A Figura 52 mostra o aspecto dos cavacos obtidos para as diferentes condi- ções de lubrificação no início da vida da ferramenta. A principal diferença observada foi em relação à coloração dos cavacos, porém, nenhum estudo foi realizado para explicar essa diferença. Quanto à forma, a usinagem assistida por jorro, proporcionou cavacos contínuos com forma helicoidal bem definida. Enquanto todas as outras con- dições apresentaram cavacos emaranhados. Segundo Khan et al., (2009), tanto a forma quanto a coloração dos cavacos, indicam, direto ou indiretamente, a natureza da interação cavaco-ferramenta, influenciada pelas condições de usinagem.
Figura 52 - Cavacos coletados no início do ensaio para as diferentes condições de lubrifirre- frigeração.
Também foram avaliados os graus de recalque para as diferentes condições de lubrificação. Com base nos valores medidos chegou-se ao gráfico da figura 53. Nele pode-se observar que as condições de lubrirrefrigeração MQNL híbrido, aC:H e CuO, respectivamente, proporcionaram maiores valores de Rc, quando comparadas
com as condições a seco e jorro. A condição MQL também apresentou maior grau de recalque quando comparada com a condição a seco. Essa afirmação não pode ser feita para outras comparações, visto que, para todas as outras, tem-se limites de in- tervalo de confiança compreendendo a mesma região.
Figura 53 - Intervalo de confiança (IC) para os graus de recalque (Rc), obtidos para as dife-
rentes condições de lubrirrefrigeração.
Rahman et al., (2019), também observaram o aumento do grau de recalque proporcionado por nanofluidos de Al2O3, MoS2, e TiO2, em comparação com a condi-
ção a seco no torneamento da liga Ti-6Al-4V. No caso em questão, o melhor resultado foi obtido pelo nanofluido com nanopartículas de MoS2, para velocidade de 105 m/min.
Os autores relacionaram essa melhoria às melhores propriedades lubrirrefrigerantes apresentadas por este nanofluído, que também apresentou os menores valores de temperatura na região de interface, quando comparado com as outras condições de lubrirrefrigeração estudadas.
O maior valor de grau de recalque é um indicador de que os esforços para remoção do cavaco foram menores nas condições de lubrirrefrigeração MQNL aC:H e Híbrido. Este resultado concorda com aquele obtido na análise de desgaste em que foi obtida uma maior vida útil da aresta de corte também nessas condições, o que indica que a presença das nanopartículas contribuiu para a redução do atrito e conse- quentemente, para uma melhor lubrificação nas regiões de interface. Essa contribui- ção pode ser explicada pelos mecanismos antidesgaste desenvolvidos pelas nano-
0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65 G rau de r ec al qu e, Rc .
partículas. Dentre os mecanismos antidesgaste possíveis de acontecer, o mais pro- vável é que tenha ocorrido o efeito de rolamento, devido, principalmente, à forma das nanopartículas utilizadas.
5 Conclusões
Com base nos testes realizados e resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir que: Os nanofluidos a base de aC:H e híbrido proporcionaram uma vida útil
da aresta de corte superior à usinagem a seco. Em relação às outras condições, do ponto de vista estatístico, não foi possível afirmar qual proporcionou o melhor desempenho.
Para todas as condições de lubrirrefrigeração foi observada a presença dos desgastes de cratera e de flanco produzidos principalmente por abrasão e attrition.
A condição jorro foi a que proporcionou os menores valores de rugosi- dade média após a primeira passada. As condições MQL resultaram em melhores acabamentos em comparação com a usinagem a seco. Porém, entre as condições MQL não houve diferença significativa em termos de rugosidade.
Do início ao fim de vida das arestas testadas, para todas as condições, os valores de rugosidade média se mantiveram dentro das classes de rugosidade N6 e N7.
A presença das nanopartículas influenciou positivamente na formação dos cavacos. Os cavacos obtidos nas condições MQNL apresentaram os maiores valores de grau de recalque, sendo que, os melhores resul- tados foram obtidos pelas nanofluidos híbrido e de aC:H, o que vai de encontro aos resultados obtidos durante o estudo da vida útil da aresta de corte.
Os nanofluidos de aC:H e híbrido, obtiveram resultados que os qualifi- cam como possíveis substitutos aos métodos convencionais de lubrifi- cação.
6 Sugestões para trabalhos futuros
Investigar a aplicação dos nanofluidos utilizados neste trabalho em di- ferentes concentrações e com variações de vazão pela técnica MQL; Analisar por EDS a raiz dos cavacos a fim de identificar a presença de
elementos que comprovem a penetração de nanopartículas nas regi- ões de interface;
Utilizar um método de medição de temperatura para avaliar a ação re- frigerante dos nanolubrificantes em comparação com os outros méto- dos;
Medir as componentes da força de usinagem durante o torneamento com nanolubrificantes.
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