Conclusão e considerações finais

Os resultados deste estudo permitiram alcançar os objetivos inicialmente propostos, tendo-se verificado valores equilibrados para as quatro dimensões avaliadas, o que era expectável tendo em conta se tratar de uma amostra comunitária.

Salientam-se as associações encontradas entre as dimensões emocionalidade negativa e controlo com esforço, tanto do temperamento da criança como do temperamento da mãe, quer com os problemas de sono mas também com as queixas somáticas. Verificou-se ainda que a emocionalidade negativa da criança foi o principal preditor de ambas as problemáticas estudadas.

Os resultados do estudo remetem-nos para a importância de avaliar o temperamento das crianças, pois pode constituir um importante instrumento de triagem para identificar crianças em risco de desenvolver problemas de sono e/ou queixas somáticas. Será importante ajudar os pais de crianças com mais emocionalidade negativa a conhecerem e desenvolverem práticas parentais adequadas e positivas, contrariando a suscetibilidade para utilizarem práticas parentais negativas com crianças com um temperamento mais “difícil”.

58 Relativamente ao temperamento das mães, são vários os estudos que têm demonstrado que as características parentais influenciam a qualidade da parentalidade, o que por sua vez pode ter impacto na autorregulação das crianças. No entanto, sabemos muito pouco acerca das características dos pais (nomeadamente acerca do seu temperamento) que influenciam a sua parentalidade e que têm impacto no desenvolvimento das crianças. Este estudo encontrou algumas associações, no entanto, são necessários mais estudos para que exista uma maior compreensão acerca do tema e para que seja possível comparar resultados.

Apesar dos resultados encontrados, este trabalho tem algumas limitações importantes que devem ser consideradas. A amostra foi de conveniência, pelo que a generalização dos resultados deve ser feita cautelosamente. Sendo uma amostra muito homogénea e bastante adaptada tornou-se menos provável encontrar associações fortes entre as dimensões do temperamento e os problemas de sono e queixas somáticas. Esta característica também terá contribuído para uma distribuição que não cumpre os pressupostos de normalidade, o que limitou os testes estatísticos possíveis de utilizar.

As medidas utilizadas foram de hétero-relato, respondidas pelo mesmo informante num único momento (estudo transversal). Em futuras investigações seria importante incluir não só a mãe mas também outros informantes, como por exemplo o pai ou as educadoras das crianças e utilizar um desenho longitudinal que permita recolher informação em diversos momentos. Será importante também pensar num alargamento da variabilidade da amostra, incluindo sujeitos de grupos clínicos, de forma a poder comparar resultados. Por último, seria importante utilizar outros instrumentos específicos para avaliar os problemas de sono e as queixas somáticas, uma vez que o instrumento utilizado possui poucos itens para avaliar ambas as problemáticas.

59 Este estudo permitiu reforçar a importância do temperamento nos problemas de sono e nas queixas somáticas das crianças pré-escolares. Serão necessários estudos futuros que tentem ultrapassar as limitações referidas e que possibilitem uma maior compreensão das relações encontradas uma vez que existe pouca literatura que aborde as dimensões estudadas.

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