Multinational oil and gas companies involved in the development of the Russian part of the Arctic. Multinational oil and gas companies involved in the development of the Russian part of the Arctic.
Oil and gas multinational companies involved in the development of the Russian part of the Arctic
In March 2017, the head of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation Alexander Novak announced the future joint work of Gazprom Neft and the largest Indian oil and gas corporation ONGC22 at the international forum "Arctic - the territory of dialogue" in Arkhangelsk. . Legislative framework of Russian energy policy and energy strategy of Russia in the Arctic region.
The legislative framework of the Russian energy policy and energy strategy of Russia in the Arctic Region
At the same time, the main directions of Russian strategy in the Arctic have several important differences. In terms of legislative support for the development of the Arctic region, the Russian Federation is noticeably behind other Arctic countries.
Cooperation of Russia and other countries 1. Russia and Arctic states
Russian and Denmark
According to which any possible overlapping claims in respect of the continental shelf will be decided solely on the basis of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. No less important from the Russian point of view is the intention declared by Denmark to contribute in every way to the strengthening of the AU as the only political structure for cooperation in the Arctic, which serves the interests of both member states and organizations of indigenous representing peoples of the North Pole. North. Such a political modernization of the Council will ensure that only Arctic states, on the basis of consensus conjugation of their interests, determine the main parameters for the development of the situation in the region without outside interference.
The Danish view on the specific areas of bilateral cooperation, as outlined in the strategy, is very modest. Speaking about the prospects for expanding bilateral economic cooperation, the provisions of the Danish strategy on the willingness to study the need for new transport routes should be noted. First of all, it is necessary to legally regulate, without delay, all aspects of shipping in the NSR, to form a single administrative body: the Northern Sea Route Administration.
Russia and Iceland
Russia and Canada
The assessments of many experts are based on the fact that the presence of extra-regional actors in the Arctic is a fait accompli, and China will be a key player among them. According to many Canadian analysts, Chinese initiatives in the Arctic should be welcomed, but they should be treated with caution. The states of East Asia - China, Japan, the Republic of Korea - are interested in reviewing the legal status of the Arctic.
In general, we can say that these countries are aimed at revising the legal regime of the Arctic in favor of non-Arctic countries. Improvement of Russian-Canadian relations, including in the Arctic region, is possible only against the background of improved relations between Russia and the United States. In addition, one must be prepared for the fact that the Arctic is becoming an increasingly open region.
Russia and Norway
It must be assumed that these differences are not only related to the abundance of biological resources in the region, but also to the likelihood of the upcoming development of oil reserves around Svalbard and potential competition in the region. For example, the resolution of the historical issue of the delimitation of maritime spaces in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean in 2010 was an example of long and difficult diplomatic negotiations between states. Despite the resolution of underground use issues for each of the fields, as well as the joint development of oil and gas reserves in the disputed area, there are "loopholes" in the agreement that could become a serious obstacle to further cooperation in the energy sector .
36 Andrey Krivorotov, The unequal division in half: to the signing of the Russian-Norwegian agreement on the delimitation in the Arctic. Such actions on the Norwegian side are predictable, as the country is a direct competitor to Russia in the battle for European energy markets. However, such unacceptable actions force Russia to act on the basis of reciprocity, which does not provide a spirit of partnership in the relationship between the two states.
Russia and the USA
Washington's partners in the Arctic dialogue do not yet have a clear idea of the content and priorities of the Trump administration's Arctic strategy. But in the ruling class in the United States there are differences on the economic and environmental development of the Arctic sector in the country. Republicans insist that it is necessary to start work on the gradual development of hydrocarbons in the Arctic now so as not to lag behind other polar powers.
Thus, in April 2012, ExxonMobil and Rosneft signed an agreement on cooperation in geological research and development of oil and gas resources in the Kara Sea. At the same time, a number of opportunities for Russian-American economic cooperation in the Arctic still remain. In the case of the construction of other LNG plants in the Arctic regions of Russia (and such plans already exist), the supply of liquefied gas overseas through the Severn mu sea-sky Route (NSR) may become regular.
Russia and Finland
First, the intensification of scientific research on Arctic problems on an interdisciplinary basis in areas such as climate change and its consequences for the environment and activities in the region; improving technologies for safe navigation in arctic waters; creation of sustainable local communities in arctic conditions, etc. Third, the continuation of the efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs aimed at the inclusion of the current observers in the Arctic Council (the EU, as well as some of its countries) as full members. Fourth, increasing the degree of commercial and economic presence of Finland in the north of Russia.
44The development of scientific interdisciplinary research on the problems of the Arctic region (today without exaggeration) is impossible without Finland. Finland has considerable scientific and expert capabilities in the development of cooperation in the polar and subpolar regions. For the Russian Federation, the socio-economic development of the border of the Arctic regions is fundamental.
Russia and Sweden
The Russian point of view is as follows: the expansion of interaction with the EU should not lead to the transformation of the Barents/Euro-Arctic region into a "commodity basket of Brussels", but should have a wider coverage with an emphasis on high technology and innovation. 46. Strengthening the role of the Arctic as a supplier of mineral raw materials has another component for interaction - the development of transport links, including to countries in the Asia-Pacific region. In this context, there are good prospects for joint use of the Northern Sea Route as the shortest water route connecting Northern Europe and the Asia-Pacific region.
An analysis of the Swedish strategy for the Arctic shows that the possibilities for building bilateral Russian-Swedish cooperation in the Arctic are quite limited. They mainly concern the protection of the natural environment, the reduction of the negative effects of climate change, research, the preservation of the culture, traditions and languages of the indigenous peoples of the North, and the development of transport. In this regard, the most promising, which can give the greatest practical effect, is the cooperation of Russia and Sweden within the framework of the Arctic Council and the Barents Euro-Arctic Council.
Russia and Non-arctic states 1. Russia and France
- Russia and China
Beijing assures Moscow that its intentions do not conflict with Russian interests in the Arctic. About a third of the world's gas reserves, located in the Arctic, are thus the center of Chinese cooperation with the Arctic states and especially with Russia. It is clear that the Arctic will become an important source of energy supply for China in the future.
It should be noted that China is increasingly standing out as an important partner for Russia in the development of the Russian Arctic. Transport projects in the Arctic: synchronization, complexity (Vestnik Kolskogo nauchnogo tsentra Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, no. China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) has a 20% stake in the Yamal project, located in the Arctic.
Changes in international relations in the Arctic after 2014
Risks in assessing the prospects for international cooperation of Russia related to oil and gas resources of the Arctic shelf: economic, technological, geo-economic, political,
The subject of special technological risk is the dependence of Russian oil and gas companies on technology transfer. The US and the EU have limited access to Russian oil and gas companies (Gazprom, Rosneft, Transneft, Gazprom Neft, Lukoil, Surgutneftegas) and the state for long-term financing, as well as European technologies and equipment (drilling, well testing, geophysical exploration of wells) - only 30 types of products for the oil industry 7471). The consequences of the sanctions seriously disrupted the work of Russian oil and gas companies and affected the timing and plans for the development of the Arctic offshore fields.
To develop the oil and gas resources of the Arctic shelf, technology is one of the most important components. Technological risk is expressed in the dependence of Russian oil and gas companies on technological cooperation with foreign companies. The reason for this is the technological backwardness of the oil and gas industry in Russia.
Participation of Russian oil and gas transnational corporations in modern international Arctic projects
Perhaps the provision of favorable conditions for private companies will accelerate the development of the Russian continental shelf. One of the first applicants for access to the Arctic shelf among private companies is PJSC LUKOIL. 92 Presentation of the Ministry of Energy of Russia (The official website of the Ministry of Energy, 2017) https://minenergo.gov.ru/node/7687.
94 Presentation of the Ministry of Energy of Russia (The official website of the Ministry of Energy, 2017) https://minenergo.gov.ru/node/7687. Rosneft PJSC requested a postponement due to the freezing of participation of foreign companies in joint projects.97. Global scenarios for cooperation in the Arctic against the background of the development of the global economy and energy.
Global scenarios of cooperation in the Arctic against the backdrop of the development of the global economy and energy
The ability to change the rules of the game in the Arctic may play a role. Finally, it is obvious that the development of Arctic resources is impossible in the near future. Calculating their impact on international relations in the Arctic region currently seems utopian.
The level of mutual understanding of the states in the Arctic is beginning to favorably influence the general level of international relations. The influence of conservatives in the representative power of the United States is increasing, which affects international relations in the Arctic. Such countries are attracted to finance research and environmental programs and projects in the Arctic.
Table 1.1
Figure 3.1
Table 3.2
