The research was carried out by comparing and contrasting the reports and attitudes expressed by the American newspapers Wall Street Journal as well as the Iraqi newspapers Iraq, Al-Thawaraa, Babel. The theoretical value of the research is that it can be taken as a basis for further development of the problem related to the study of language manipulation strategies. The structure and volume of the research consists of 73 introductory papers, the theoretical part (defining the notion of manipulation, discussing the types of manipulation and clarifying different manipulative strategies), the practical part (analyzing manipulation in headlines and newspaper articles from different linguistic perspectives ), results, conclusions and references.
BASE FOR THE RESEARCH
SOCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC POWER OF SPEECH
The use of the term speech act is to describe actions such as requesting, ordering, and so on. In terms of the pragmatic relationship between speech act and manipulation, a speaker performs the role of manipulator to achieve his influential goals. Discourse analysis also takes into account the ways in which the use of language occurs across different views of the world and different understandings.
THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA IN SOCIETY AND LANGUAGE
The idea is that whatever type of information is broadcast on the media, it should be 100%. The general view is that the dominance of newspapers determines the attitudes and values of the readership. They are meant to attract the attention of the readers to make them finish reading the rest of the story.
TYPES AND PRAGMATIC NATURE OF MANIPULATION
It often happens that the interpretation of a context in the realm of manipulation is not clarified in a direct way to give clues to the target how to analyze it in his own way. Forms or statements that contain lexical verbs and are presented in the imperative form. One of these deictic expressions considered important in the manipulation process is the person.
TYPES OF MANIPULATION
Therefore, as far as the manipulation is concerned, the manipulator has very active means that can soften the information in the manipulating environment. While in commissioning, it occurs when the manipulator insists that his own goals be accepted by the targets. The use of deictic expressions also has a very urgent role in the process of manipulation, as Wilson pointed out that the use of such expressions, especially in the political discourse, is never uttered arbitrarily.
Relying on and focusing on the area of mentality and dominance in communication, language manipulation can be rational or emotional. In terms of being rational, the manipulator achieves his goals depending on the number of convincing facts he presents to consciously convince people. Emotional manipulation is a concentration on conceit or vim that is practiced by the manipulator to convince the target emotionally.
In the field of interaction between the subject-object (manipulator-target), manipulation can also be direct when the manipulator makes his appeals to the target. For the person, linguistic manipulation is aimed at the target of the manipulator, where the latter was given all the equipment for the sake of his targets. While in the case of community orientation, the manipulator tries to create general influence for a certain group in society.
Depending on what has been explained in terms of manipulation and its relation to pragmatics, it can be said that manipulation is considered a pragmatic communication process where the manipulator achieves his goals by changing the target's mind through the use of various manipulative techniques.
MANIPULATIVE AND LINGUISTIC TECHNIQUES IN NEWSPAPERS 28
Concretization: It is the will not to use abstraction and to concentrate on the specific rather than the general. Simplification: It is an attempt to make complexity more understandable to the reader. Intensification: It is a call to the people to fight or survive against the enemy.
Permutation is the first manipulative strategy that journalists start with, it is related to the idea that the first word of a headline or sentence in an article grabs the reader's attention from the very beginning. It is a statement about an individual or situation combined with a qualifier, which can be a negation or a question. However, to know how the metaphor is used in the language, it is divided into nine parts: animal, body, which includes (health and disease), food, light, life, death, money, power and wealth.
It is usually used in the field of politics and therefore it is sometimes labeled as a body politics. It could be used to refer to the actual physical body of the human being, but it also refers to an entity, e.g. It is widely used in political discourse when politicians describe certain countries as a treasure or great wealth.
Within the political sphere of war, the speech of politicians should be told to be seen, touched, heard, or tasted; therefore, the concept of synesthesia is related to the human senses.
MANIPULATION STRATEGIES IN JOURNALISTIC
GENERAL OVERVIEW
They also made a big rumor about the absence of Sadam's Hussein vice president due to fear. It aims to create powerful dissipation between the military/people and the president by legally declaring Sadam and his closest followers as the main targets. Talking about the Iraqi media and its role in the war, it can be said that it played an important role especially in low manipulation.
We must keep in mind that Saddam Hussein graduated from the University of Law. After all, all media institutions were owned by Saddam's son (Udej). Thus, speaking of Iraqi journalism at that time, they were not limited to writing little.
Despite the great efforts made by the Iraqi media at the time, it did not survive because of the freedom that the US promised to civilians.
AMERICAN ANALYSIS
As for the first part of the sentence, the modal verb must in the given context indicates intensification. Syntactically, the use of the modality should have the role of intensifying the verb hurt. In addition, the use of the implication It is not only problematic helps to confirm the idea that an enemy is showing.
While the use of the modality may refers to possibility it predicts that Saddam may take risks in the future. Despite the minus words, which indicate danger, pragmatically the writer tended to use politeness. Furthermore, the use of the light form of the modal will be to present advice rather than an order or command.
Furthermore, the use of the modal can create the idea of possibility, just like in the headline, for the purpose of being terrifying. In addition to using the food metaphor, freedom is a means of safe manipulation or agreement. Here the writer tended to use pragmatic politeness, evidenced by the existence of the pronoun we, to convey an implied message.
Through interpretation of the context, the author thus seeks agreement in the form of pragmatic politeness.
IRAQI ANALYSIS
In the pragmatic sphere, the writer used the technique of impoliteness in an ironic and sarcastic strategy to show impoliteness. In terms of pragmatic politeness, the writer used the so-called off-record strategy, which conveys an indirect message and is usually implicit through the use of metaphorical cues. In order to attract the reader's attention, the writer began his article with the motivated phrase heroic fighters, this is a linguistic-journalistic technique called permutation.
Furthermore, the author seems to have chosen the bold-on-record strategy which is considered pragmatic to express impoliteness especially after using the words evil, crows to destroy the reputation of the enemy. Socio-pragmatically, it is considered a referential statement where the author wanted to steal the reader's attention. Similar to other headlines, the writer has chosen the permutation strategy for the sake of awful comprehension, sarcasm or pun.
This mode is related to the nominalization strategy followed by the passive voice using the word world to reinforce that America is everyone's enemy. The writer intended to gain common ground by using a pragmatic face-saving act. There is no doubt that the writer activates the permutation technique in the given title to make the reader think what this war is trying to do.
Using the light metaphor with the will modality is a prediction that something dangerous will happen in the future.
RESULTS
In semantic usage, the phenomena of minus words in American and Iraqi discourses were notable. To convey threat or stubbornness, the writers used the strategy of record rudeness in the sentence. For example, in the statement "The Iraqi declaration may use the language of the resolution, but it will not meet the requirements of the resolution at all", the modal may is used as a word to manipulate people's minds.
In the statement "It is said that we are with horns, but we are not deceived" the author wanted to justify his own government by using negative words. In the "Partnership for Progress" statement, the positive connotation was used to denote unity against the danger. But the difference is in the use of the food metaphor, which was found significant on the American side.
The use of the passive was more recognizable than the active to create linguistic ambiguity throughout the discourse or to cause general emotional manipulation. The use of the modality on the American side was sharper than on the Iraqi side in terms of warning and expressing urgency. As for the types of manipulation, because of the statics they present about atomic weapons, the Americans excelled more in the use of intellectual and widespread manipulation.
The modality, as we stated before, was sharp, but less so than in American discourse, especially in the expression of necessity.