Before the outbreak of the conflict, local NGOs reported that prison authorities were holding juveniles with adults in some rural and women's prisons, as well as in some prisons in the capital. After its exile in 2015 and during the year, the Hadi-led government lost control of much of the justice system to Houthi-Saleh rebels, who continued to run these institutions during the year. After the outbreak of the conflict, Houthi-Saleh rebels kept bin Haydara in prison and continued the trial.
According to some estimates, almost one-third of the country's combatants were under 18 years of age. HRW claimed that Houthi militants stationed armed men in the Noor Center complex for care and. Rehabilitation of the blind in Sana'a, which was damaged in a Saudi-led coalition airstrike that injured three civilians on January 5.
Respect for Civil Liberties, Including
Prior to the government's exile, officials from the Customs Authority and the Ministry of Culture occasionally confiscated what were deemed to be foreign publications. The government asked the authors of the books to obtain the certificate from the Ministry of Culture for publication and submit the copies to the ministry. Libel/defamation laws: The law criminalizes criticism of the "person of the head of state", although not necessarily "constructive" criticism; publishing "false information" that could spread "dissension and division among people"; materials that may lead to "the spread of ideas contrary to the principles of the Yemeni revolution"; and "false stories intended to harm Arab and friendly countries or their relations" with the country.
According to the Yemeni Journalists Syndicate, Houthi-Saleh rebels, popular resistance forces and government tribal militias were responsible for a series of media abuses from January to June. According to the International Telecommunication Union, 25.1 percent of the population used the Internet in 2015, while 5.5 percent had Internet access at home. Prior to the conflict, authorities strictly enforced this requirement when women traveled with children, but there were no reports of this requirement being enforced by authorities during the year.
More than 2.1 million people have been internally displaced since November, according to the Working Group on Population Movements, led jointly by UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Access by humanitarian organizations to internally displaced persons has generally been poor due to ongoing conflict; however, the ICRC and MSF maintained a presence in several locations throughout the country. According to the United Nations, humanitarian organizations, local NGOs and charities still operating in the capital supported internally displaced persons in Sana'a with food, shelter and non-food items.
Many refugees have become increasingly vulnerable due to the deteriorating security and economic situation in the country. About a third of the people who fled the country were citizens; others included Somali refugees, Ethiopians, Djiboutians, Sudanese and other foreign nationals who worked in Yemen before the conflict.
Freedom to Participate in the Political Process
1,350 refugees and 710 internally displaced persons were provided with counseling and community awareness on a range of issues including HIV, hygiene promotion, nutrition, vaccination, measles and dengue. The schedule of the next elections was pending the end of the dispute and a peaceful solution between the parties. The power-sharing agreement outlined in the 2011 GCC-I collapsed when rebels drove the internationally recognized government out of the country.
HRW reported that many of the 61 people it documented in arbitrary or violent detention by Houthi-Saleh rebels since August 2014 appeared to have been arrested because of ties to the al-Islah party. Local NGOs and media also reported that individuals tied to al-Islah have been arbitrarily detained in Mukalla by UAE-affiliated Security Belt forces. Women participated in the UN-led negotiation process throughout the year, although not in large numbers.
At the end of the year, one woman served as a delegate on the government's 12-person negotiating team and one on the GPC team. Before the outbreak of the conflict, the provisions agreed at the 2014 NDC included a 30 percent quota for women in all branches of government. Thirty percent of delegates to the 2013-14 NDC were women, and women chaired many committees and working groups.
The NDC had one delegate representing a minority group commonly known as “Muhamasheen” or “Akhdam”. According to some estimates before the conflict, the Muhamashins (an ethnic group largely of East African origin) comprised up to 10 percent of the population. Although he was only one of 565 delegates from Muhamashin, this representation was a first for the community.
Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government
The law then requires a two-thirds majority in parliament and the president's permission to bring the findings of criminal investigations to the Attorney General for prosecution. The government did not use the procedure until Houthi rebels illegally dissolved parliament in February 2015. Prior to the outbreak of the conflict, the president was responsible for appointing COCA's top officials.
In cases involving high-level officials, COCA submitted reports directly to the president, who had the power to reject the reports. The government has also suspended the implementation of a payment system for soldiers and security forces via bank or post office accounts. The independent Supreme National Authority for Combating Corruption (SNACC) received complaints and developed programs to raise awareness of corruption before the outbreak of conflict.
Normally, the law requires the Ministry of Finance to publish the government budget online, in print and on CD. The government has attempted to implement the 2014 budget on a monthly basis as stipulated under. It was unclear how much of the 2014 budget the government could implement throughout the year.
Information related to contract awards, including geographic area, company and terms of the contract, was publicly available through the High Tender Board's website and announcements in state media prior to the outbreak of the conflict. The law provides for journalists to have some access to government reports and information, but the government has done little to provide for accessibility or.
Governmental Attitude Regarding International and
Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons Women
Other Harmful Traditional Practices: Cases of "honor" killings, murders of a daughter or sister who "disgraced" the family, occurred, especially in rural areas. If the child was not born in the country, the ministry may in rare cases allow a woman to transfer citizenship to the child if the father dies or leaves the child (see section 6, Children). If the child was not born in the country, the Ministry of the Interior may, in rare cases, allow a woman to transfer citizenship to the child if the father dies or leaves the child behind.
Although attendance was nominally compulsory until the ninth grade before the outbreak of conflict, only 79 percent of boys and 60 percent of girls attended primary school. According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, there are approximately 1,600 schools as of June. Before the conflict broke out, observers reported the practice of foreigners visiting the country to enter into short-term marriages with young women and underage girls.
International Child Abduction: The country is not a party to the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Prior to the outbreak of the conflict, social stigma and official indifference were barriers to implementation. Before the fighting broke out, the authorities imprisoned people with mental disorders alongside criminals, without providing them with adequate medical care and in some cases without trial.
Muhamasheen women were particularly vulnerable to rape and other abuse due to the general impunity of attackers due to the women's low-caste status. Due to the illegality of and possible severe punishment for consensual same-sex sexual behavior, there were no LGBTI organizations.
Worker Rights
Employees can also submit a case to the Labor Arbitration Board, which is headed by the Ministry and is composed of a representative of the employer and a representative of the General Federation of Yemen. According to the GFYWTU, the government has allowed public sector employees, especially those in ministries, to unionize and strike if the unions have more than 200 members. Before the outbreak of the conflict, the government sometimes tried to influence the unions by involving its own staff.
Before the outbreak of the conflict, the government did not enforce the law effectively due to lack of resources and financial interests of the elite, many of whom. The law prohibits child labor, but the government was unable to implement its rules effectively. Poverty, disruption of services due to conflict and lack of resources posed a serious challenge to the law.
The International Labor Organization (ILO) has defined the minimum working age in a country as “the minimum age for admission to employment that does not present any hazards, must not be lower than the age for completing compulsory education and. According to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor, small factories and shops sometimes employed children outside the family, especially in rural areas. Labor laws and regulations prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, sex, color, creed, language, or disability and specifically state that "women are equal to men with respect to conditions of employment and rights of employment." The law does not address sexual orientation, political opinion, national origin, social origin, gender identity, HIV status or other infectious diseases.
Before the conflict, women's rights activists and NGOs reported that discrimination was a common practice in the public and private sectors. Before the conflict, women and girls aged 15 or older represented only 25 percent of the formal workforce, largely due to barriers to education and social traditions that prevented women from seeking and finding work.
