #"' " (&2 27! 7 !&2 282&
2(2 < * . 9 . 42&5 2( 7#7 27 77& 8( #'( " (8( 28( !"# ! 28"(
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2(# N 4!65 2( &(! 27 7(( 8( 788 " (&8 2(7 !'# ( 282#
2(' L * 4!65 2( 7&6 27 #"2 8( #!& " (&2 2&# ( !8! 282&
2(( @ 4!65 2( 7'( 27 66 8( 8"8 " (&" 2!6 7 8(' ( 282!
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268 . 9 . 2( 8" 27 7" 8( 26 " (&' !(6 &'# 28!#
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267 . 9 . 2( 8# 27 &# 8( &2 " (&! !78 # 88# 282#
Òàáëèöà. (Îêîí÷àíèå).
Ïðèìå÷àíèå. * – Ìàòåðèàëû Ì.À. Ôàâîðñêîé, À.Ä. Åñèêîâà è àâòîðà, ïîëó÷åííûå â õîäå ñîâìåñòíûõ ðàáîò ÈÃÅÌ ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ ñ Ïðèìîðãåîëóïðàâëåíèåì Ìà ÐÑÔÑÐ â ïåðèîä 1963–1975 ãã. ** – âîçðàñò ñâèíöà ïî îòíîøåíèÿì
206Pb/204Pb è 208Pb/204Pb îïðåäåëåí ïî ìîäåëè Ðàññåëëà-Ôàðêóàðà-Êàììèíãà [5], ïî îòíîøåíèÿì 207Pb/206Pb – ïî ìîäåëè Êîëëèíçà-Ðàññåëà-Ôàðêóàðà [31].
Ðèñ. 2. Ñâèíöîâî-èçîòîïíûå îòíîøåíèÿ â ãàëåíè- òàõ ìåñòîðîæäåíèé ìàòåðèêîâîé ÷àñòè Àçèè (íåçà- ëèòûå êðóæêè) è îñòðîâíûõ äóã (çàëèòûå êðóæêè).
Êðèâûå èçîòîïíîé ýâîëþöèè ñâèíöà ïî ìîäåëè ïëþì-òåê- òîíèêè [10].
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26# YeabaPa\ 2( 77 27 7( 8( 7& " (&" 2&# ! !'8 7 282!
26' caPa_ba 2( && 27 7& 8( &7 " (&8 !"# 7 826 ( 282(
26( f_`e\P_ 2( &( 27 #2 8( #8 " (&7 2(# & !!6 7 28!!
266 f_`e\P_ 2( &! 27 7( 8( 7! " (&# !26 !(8 7 28!&
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!"2 iaP\%Wje\ 2( !' 27 #8 8( (& " (77 8"# 2!7 & 28&!
T
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!2( ? ; , 2( 8'2 27 #"8 8( 767 " (&6 !&' 7 !&' 288"
ãåííóþ ëèòîñôåðó. Ìàíòèéíûé ïëþì, íà÷àâøèéñÿ ñ çàðîæäåíèÿ â íèæíåé ìàíòèè âîñõîäÿùèõ “ñòðóé” å¸
âåùåñòâà, ïðèâîäèò ê ïîÿâëåíèþ â èõ àïèêàëüíûõ
÷àñòÿõ ðàçíîãëóáèííûõ àðåàëîâ àñòåíîñôåðû. Ïîñ- ëåäíèå, ÿâëÿÿñü ðåãóëÿòîðàìè èçîñòàòè÷åñêîé óðàâ- íîâåøåííîñòè âûøåëåæàùèõ ëèòîñôåðíûõ áëîêîâ (ïëèò), îáóñëîâëèâàþò ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðåìåííîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå âåðõíåé ìàíòèè ñ ëèòîñôåðîé. Ïîÿâ- ëåíèå â õîäå äèôôåðåíöèàöèè àñòåíîñôåðû (ïàëåî- àñòåíîñôåðû) Pb ñ ôèêñèðîâàííûì èçîòîïíûì ñî- ñòàâîì, ò.å. ëèøåííîãî U è Th, ñëóæèò âîçðàñòíûì èíäèêàòîðîì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïåðâè÷íîãî ðóäîãåíåðè- ðóþùåãî ñóáñòðàòà. Ïîñëå îòäåëåíèÿ èç íåãî Th, U è Pb èõ ãåîõèìè÷åñêèå öèêëû ðåçêî îòëè÷àþòñÿ. Th4+ è U4+ èçîìîðôíî çàìåùàþò Zr4+ è TR (îñîáåííî Ñå4+) â àêöåññîðíûõ ìèíåðàëàõ èçâåðæåííûõ ïîðîä – öèð- êîíå (U, Th), ìîíàöèòå (Th), àïàòèòå (Th), êñåíîòèìå (U) è äð. ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì íàêîïëåíèåì â íèõ ðàäèî- ãåííûõ èçîòîïîâ Pb, à òàêæå îáðàçóþò ñîáñòâåííûå ìèíåðàëû (ïðîñòûå è ñëîæíûå îêñèäû). Ïîñëåäíèå ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâîé ðóä ðàäèîàêòèâíîãî ñûðüÿ.  ãåî- ëîãè÷åñêîé èñòîðèè Çåìëè óñòàíîâëåí ðÿä ýïîõ ýí-