Os estudos epidemiológicos que conduziram à associação entre a infecção por HPV e o desenvolvimento de cancro do colo do útero contribuíram para uma melhor compreensão do processo oncogénico, uma melhor avaliação de risco em programas de rastreio e o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção através da vacinação. No entanto, é do conhecimento geral que apenas uma pequena percentagem das mulheres infectadas por HPV de alto risco desenvolvem, de facto, cancro do colo do útero. Como tal, será importante perceber os factores do hospedeiro e virais que contribuem para a persistência da infecção por HPV e o eventual desenvolvimento de cancro do colo do útero.
A análise de variações genéticas do hospedeiro pode contribuir para uma melhor caracterização da susceptibilidade para o desenvolvimento de neoplasias. Neste sentido, foi pesquisada a relação entre o polimorfismo Arg/Pro da p53 e o desenvolvimento de cancro do colo do útero. Não foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significativas na nossa população, mas será útil estudar este e outros polimorfismos numa população mais alargada e em diferentes regiões geográficas. A definição de grupos populacionais mais susceptíveis pode ser determinante na elaboração de estratégias de prevenção.
O conhecimento da distribuição das variantes de HPV 16 poderá ser utilizado para melhorar a avaliação do risco oncogénico durante o diagnóstico, diferenciar tratamentos ou adequar a utilização de vacinas. Foi interessante notar que, na nossa população, há uma grande heterogeneidade de variantes de HPV 16. No entanto, para a obtenção de resultados conclusivos são necessários estudos adicionais com um maior número de amostras para avaliar o risco oncogénico individual de cada variante e estabelecer, com rigor, a prevalência das variantes de HPV 16 na nossa população.
A identificação de grupos de risco permitirá o desenho de estratégias preventivas e/ou terapêuticas mais eficazes com claros benefícios para as mulheres infectadas por HPV e com uma redução de custos para os serviços de saúde.
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