This report has been written in accordance with the EASO COI Report Methodology (2019).1 The report is based on carefully selected sources of information. Further information on the reference period for this report can be found in the methodology section of the introduction. This report has been prepared in accordance with the EASO COI Report Methodology (2019)4 and the EASO COI Writing and Referencing Style Guide (2019).5.
Human trafficking within and from Nigeria
Trafficking in human beings at domestic level
- Exploitation and trafficking of children
- Sexual exploitation of women and girls in Nigeria
66 of these victims were women.39 These women/girls are often trafficked from rural areas to large cities such as Lagos40, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Kano, Kaduna, Calabar and Port Harcourt.41 Some sources state that victims of human trafficking , who returned from abroad/Europe ended up in (forced) prostitution in Nigeria.42 Euronews noted that "it is difficult to return women and girls away from the networks that trafficked them in the first place", citing an NGO worker (NGO). . 32 Africa.com, Social Enterprise Shines Light On Nigeria's Street Kids In Dark Days Of Pandemic, May 2020, url. See also: Al Jazeera, Survivors of Nigeria's 'baby factories' share their stories, 3 May 2020, url; Premium Times, INVESTIGATION: Grim Stories of Rape, Child Trafficking in Nigeria's Displaced Persons Camps, 31 Jan. 2015, url; New Humanitarian (The), First Person: They Want to Stop Human Traffickers.
Cross-border trafficking in human beings towards third countries
- Organ harvesting
Articles by the Guardian and CNN showed that traffickers recruited already pregnant, unmarried women from poor backgrounds by (falsely) promising them large sums of money in exchange for their children48 or luring them into 'baby factories' by pretended to provide them with some form of support.49 Another report found that baby factories recruited young girls from disadvantaged backgrounds, especially internally displaced persons50, with false promises of employment.51. In particular, with regard to sex trafficking, the sources said that as it became more difficult to traffic Nigerian women to Europe, the trafficking networks adjusted their modus operandi and focused more on neighboring countries and the Middle East as destinations for trafficking. people for sexual purposes.58 Nigerian anthropologist Sine Plambech, who specializes in the field of human trafficking for sexual purposes, stated that women from Edo State in southern Nigeria are now being trafficked to Dubai in increasing numbers due to greater difficulty crossing the Central Mediterranean route since 2017.59 Due to less Due to strict visa requirements for the 2018 World Cup in Russia, traffickers have fraudulently recruited Nigerian women for jobs in Russia to exploit them in the sex industry.60 While some of the As these countries increasingly act as the main destination of trafficking for Nigerian women, a large proportion of the victims are stuck in Libya on their way to Europe61, where they can spend months or years.62. Particularly in the Nigerian context, the report found that the market for these organs has partially shifted from Europe and North Africa to Malaysia and Singapore.
Cross-border trafficking in human beings towards Europe
- Nigerian victims of sex trafficking in Europe
- Pregnant trafficking victims
- Male Nigerian victims of human trafficking in Europe
Akinyoade, Force or Will: Making Sense of the Experiences of Trafficked Nigerian Women in the Netherlands, 2015, url, p. However, Nigerian victims of human trafficking in the EU were also exposed to other types of exploitation, including domestic slavery (5%), forced labor (3%), forced crime (1%), forced begging (1%) and others. Anecdotal evidence has shown that adult male victims of human trafficking from Nigeria have been exploited in the agricultural sector in southern Europe.148.
Modus operandi of THB in Nigeria for sexual exploitation in Europe
- Structure and size of Nigerian trafficking networks
- Madams
- Organised crime networks and cults
- Means of recruitment for trafficking
- Recruitment in Nigeria
- Smuggling model
- Recruitment along the way
- The debt system and the use of juju
- Juju and oath-taking
- Oba of Benin and the cursing of sex traffickers
- Travel to and within Europe
- Routes to Europe
- Abuse on the way to Europe
- Secondary movements in Europe
174 ECPAT, Religious, Social and Criminal Groups in Trafficking of Nigerian Girls and Women, marts 2019, url, s. 184 ECPAT, Religious, Social and Criminal Groups in Trafficking of Nigerian Girls and Women, marts 2019, url, s. 189 ECPAT, Religious, Social and Criminal Groups in Trafficking of Nigerian Girls and Women, marts 2019, url, s.
193 ECPAT, Religious, Social and Criminal Groups in Trafficking of Nigerian Girls and Women, marts 2019, url, s. 194 ECPAT, Religious, Social and Criminal Groups in Trafficking of Nigerian Girls and Women, marts 2019, url, s. 195 ECPAT, Religious, Social and Criminal Groups in Trafficking of Nigerian Girls and Women, marts 2019, url, s.
253 ECPAT, Religious, Social and Criminal Groups in Trafficking of Nigerian Girls and Women, 2019, url, pp. 255 ECPAT, Religious, Social and Criminal Groups in Trafficking of Nigerian Girls and Women, 2019, url, pp. 263 ECPAT, Religious, Social and criminal groups in the trafficking of Nigerian girls and women, 2019, url, pp.
264 ECPAT, Religious, Social and Criminal Groups in Trafficking of Nigerian Girls and Women, 2019, url, str. 272 ECPAT, Religious, Social and Criminal Groups in Trafficking of Nigerian Girls and Women, 2019, url, str. 275 ECPAT, Religious , Socialne in kriminalne skupine pri trgovini z nigerijskimi dekleti in ženskami, 2019, url, str.
Reintegration of returnees
- Repatriation (voluntary and forced return)
- Number of Nigerian returnees
- Overview of return programmes
- Reception and short-term assistance to returnees
- Community attitudes towards returnees, including sex trafficking victims
- Relocation in Nigeria
- Shelter, rehabilitation and reintegration support
- Shelter for victims of trafficking
- Economic reintegration support for trafficking victims
- Family reunification
For more information about the implementation of the program, see: EU-IOM, Biennial Reintegration Report #3, July 2020, url. The final phase consists of reintegration support after you return home.350 The exact nature of reintegration support depends on the profile of the returnee. Most voluntary return programs provide support to returnees upon arrival in Nigeria consisting of reception of returnees and accommodation during the first day after arrival.
If women succeed in making money, 'people are not interested in the origin of the earnings.'376. 376 EASO, EASO Country of Origin Information Report - Nigeria – Sex trafficking of women, October 2015, url, p. Science Nordic, Victims of sex trafficking return home to high hopes, 13 September 2012; Pascoal, R., The situation of the Nigerian victims of human trafficking and their children in Italy, 19 December 2012, p. 319) Osezua, C., 'Changing Status of Women and the Phenomenon Trafficking of Women for Transactional Sex in Nigeria', 2013, pp. Akinyoade, Coercion or Volition: Making Sense of the Experiences of Female Victims of Trafficking from Nigeria in the Netherlands, 2015, url, pp.
In September 2018, the UN Special Rapporteur expressed concern about the short duration of NAPTIP shelters and the fact that NAPTIP centers have also been used to host victims of other forms of gender-based violence, leading to a reduction in available rooms for victims of human trafficking.411 However, other sources indicate that they are not aware of a lack of shelter facilities for victims of human trafficking. Despite the mostly negative assessment of the current state of economic reintegration support in Nigeria, positive exceptions were also identified in the reports. 464 Sine Plambech reported on the basis of fieldwork in 2016 that the maximum amount of the available subsidy was 1200 euros.
Human Rights Watch stated that of the 76 victims of trafficking it interviewed for its return report,477 only four said that NGOs had helped them set up successful businesses.478 The report found that the economic situation was almost of all returnees who trafficked in human beings, the victims were worse than when they left.
Protection of returnees and prosecution of perpetrators
- Retaliation
- Prevalence of reprisals against victims themselves
- Reprisals against family members
- Reprisals against male returnees
- Retrafficking
- Prosecution of traffickers
- Convictions of traffickers
- Reasons behind the rarity of convictions
- Witness protection
Various sources identified a hardening of the traffickers' attitude towards victims who failed to repay their debts.508 An article in the Dutch newspaper De Correspondent attributed this development to the fact that Italian measures to curb migration from Libya have put Nigerian traffickers under pressure . business model' which depended on a continuous influx of new Nigerian sex-trafficking victims.509 Sources before 2015 stated that reprisals against trafficking victims who decided to flee were rare, as it was easy for traffickers to replace them with a new victim.510 But since this influx has been partially blocked, it has become more important for traffickers to ensure that the women already in Europe continue to work to repay their debts, according to an international media article. Other sources stated that Nigerian traffickers have always been violent and that violent reprisals against trafficking victims have always existed.514 One of these sources indicated that contacts within the Nigerian police force indicated that victims of trafficking have been killed upon their return to Nigeria.515. these sightings could not be supported by media reports or by linking them to a specific time and date. At the same time, various sources stated that they almost never receive reports of violent reprisals against returned victims of human trafficking.516 This was stated by a source.
Asked about the lack of reporting on specific cases of retaliation against victims of human trafficking (in Nigerian media), sources indicated that local media do not report on these cases because the experiences of victims of sex trafficking are not a newsworthy topic in the south of Nigeria is not. 519 since it is such a common phenomenon. A lawyer representing victims of human trafficking in Italy told the Guardian that traffickers have attacked family members of several people,523 including a case in which the mother of a victim was killed.524 The director of an Italian shelter for victims of human trafficking indicated that they were aware of two recent cases of violence against family members. An article published by InfoMigrants identified the impregnation of Nigerian victims of human trafficking in Libya by their Libyan and Nigerian guards with the aim of using threats of violence to the children to control victims after their arrival in Italy.529 The researcher Rafaela Pascoal did too.
Since returned victims or their families usually do not have the means to repay these debts, traffickers sometimes try to retraffick victims to obtain profits.535 Sources indicated that as it became more difficult to transport victims to Europe, women also were re-traded to the neighboring countries. countries or Libya.536 As mentioned in the 2015 EASO report on sex trafficking in Nigerian women, however, re-trafficking is not always the result of intimidation and violence.537 Several sources indicated that financial hardship and shame incited trafficking victims to Europe. try to travel again.538 Some human trafficking victims who have repaid a significant part of their debt hope to return to Europe to start earning money on their own account as sex workers or ladies.539. One source indicated that victims are also reluctant to testify because they see themselves as (failed) migrants instead of human trafficking victims.555. Corruption also figures as an important reason for the lack of convictions of traffickers.556 The UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings, especially Women and Children indicated that: 'In the narratives of victims and survivors, the role of corrupt law enforcement officers was often highlighted. .
Reports emerged of traffickers trying to look for returning victims in NGO shelters or leaving letters/messages to intimidate victims.564 One source indicated that NGO shelters are easily identified by traffickers.565 Some NGOs suggest victims for human trafficking to move to another region. of the country.
Bibliography
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Terms of reference
