• Nenhum resultado encontrado

O extrato etanólico e suas frações derivadas de sementes de Licania rigida mostraram um perfil fenólico promissor com alta concentração de compostos com atividade antioxidante. No que se refere à presença de compostos que atuam através da varredura de radicais livres, flavonoides como a quercetina, quercitrina e catequina foram preponderantes. Já os ácidos fenólicos se mostraram mais importantes quando condições de estresse foram usadas (presença de ferro). Neste trabalho, também foi possível observar uma relação clara entre a presença de taninos e atividade antioxidante nas amostras FALr, FMLr e EELr.

De forma geral, o EELr apresentou baixa ou nenhuma toxicidade de acordo com os ensaios utilizados. No entanto, abordagens mais sensíveis como a toxicogenômica e ensaios de toxicidade de longa duração em animais devem ser feitos a fim de garantir a segurança de uso dessa promissora fonte de compostos antioxidantes.

REFERÊNCIAS

ABED, M. et al. Tannic Acid Induced Suicidal Erythrocyte Death. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 32, n. 4, p. 1106–1116, 2013.

ACADEMY, T. N. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Bioactive compounds in plants – benefits and risks for man and animals Proceedings from a symposium held at. [s.l: s.n.].

AGALAKOVA, N. I.; GUSEV, G. P. Molecular Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induced by Inorganic FluorideISRN Cell Biology, 2012.

AGATI, G. et al. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location and functional significance.

Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology, v. 196, p. 67–76,

nov. 2012.

AGATI, G. et al. Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: new evidence, lessons from the past. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB / Société française de physiologie végétale, v. 72, p. 35–45, nov. 2013.

AGRA, M. F. et al. Medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of “Cariri Paraibano”, Brazil. Journal of ethnopharmacology, v. 111, n. 2, p. 383–95, 4 maio 2007.

ALFADDA, A. A; SALLAM, R. M. Reactive oxygen species in health and disease. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology, v. 2012, p. 936486, 2012.

AMAROWICZ, R. et al. Polyphenolics extracts from legume seeds: Correlations between total antioxidant activity, total phenolics content, tannins content and astringency. Journal of Food Lipids, v. 11, p. 278–286, 2004.

AMAROWICZ, R. Tannins: The new natural antioxidants? European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, v. 109, n. 6, p. 549–551, jun. 2007.

ANDERSON, T. W. An introduction to multivariate statistical analysis. Third edit ed.Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.

BADISA, R. B. et al. Licania michauxii Prance root extract induces hsp 70 mRNA and necrotic cell death in cultured human hepatoma and colon carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Letters, v. 149, p. 61–68, 2000.

BARJA, G. Updating the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging: an integrated view, key aspects, and confounding concepts. Antioxidants & redox signaling, v. 19, n. 12, p. 1420–45, 2013.

BAST, A.; HAENEN, G. R. M. M. Ten misconceptions about antioxidants. Trends in pharmacological sciences, v. 34, n. 8, p. 430–6, ago. 2013.

BILIA, A. R. et al. Molluscicidal and piscicidal activities of Venezuelan Chrysobalanaceae plants. Life sciences, v. 66, p. PL53–L59, 2000.

BOLIGON, A. A. et al. Protective effects of extracts and flavonoids isolated from Scutia buxifolia Reissek against chromosome damage in human lymphocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), v. 17, n. 5, p. 5757–69, jan. 2012.

BOLIGON, A. A. et al. Antimicrobial and antiviral activity-guided fractionation from Scutia buxifolia Reissek extracts. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, v. 35, n. 7, p. 2229–2239, 21 mar. 2013.

BONARSKA-KUJAWA, D. et al. Biological activity of blackcurrant Extracts (Ribes nigrum L.) in relation to erythrocyte membranes. BioMed research international, v. 2014, p. 783059, jan. 2014.

BRACA, A. et al. Chemical and biological studies on Licania genus. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, v. 28, p. 35–67, 2003.

BREWER, M. S. Natural Antioxidants: Sources, Compounds, Mechanisms of Action, and Potential Applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, v. 10, n. 4, p. 221–247, 14 jul. 2011.

BRIEGER, K. et al. Reactive oxygen species: from health to disease. Swiss medical weekly, v. 142, p. w13659, 2012.

BUTLER, L. G. Antinutritional effects of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins. Basic life sciences, v. 59, p. 693–698, 1992.

CALDERON, L. D. A. et al. Amazonian Biodiversity: A View of Drug Development for Leishmaniasis and Malaria. v. 20, n. 6, p. 1011–1023, 2009.

CARDOSO, M. et al. Changing the Course of Biodiversity Conservation in the Caatinga of Northeastern Brazil. v. 19, n. 3, p. 701–706, 2005.

CARNEVALE NETO, F. et al. Chrysobalanaceae: secondary metabolites, ethnopharmacology and pharmacological potential. Phytochemistry Reviews, v. 12, n. 1, p. 121–146, 12 dez. 2012. CARTAXO, S. L.; DE ALMEIDA SOUZA, M. M.; DE ALBUQUERQUE, U. P. Medicinal plants with bioprospecting potential used in semi-arid northeastern Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v. 131, p. 326–342, 2010.

CASTILHO, R. O.; DE OLIVEIRA, R. R.; KAPLAN, M. A C. Licanolide, a new triterpene lactone from Licania tomentosa. Fitoterapia, v. 76, n. 6, p. 562–6, set. 2005.

CHANDRASEKARA, A.; SHAHIDI, F. Antioxidant phenolics of millet control lipid peroxidation in human LDL cholesterol and food systems. JAOCS, Journal of the American

Oil Chemists’ Society, v. 89, n. 2, p. 275–285, 2012.

CHANG, C. et al. Estimation of Total Flavonoid Content in Propolis by Two Complementary Colorimetric Methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, v. 10, n. 3, p. 178–182, 2002. CHANG, H. et al. Structurally related cytotoxic effects of flavonoids on human cancer cells in vitro. Archives of Pharmacal Research, v. 31, n. 9, p. 1137–1144, 2008.

CHEYNIER, V. et al. Plant phenolics: recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB / Société française de physiologie végétale, v. 72, p. 1–20, nov. 2013.

CHUNG, K. T. et al. Tannins and human health: a review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, v. 38, n. 6, p. 421–464, ago. 1998.

COCK, I. E.; RUEBHART, D. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Separation And Identification Of A Toxic Fraction From Aloe Barbadensis Miller Leaf Gel Using The Artemia Nauplii Bioassay. The Internet Journal of Toxicology, 2008.

COSTA-LOTUFO, L. V. et al. Studies of the anticancer potential of plants used in Bangladeshi folk medicine. Journal of ethnopharmacology, v. 99, n. 1, p. 21–30, 13 maio 2005.

CRABBE, J. C. et al. Overview of mouse assays of ethanol intoxication. Current protocols in neuroscience / editorial board, Jacqueline N. Crawley ... [et al.], v. Chapter 9, p. Unit 9.26, jan. 2008.

CRAFT, B. D. et al. Phenol-Based Antioxidants and the In Vitro Methods Used for Their Assessment. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, v. 11, n. 2, p. 148– 173, 29 mar. 2012.

D’ARCHIVIO, M. et al. Bioavailability of the polyphenolsμ Status and controversies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, v. 11, n. 4, p. 1321–1342, 2010.

DAI, J.; MUMPER, R. J. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), v. 15, n. 10, p. 7313–52, jan. 2010. DE ALBUQUERQUE, U. P. et al. Medicinal and magic plants from a public market in northeastern Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v. 110, p. 76–91, 2007.

DIMITRIOS, B. Sources of natural phenolic antioxidants. Trends in Food Science & Technology, v. 17, n. 9, p. 505–512, set. 2006.

DRÖGE, W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiological reviews, v. 82, n. 1, p. 47–95, 2002.

FANG, Z.; BHANDARI, B. Encapsulation of polyphenols - A review. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 2010.

FARIAS, D. F. Biossegurança alimentar de proteínas Cry: dos métodos clássicos à era ômica. [s.l.] Universidade Federal do Ceará, 2013.

FARIAS, D. F. et al. Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities of plant seed extracts from Brazilian semiarid region. BioMed research international, v. 2013, p. 510736, jan. 2013.

FATHI, M.; MOZAFARI, M. R.; MOHEBBI, M. Nanoencapsulation of food ingredients using lipid based delivery systems. Trends in Food Science & Technology, v. 23, n. 1, p. 13–27, jan. 2012.

FEDELI, D. et al. The effect of some tannins on trout erythrocytes exposed to oxidative stress. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, v. 563, n. 2, p. 89–96, 10 out. 2004.

FEITOSA, E. A.; XAVIER, H. S.; PERRELLI, K. Chrysobalanaceae μ traditional uses , phytochemistry and pharmacology. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, v. 22, n. 5, p. 1181–1186, 2012.

FERNANDES, J. et al. Pentacyclic triterpenes from Chrysobalanaceae species: cytotoxicity on multidrug resistant and sensitive leukemia cell lines. Cancer letters, v. 190, n. 2, p. 165–9, 20 fev. 2003.

FERRAZ FILHA, Z. . et al. Brine shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) bioassay of extracts from Lychnophoriopsis candelabrum and different Lychnophora species. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, v. 14, n. 2, p. 358–361, 2012.

FINI, A. et al. Stress-induced flavonoid biosynthesis and the antioxidant machinery of plants. Plant Signaling & Behavior, v. 6, n. 5, p. 709–711, 1 maio 2011.

FRANCL, M. How to counteract chemophobia. Nature chemistry, v. 5, n. 6, p. 439–40, 2013. FRANKEL, E. N.; FINLEY, J. W. How to standardize the multiplicity of methods to evaluate natural antioxidants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008.

FRATIANNI, F. et al. Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of different grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), lentils (Lens culinaris), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) ecotypes of the Campania region (Southern Italy). Journal of Functional Foods, v. 7, p. 551–557, mar. 2014. GAMBARDELLA, C. et al. Effects of selected metal oxide nanoparticles on Artemia salina larvae: evaluation of mortality and behavioural and biochemical responses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 186, n. 7, p. 4249–4259, 2014.

GARIGLIO, M. A. et al. Uso sustentável e conservação dos recursos florestais da Caatinga. [s.l: s.n.].

GAUTHIER, C. et al. Haemolytic activity, cytotoxicity and membrane cell permeabilization of semi-synthetic and natural lupane- and oleanane-type saponins. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, v. 17, n. 5, p. 2002–2008, 1 mar. 2009.

GOVAERTS, R.; PRANCE, G. T.; SOTHERS, C. A. World Checklist of Chrysobalanaceae. Disponível em: <http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/>. Acesso em: 22 jan. 2015.

GUTTERIDGE, J. M. C.; HALLIWELL, B. Antioxidants: Molecules, medicines, and myths. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, v. 393, n. 4, p. 561–4, 19 mar. 2010. HAGERMAN, A E. Radial diffusion method for determining tannin in plant extracts. Journal of chemical ecology, v. 13, n. 3, p. 437–49, mar. 1987.

HALLIWELL, B. Biochemistry of oxidative stress. Biochemical Society transactions, v. 35, n. Pt 5, p. 1147–50, nov. 2007.

HALLIWELL, B. Are polyphenols antioxidants or pro-oxidants? What do we learn from cell culture and in vivo studies? Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, v. 476, n. 2, p. 107– 12, 15 ago. 2008.

HALLIWELL, B. The antioxidant paradox: less paradoxical now? British journal of clinical pharmacology, v. 75, n. 3, p. 637–44, mar. 2012a.

HALLIWELL, B. Free radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal view. Nutrition reviews, v. 70, n. 5, p. 257–65, maio 2012b.

HEIM, K. E.; TAGLIAFERRO, A. R.; BOBILYA, D. J. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, v. 13, n. 10, p. 572–584, out. 2002.

HERCBERG, S. et al. The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Archives of internal medicine, v. 164, n. 21, p. 2335–42, 22 nov. 2004.

HUNYADI, A. et al. Chlorogenic acid and rutin play a major role in the in vivo anti-diabetic activity of Morus alba leaf extract on type II diabetic rats. PloS one, v. 7, n. 11, p. e50619, 21 jan. 2012.

IGNAT, I.; VOLF, I.; POPA, V. I. A critical review of methods for characterisation of polyphenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables. Food Chemistry, v. 126, n. 4, p. 1821–1835, jun. 2011.

JAMES, O.; NNACHETA, O. P.; AMEH, O. Polyphenol Contents , Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Activities of Some Selected Nigerian Vegetable Foods. International Journal of Chemical Sciences, v. 6, n. 4, p. 1714–1725, 2008.

JANICK, J.; PAULL, R. E. The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. West Lafayette: CABI, 2008.

JONES, J. et al. Evidence for prehistoric origins of Egyptian mummification in late Neolithic burials. PLoS ONE, v. 9, n. 8, 2014.

KASPAR, J. W.; NITURE, S. K.; JAISWAL, A. K. Nrf2:INrf2 (Keap1) signaling in oxidative stress. Free Radical Biology and MedicineElsevier Inc., , 1 nov. 2009. Disponível em: <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2763938&tool=pmcentrez&rend ertype=abstract>. Acesso em: 23 maio. 2014

KRISHNAIAH, D.; SARBATLY, R.; NITHYANANDAM, R. A review of the antioxidant potential of medicinal plant species. Food and Bioproducts Processing, v. 89, n. 3, p. 217– 233, jul. 2011.

KUMAR, S.; PANDEY, A. K. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. TheScientificWorldJournal, v. 2013, p. 162750, jan. 2013.

LEE, Y.-T. et al. Cytotoxicity of phenolic acid phenethyl esters on oral cancer cells. Cancer letters, v. 223, n. 1, p. 19–25, 2005.

LESJAK, M. M. et al. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of Juniperus macrocarpa Sibth. et Sm. Journal of Functional Foods, v. 7, p. 257–268, mar. 2014.

LIOCHEV, S. I. Reactive oxygen species and the free radical theory of aging. Free radical biology & medicine, v. 60, p. 1–4, jul. 2013.

LIU, Z. et al. Correlation among cytotoxicity, hemolytic activity and the composition of steroidal saponins from Paris L. Journal of ethnopharmacology, v. 149, n. 2, p. 422–30, 16 out. 2013.

LOBO, V. et al. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 2010.

LÜ, J.-M. et al. Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, v. 14, n. 4, p. 840–60, abr. 2010.

LU, Y. et al. Antioxidant Activity Determination of Citronellal and Crude Extracts of Cymbopogon citratus by 3 Different Methods. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, v. 5, n. April, p. 395–400, 2014.

LUSHCHAK, V. I. Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and its classification. Chemico-Biological Interactions, v. 224, p. 164–175, dez. 2014.

MACEDO, F. L. et al. Thermal characterization of oil and biodiesel from oiticica (Licania rigida Benth). Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, v. 106, n. 2, p. 531–534, 1 maio 2011.

MACIEL, M. A. M. et al. Plantas medicinais: A necessidade de estudos multidisciplinares. Quimica Nova, v. 25, p. 429–438, 2002.

MANACH, C. et al. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr, v. 81, n. 1, p. 230S–242, 1 jan. 2005.

MARSEGLIA, L. et al. Oxidative Stress in Obesity: A Critical Component in Human Diseases. International journal of molecular sciences, v. 16, n. 1, p. 378–400, jan. 2014.

MATOS, F. J. DE A. Introdução à Fitoquímica Experimental. Fortaleza: UFC edições, 1997. MATSUO, M. et al. Cytotoxicity of flavonoids toward cultured normal human cells. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, v. 28, n. 2, p. 253–259, 2005.

MAZID, M.; KHAN, T. A.; MOHAMMAD, F. Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants. Biology and Medicine, v. 3, n. 2, p. 232–249, 2011.

MIN, B.; AHN, D. U. Mechanism of Lipid Peroxidation in Meat and Meat Products -A Review. Food Science and Biotechnology, v. 14, n. 1, p. 152–163, 2005.

MIRANDA, M. M. F. S. et al. Anti-herpes simplex virus effect of a seed extract from the tropical plant Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch (Chrysobalanaceae). Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, v. 9, n. 7, p. 641–5, out. 2002.

MOL, J.; GROTEWOLD, E.; KOES, R. How genes paint flowers and seeds. Trends in Plant Science, v. 3, n. 6, p. 212–217, jun. 1998.

MUNIN, A.; EDWARDS-LÉVY, F. Encapsulation of natural polyphenolic compounds; a review. Pharmaceutics, 2011.

MURPHY, M. P. Antioxidants as therapies: can we improve on nature? Free radical biology & medicine, v. 66, p. 20–3, jan. 2014.

NABAVI, S. F. et al. Role of quercetin as an alternative for obesity treatment: you are what you eat! Food Chemistry, v. 179, p. 305–310, fev. 2015.

NDHLALA, A. R. et al. Toxicology of some important medicinal plants in southern Africa. Food and Chemical Toxicology, dez. 2013. Disponível em: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24075916>. Acesso em: 4 abr. 2015

NEGRI, G.; TABACH, R. Saponins, tannins and flavonols found in hydroethanolic extract from Periandra dulcis roots. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, v. 23, n. 6, p. 851–860, nov. 2013.

NETO, M. A. D. et al. Mudas de oiticica irrigadas com águas salinas no solo com biofertilizante bovino e potássio. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, v. 18, n. 1, p. 10–18, 2014.

NIKI, E. et al. Lipid peroxidation: Mechanisms, inhibition, and biological effects. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2005.

NOWAK, M. et al. Drought stress increases the accumulation of monoterpenes in sage (Salvia officinalis), an effect that is compensated by elevated carbon dioxide concentration. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, v. 83, n. 2, p. 133–136, 2010.

OECD/OCDE. Acute Oral Toxicity – Up-and-Down Procedure. OECD GUIDELINE FOR TESTING OF CHEMICALS. [s.l: s.n.].

OTEIZA, P. I. et al. Flavonoid-membrane interactions: a protective role of flavonoids at the membrane surface? Clinical & developmental immunology, v. 12, p. 19–25, 2005.

PANDEY, R. et al. Oxidative/Nitrosative stress and the pathobiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, v. 7, n. 3, p. 580–8, mar. 2013.

PERRON, N. R.; BRUMAGHIM, J. L. A review of the antioxidant mechanisms of polyphenol compounds related to iron binding. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, v. 53, n. 2, p. 75–100, jan. 2009.

PEYRAT-MAILLARD, M. N.; CUVELIER, M. E.; BERSET, C. Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidation: Synergistic and antagonistic effects. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2003.

PHAN, H. T. T. et al. Structure-dependent interactions of polyphenols with a biomimetic membrane system. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes, v. 1838, n. 10, p. 2670– 2677, out. 2014.

PIAZZON, A. et al. Antioxidant activity of phenolic acids and their metabolites: Synthesis and antioxidant properties of the sulfate derivatives of ferulic and caffeic acids and of the acyl glucuronide of ferulic acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 60, n. 50, p. 12312–12323, 19 dez. 2012.

PIETTA, P.-G. Flavonoids as Antioxidants. Journal of Natural Products, v. 63, n. 7, p. 1035– 1042, jul. 2000.

PINTO, V. D. L.; SOUZA, L. DI; CENTRAL, C. Síntese , Caracterização e Avaliação de Biodiesel de Óleo de Oiticica (Licania Rigida Benth) e Isolalamento do Éster Metílico do Ácido Licânico. Química: ciência, tecnologia e sociedade, v. 1, n. 1, p. 37–48, 2012.

POWELL, R. G. Plant seeds as sources of potential industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and pest control agents. Journal of natural products, v. 72, n. 3, p. 516–23, 27 mar. 2009. PRIOR, R. L.; WU, X.; SCHAICH, K. Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005.

PROLO, C.; ALVAREZ, M. N.; RADI, R. Peroxynitrite, a potent macrophage-derived oxidizing cytotoxin to combat invading pathogens. BioFactors (Oxford, England), v. 40, n. 2, p. 215–25, jan. 2014.

PUNTEL, R. L.; NOGUEIRA, C. W.; ROCHA, J. B. T. Krebs Cycle Intermediates Modulate Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Species (TBARS) Production in Rat Brain In Vitro. Neurochemical Research, v. 30, n. 2, p. 225–235, fev. 2005.

RAJABI, S. et al. Artemia salina as a model organism in toxicity assessment of nanoparticles. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, v. 23, n. 1, p. 20, 24 fev. 2015.

RAO, Y. K. et al. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of naturally occurring phenolic and related compounds: A comparative study. Food and Chemical Toxicology, v. 45, n. 9, p. 1770–1776, 2007.

RATES, S. M. Plants as source of drugs. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxicology, v. 39, n. 5, p. 603–13, maio 2001.

REED, J. D. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. Journal of animal science, v. 73, n. 5, p. 1516–28, maio 1995.

REIN, M. J. et al. Bioavailability of bioactive food compounds: A challenging journey to bioefficacy. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, v. 75, n. 3, p. 588–602, 2013. SABIR, S. M.; ROCHA, J. B. T. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Solanum fastigiatum (false “Jurubeba”) against paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, v. 120, n. 2, p. 226–32, 20 nov. 2008.

SAILAJA RAO, P. et al. Free Radicals and Tissue Damage: Role of Antioxidants. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, v. 1, n. 4, p. 2–7, out. 2011.

SAITO, K. et al. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis: structural and genetic diversity. Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB / Société française de physiologie végétale, v. 72, p. 21–34, nov. 2013.

SAK, K. Cytotoxicity of dietary flavonoids on different human cancer types. Pharmacognosy reviews, v. 8, n. 16, p. 122–46, 1 jul. 2014.

SALISBURY, D.; BRONAS, U. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: impact on endothelial dysfunction. Nursing research, v. 64, n. 1, p. 53–66, jan. 2015.

SANDERSON, J. T. et al. Antiproliferative, antiandrogenic and cytotoxic effects of novel caffeic acid derivatives in LNCaP human androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, v. 21, n. 22, p. 7182–7193, 2013.

SCHUCK, A. et al. Cytotoxic and proapoptotic activities of gallic acid to human oral cancer HSC-2 cells. Oxidants and Antioxidants in Medical Science, v. 2, n. 4, p. 265, 2013. SELMAR, D.; KLEINWÄCHTER, M. Influencing the product quality by deliberately applying drought stress during the cultivation of medicinal plants. Industrial Crops and Products, v. 42, n. 1, p. 558–566, mar. 2013a.

SELMAR, D.; KLEINWÄCHTER, M. Stress enhances the synthesis of secondary plant products: the impact of stress-related over-reduction on the accumulation of natural products. Plant & cell physiology, v. 54, n. 6, p. 817–26, jun. 2013b.

SERRANO, J. et al. Tannins: Current knowledge of food sources, intake, bioavailability and biological effectsMolecular Nutrition and Food Research, 2009.

SHARMA, O. P.; BHAT, T. K. DPPH antioxidant assay revisited. Food Chemistry, v. 113, n. 4, p. 1202–1205, abr. 2009.

SHUKLA, V.; MISHRA, S. K.; PANT, H. C. Oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, v. 2011, p. 572634, jan. 2011.

SILVA, J. B. N. F. et al. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch (Crhysobalanaceae). Archives of Biological Science Belgrade, v. 64, n. 2, p. 459–464, 2012.

SIMPSON, W. M.; BROCK, C. D. Chemophobia, family medicine, and the doctor-patient relationship. Journal of agromedicine, v. 9, n. 2, p. 451–460, jan. 2004.

SINGLETON, V. L.; ORTHOFER, R.; LAMUELA-RAVENTÓS, R. M. Oxidants and Antioxidants Part A. [s.l.] Elsevier, 1999. v. 299

SIREESHA, K.; SAILAJA RAO, P. Oxidative stress and diabetes: An overview. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, , 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84922544565&partnerID=tZOtx3y1> SOUZA, T. M. et al. Evaluation of the anti-Leishmania activity of ethanol extract and fractions of the leaves from Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) linkNatural Product ResearchTaylor & Francis, , 2013.

SPIGNO, G. et al. Nanoencapsulation systems to improve solubility and antioxidant efficiency of a grape marc extract into hazelnut paste. Journal of Food Engineering, v. 114, n. 2, p. 207– 214, jan. 2013.

STORR, S. J. et al. Redox environment, free radical, and oxidative DNA damage. Antioxidants & redox signaling, v. 18, n. 18, p. 2399–408, 2013.

SUWALSKY, M.; AVELLO, M. Antioxidant capacity of Ugni molinae fruit extract on human erythrocytes: an in vitro study. The Journal of membrane biology, v. 247, n. 8, p. 703–12, ago. 2014.

TARAHOVSKY, Y. S. et al. Flavonoid-membrane interactions: Involvement of flavonoid- metal complexes in raft signaling. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes, v. 1838, n. 5, p. 1235–1246, maio 2014.

TARIQ, A.; MUSSARAT, S.; ADNAN, M. Review on ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological evidence of Himalayan anticancer plants. Journal of ethnopharmacology, v. 164, p. 96–119, 10 fev. 2015.

VALKO, M. et al. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chemico-biological interactions, v. 160, n. 1, p. 1–40, 10 mar. 2006.

VAQUERO, M. J. R.; FERNÁNDEZ, P. A. A.; DE NADRA, M. C. M. Effect of phenolic compound mixtures on the viability of Listeria monocytogenes in meat model. Food Technology and Biotechnology, v. 49, n. 1, p. 83–88, 2011.

VENDITTI, P.; DI STEFANO, L.; DI MEO, S. Mitochondrial metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondrion, v. 13, n. 2, p. 71–82, mar. 2013.

VIÑA, J. et al. The free radical theory of aging revisited: the cell signaling disruption theory of aging. Antioxidants & redox signaling, v. 19, n. 8, p. 779–87, 2013.

VULIĆ, J. J. et al. In vivo and in vitro antioxidant effects of beetroot pomace extracts. Journal of Functional Foods, v. 6, p. 168–175, jan. 2014.

WENG, A. Chemistry and pharmacology of saponins: special focus on cytotoxic properties. Botanics: Targets and Therapy, v. 1, p. 19–29, out. 2011.

WINKEL-SHIRLEY, B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Current opinion in plant biology, v. 5, n. 3, p. 218–23, jun. 2002.

WINTERBOURN, C. C. Reconciling the chemistry and biology of reactive oxygen species. Nature chemical biology, v. 4, n. 5, p. 278–86, maio 2008.

YAKANDAWALA, D.; MORTON, C. M.; PRANCE, G. T. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Chrysobalanaceae Inferred from Chloroplast, Nuclear, and Morphological Data 1. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, v. 97, p. 259–281, 2010.

YANG, J.; GUO, J.; YUAN, J. In vitro antioxidant properties of rutin. LWT - Food Science and Technology, v. 41, p. 1060–1066, 2008.

YIN, H.; XU, L.; PORTER, N. A. Free radical lipid peroxidation: mechanisms and analysis. Chemical reviews, v. 111, n. 10, p. 5944–72, 12 out. 2011.

ZAMBIAZI, R. C. et al. Fatty acid composition of vegetable oils and fats. Boletim do Centro de Pesquisa e Processamento de Alimentos, v. 25, p. 111–120, 2007.

ZHANG, M. et al. Antioxidant properties of quercetinAdvances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Anais...2011

ZHANG, X.-L. et al. Phenolic compounds from Origanum vulgare and their antioxidant and antiviral activities. Food chemistry, v. 152, p. 300–6, 1 jun. 2014.

Documentos relacionados