IHP OHP Eletrólito
5. CAPÍTULO V CONCLUSÃO E PERSPECTIVAS
O presente trabalho descreveu a fabricação de biossensores do tipo GraFETs em grande escala e a aplicação destes para a detecção ultra-sensível do biomarcador de câncer de mama HER-2. A elevada sensibilidade elétrica dos dispositivos GraFETs foi alcançada devido a união de três fatores: o tipo de grafeno empregado, a imobilização orientada dos anticorpos sobre o grafeno e a incorporação das nanopartículas de ouro. Neste sentido, destacam-se na sequência as principais contribuições realizadas por este trabalho.
Através do método de CVD, foi possível sintetizar grandes áreas (3 polegadas) de uma única camada grafeno livre de defeitos, fato confirmado através dos espectros de Raman e imagens topográficas de AFM.
Exibimos a fabricação de um número massivo, aproximadamente 2668, biossensores do tipo GraFETs através dos processos convencionais de fotolitografia e deposição de metais. Sugerindo assim, a possibilidade de incorporação destes tipos de biossensores em uma escala industrial, visando o desenvolvimento de sensores para análises clínicas.
Demonstramos pela primeira vez, através da funcionalização da superfície do grafeno com a p-mercaptopiridina, a imobilização de uma elevada densidade de nanopartículas de ouro sobre o grafeno, de forma estável e homogênea, sem a introdução de defeitos na estrutura do grafeno, comprovado através dos espectros Raman.
A proteína A se demonstrou um agente de ligação ideal para a imobilização direta e orientada de anticorpos sobre o grafeno, bem como, sobre as nanopartículas de ouro. Desse modo, a proteína A contribuiu para a manutenção da atividade dos anticorpos, que se refletiu diretamente na elevada sensibilidade elétrica dos biossensores.
Assim, aliando a elevada área superficial do grafeno, com as suas propriedades elétricas diferenciadas, bem como o emprego das nanopartículas de ouro e da proteína A, como agente de imobilização dos anticorpos sobre estas, foi possível demonstrar pela primeira vez o desenvolvimento de um sensor altamente sensível para a detecção do biomarcador de câncer de mama HER-2, sendo possível detectar concentrações de até 500fg mL-1 (5,17 fmol L-1), fato ainda não reportado na
literatura. Neste sentido o biossensor desenvolvido neste trabalho, possui sensibilidade elétrica mais do que a necessária para determinar os níveis da proteína HER-2 encontrados em fluídos corporais, tanto para o diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama, quanto para o monitoramento de pacientes que se encontram em fase de tratamento, permitindo assim, uma avaliação da eficácia deste.
Como perspectivas deste trabalho nós buscamos empregar os sensores GraFETs para a detecção simultânea de outros biomarcadores de câncer de mama, já que nem todas as pessoas expressam um mesmo tipo de biomarcador, conferindo assim uma maior confiabilidade no diagnóstico precoce desta doença. Além disso, o fato do grafeno ser um material bidimensional e altamente flexível, permite que os sensores GraFETs, sejam fabricados em substratos plásticos, como a poliimida, visando assim o desenvolvimento de dispositivos descartáveis, de baixo custo e que poderiam ser implantáveis nas camadas epiteliais mais externas e permitindo assim um monitoramento contínuo de tais biomarcadores.
6.
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