• Nenhum resultado encontrado

6.CONCLUSÕES

1. No geral, a frequência de disautonomia ao teste ergométrico foi substancialmente maior no grupo em hemodiálise do que no grupo controle e se correlacionou com a presença de inflamação.

2. O índice cronotrópico foi a variável que, isoladamente, mais discriminou esses dois grupos e com base nesse índice, 80,5% do grupo em hemodiálise apresentou disautonomia em comparação com 12,2% dos controles. Estar em hemodiálise foi uma variável independente e fortemente associada a índice cronotrópico alterado em todos os modelos de regressão testados.

3. Houve correlação entre os marcadores de disautonomia ao teste ergométrico e a maioria das variáveis do Holter.

4. Também se observou associação entre marcadores de disautonomia ao TE com a proteína C-reativa e a beta 2-microglobulina.

REFERÊNCIAS

1. Adabag AS, Grandits GA, Prineas RJ, Crow RS, Bloomfield HE, and Neaton JD. Relation of heart rate parameters during exercise test to sudden death and all-cause mortality in asymptomatic men. Am J Cardiol. 2008, 101:1437- 1443.

2. Almeida MB, and Araújo CGS. Efeitos do treinamento aeróbio sobre a frequência cardíaca. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2003; 9:104-112.

3. Almeida MB. Frequência cardíaca e exercício: Uma interpretação baseada em evidências. Rev Bras de Cineantropom Desempenho Hum. 2007;9:196- 202.

4. Almeida FK, Gross JL and Rodrigues TC. Microvascular complications and cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;96:484-489.

5. Alonso DO, Forjaz CLM, Resende LO, Braga AM, Barreto ACP, Negrão CE, et al. Comportamento da frequência cardíaca e da sua variabilidade durante as diferentes fases do exercício físico progressivo máximo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1998;71:787-792.

6. Anderson KP, Shusterman V, Aysin B, Weiss R, Brode S, and Gottipaty V. Distinctive RR dynamics preceding two modes of onset of spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia. ESVEM investigators: Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10:897-904.

7. Araújo CGS, Ricardo DR, and Almeida MB. Intra and interdays reliability of the 4-second exercise test. Braz J Sports Med. 2003;9:299-303.

8. Barberato SH and Pecoits-Filho R. Echocardiographic alterations in patients with chronic kidney failure undergoing hemodialysis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94:140-146.

9. Beciani M, Tedesco A, Violante A, Cipriani S, Azzarito M, Sturniolo A, et al. Cardiac troponin I (2nd generation assay) in chronic haemodialysis patients: prevalence and prognostic value. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18: 942-946. 10. Blužaitė I, Braždžionytė J, Žaliūnas R, Rickli H, and Ammann P. QT

dispersion and heart rate variability in sudden death risk stratification in patients with ischemic heart disease. Medicina (Kaunas) 2006; 42:450-454. 11. Bolton K, Bedduh S, Campese VM, Chavers VM, Cheung AK, Churchill DN,

et al. Guidelines on evaluation and management of cardiovascular diseases . Am J Kidney Diseas. 2005;45:Suppl 3: S16-S153.

12. Bonanni A, Mannucci I, Verzola D, Sofia A, Saffioti S, Gianetta E, et al. Protein-Energy Wasting and Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8:1631-54.

13. Brembilla-Perrot B, Ross M, Jacquemin L, Beurrier D, Houplon P, and Danchin N. Analysis of heart rate variability before and at the moment of cardiac death. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1997;90:1477-1484.

14. Brotman DJ, Bash LD, Qayyum R, Crews D, Whitsel EA, Astor BC, and Coresh J. Heart rate variability predicts ESRD and CKD-related hospitalization. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:1560-1570.

15. Brubaker PH and Kitzman DW. Chronotropic incompetence: causes, consequences, and management. Circulation. 2011;123:1010-1020.

16. Camarozano A, Rabischoffsky A, Maciel BC, Brindeiro Filho D, Horowitz ES, Pena JLB, et al. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes das indicações da ecocardiografia. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93( supl.3):e265-e302. 17. Cambri LT, Fronchetti L, De-Oliveira FR and Gevaerd MS. Variabilidade da

frequência cardíaca e controle metabólico. Arq Sanny Pesq Saúde. 2008 1: 72-82.

18. Cardoso C and Salles G. QT–interval parameters in end–stage renal disease. Is cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy unimportant? Clin Autonomic Reser. 2004;14:214-216.

19. Carreira MAMQ, Rachid MBF, Tellerman LD, Lobo MEDC, and Ferraz PCM. Velocidade de recuperação da frequência cardíaca no pós-esforço em diferentes protocolos de recuperação ativa: 1,5mph/2,5% vs. 40% da velocidade e inclinação de pico. In: 62º Congresso Brasileiro de Cardiologia e XXII Congresso Sul-Americano de Cardiologia, 2006, Recife. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;87:98.

20. Carreira MAMQ. Interpretação do exame. In: Costa RVC & Carreira MAMQ. Ergometria. 2nd ed., Rio de Janeiro, Atheneu; 2009; p 33-49.

21. Chan CT, Levin NW, Chertow GM, Larive B, Schulman G, Kotanko P et al. Determinants of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1821-1827.

22. Cheng YJ, Kampert JB, Lauer MS, Gibbons LW, Earnest CP, and Church TS. Heart rate recovery following maximal exercise testing as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2052-2057.

23. Cole CR, Foody JM, Blackstone EH, and Lauer MS. Heart rate recovery after submaximal exercise testing as a predictor of mortality in a cardiovascular healthy cohort. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132:552-555.

24. Covic A, Diaconita M, Gusbeth-Tatomir P, Covic M, Botezan A, Ungureanu C and Goldsmith DJ. Haemodialysis increases QTc interval but not QTc

dispersion in ESRD patients without manifest cardiac disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002,17:2170-2177.

25. Dawber TR, Kannel WB, Revotskie N, Stokes JI, Kagan A, and Gordon T. Some factors associated with the development of coronary heart disease. Six years follow-up experience in the Framingham Study. Am J Public Health. 1959; 49:1349-1356.

26. De Angelis K, Santos MSB, and Irigoyen MC. Sistema nervoso autônomo e doença cardiovascular. Rev Soc Cardiol RS. 2004;03:1-7.

27. Drueke TB. Beta2-microglobulin and amyloidosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15(Suppl 1):17-24.

28. Elhendy A, Mahoney DW, Khandheria BK, Burger K, and Pellikka PA. Prognostic significance of impairment of heart rate response to exercise impact of left ventricular function and myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:823-30.

29. Ellestad MH, and Wan MK. Predictive implications of stress testing. Follow- up of 2700 subjects after maximum treadmill stress testing. Circulation 1975; 51: 363-369.

30. Falcone C, Buzzi MP, Klersy C, Schwartz PJ. Rapid heart rate increase at onset of exercise predicts adverse cardiac events in subjects with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2005;112:1959-1964.

31. Familoni OB, Alebiosu CO, and Ayodele OE. Effects and outcome of haemodialysis on QT intervals and QT dispersion in patients with chronic kidney disease. Cardiovasc J South Afr. 2006;17:19-23.

32. Fishbane S. Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation before kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:843-845.

33. Flueckiger P, Pastan S, Goyal A, McClean WM, Patzer RE. Associations of ECG interval prolongations with mortality among ESRD patients evaluated for renal transplantation. Ann Transplant. 2014;19:257-268.

34. Foster MF, Rawlings AM, Marrett E, Neff D, Willis K, Inker LA, Coresh J, and Selvin E. Cardiovascular risk factor burden, treatment, and control among adults with chronic kidney disease in the United States. Am Heart J. 2013;166:150-156.

35. Fotbolcu H, Duman D, Ecder SA, Oduncu V, Cevik C, Tigen K, et al. Attenuated cardiovascular response to sympathetic system activation during exercise in patients with dialysis-induced hypotension. Am J Nephrol. 2011; 33:491-498.

36. Freeman JV, Dewey FE, Hadley DM, Myers J and Froelicher VF. Autonomic nervous system interaction with the cardiovascular system during exercise. Progress Cardiov Dis. 2006,48:342-362.

37. Friedman SE, Palac RT, Zlotnick DM, Chobanian MC, and Costa SP. A call to action: variability in guidelines for cardiac evaluation before renal transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6:1185-1191.

38. Fukuta H, Hayamo J, Ishihara S, Sakata S, Mukai S, Ohte N et al. Prognostic value of heart rate variability in patients with end-stage renal disease on chronic haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003: 18:318-325.

39. Gayda M, Bourassa MG, Tardif JC, Fortier A, Juneau M, and Nigam A. Heart rate recovery after exercise and long-term prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28:201-7.

40. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher V, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to uptodate the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation. 2002 Oct 1;106:1883-1892.

41. Guo Y, Palmer JL, Strasser F, Yusuf SW, and Bruera E. Heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic dysfunction in men with advanced cancer. Eur J Cancer Care. 2013 Sep;22:612-616.

42. Guyton AC and Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology 11th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier; 2006. p 1055-1066.

43. Hage FG, Smalheiser S, Zoghbi GJ, Perry GJ, Deierhoi M, Warnock D, et al. Predictors of survival in patients with end-stage renal disease evaluated for kidney transplantation. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:1020-1025.

44. Hausberg M, Kosch M, Harmelink P, Barenbrock M, Hohage H, Kisters K, et al. Sympathetic nerve activity in end-stage renal disease. Circulation. 2002;106:1974-1979.

45. Helal I, Smaoui W, Hamida FB, Ouniss M, Aderrahim E, Hedri H et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2010;21:59-62.

46. Herzog CA, Mangrum JM, and Passman R. Sudden cardiac death and dialysis patients. Seminars in Dialysis. 2008; 21:300-307.

47. Huang PH, Leu HB, Chen JW, Wu TC, Lu TM, Ding YA, and Lin SJ. Comparison of endothelial vasodilator function inflammatory markers, and N- terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with or without chronotropic incompetence to exercise test. Heart. 2006;92:609-14.

48. Huikuri HV, Seppänen T, Koistinen MJ, Airaksinen KEJ, Ikäheimo MJ, Castellanos A, and Myerburg RJ. Abnormalities in beat-to-beat dynamics of heart rate before the spontaneous onset of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996;93:1836-1844.

49. Ie EHY and Zietse R. Evaluation of cardiac function in the dialysis patient - a primer for the non-expert. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:1474-1481.

50. Ikizler TA, Cano NJ, Franch H,Fouque D, Himmelfarb J, Kalantar-Zadeh K, et al. Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: a consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Kidney Int. 2013;84:1096-107.

51. Imai K, Sato H, Hori M, Kusuoka H, Ozaki H, Yokoyama H, et al. Vagally mediated heart rate recovery after exercise is accelerated in athletes but blunted in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 24:1529-1535.

52. Iseki K, Tosawa M, Yoshi S, and Fukiyama K. Serum C-protein (CRP) and risk of death in chronic dialysis patient. Nephrol Dial Transpl .1999;14: 1956- 1960.

53. Ishimura E, Taniwaki H, Tabata T, Tsujimoto Y, Jono S, Emoto M, et al. Crosssectional association of serum phosphate with carotid intima-medial thickness in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:859-865.

54. Jae SY, Heffernan KS, Yoon ES, Lee MK, Fernhall B and Park WH. The inverse association between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein is mediated by autonomic function: a possible role of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. Mol Med. 2009;15:291-296.

55. Jofré R, Rodriguez-Benitez P, López-Gómez JM, and Pérez-Garcia R. Inflammatory syndrome in patients on hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:S274–S280.

56. Johnson RE, Brouha L, and Darling RC. A test of physical fitness for strenuous exercise. Rev Canad Biol. 1942;1:491-503.

57. Joles JA and Koomans HA. Causes and consequences of increased sympathetic activity in renal disease. Hypertension. 2004;43:699-706.

58. Jouven X, Schwartz PJ, Escolano S, Straczek C, Tafflet M, Desnos M et al. Excessive heart rate increase during mild mental stress in preparation for exercise predicts sudden death in the general population. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1437-1443.

59. Késói I, Sági B, Vas T, Kovács T, Wittmann I, and Nagy J. Heart rate recovery after exercise is associated with renal function in patients with a homogenous chronic renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010; 25: 509- 513.

60. Khan MN, Pothier CE, and Lauer MS. Chronotropic incompetence as a predictor of death among patients with normal electrograms taking beta blockers (metoprolol or atenolol). Am J Cardiol 2005;96:1328-1333.

61. Kleiger RE, Stein PK, and Bigger JT Jr. Heart rate variability: measurement and clinical utility. Ann Noninvas Electrocardiol. 2005;10:88-101.

62. Kyriazis J, Pikounis V, and Smirnioudis N. Use of the QTc interval and QTc dispersion in patients on haemodialysis: assessment of reproducibility. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:516-517.

63. Lahiri MK, Kannankeril PJ, and Goldberger JJ. Assessment of autonomic function in cardiovascular disease physiological basis and prognostic implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51:1725-1733.

64. Lahiri MK, Chicos A, Bergner D, Ng J, Banthia S, Wang NC, et al. Recovery of heart rate variability and ventricular repolarization indices following exercise. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2012;17:349-360.

65. Lanier JB, Mote MB, and Clay EC. Evaluation and management of orthostatic hypotension. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84:527-536.

66. Lauer MS. Autonomic function and prognosis. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2009;76:S18-S22.

67. Lauer MS. Exercise testing for assessment of autonomic function. Am Heart J. 2002; I44:580-582.

68. Leeper NJ, Dewey FE, Ashley EA, Sandri M, Tan SY, Hadley D, et al. Prognostic value of heart rate increase at onset of exercise testing. Circulation. 2007;115:468-474.

69. Lopes MHM, Grupi C, Dina CH, Gois AFT, Halijar LA, Ayub B et al. Análise da dispersão do intervalo QT em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio: efeito da reperfusão coronariana. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;87:91-98.

70. Lopes, S. Bio 2: Introdução ao estudo dos seres vivos, vírus, moneras, protistas e fungos: as plantas, os animais. Volume 2.. São Paulo: Savaiva; 2002.

71. Lorincz I, Matyus J, Zilahy Z, Kun C, Karanyii Z, and Kakuk G. QT dispersion in patients with end-stage renal failure and during hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:1297-1302.

72. Lornoy W, Becaus I, Billiouw M, Sierens L, Van Malderen P and D’Haenens. On-line haemodiafiltration. Remarkable removal of β2-microglobulin. Long term clinical observations.Nephol Dial Transplant. 2000;15(suppl1):49-54. 73. Lowbeer C, Ottosson-Seeberg A, Gustafsson SA, Norman R, Hulting J, and

Gutierrez A. Increased cardiac troponin T e endothelin 1 in dyalises patients may indicate heart disease. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 1999;14:1948-1955.

74. Lugon JR, Warrak EA, Lugon AS, Salvador BA, and Nóbrega ACL. Revisiting autonomic dysfunction in end-stage renal disease patients. Hemodial Int. 2003;7:198-203.

75. Maddox TM, Ross C, Ho M, Masoudi FA, Magid D, Daugherty SL, et al. The prognostic importance of abnormal heart rate recovery and chronotropic

response among exercise treadmill test patients. Am Heart J. 2008;156:736- 744.

76. Malik M, and Batchvarov VN. Measurement, interpretation, and clinical potential of QT dispersion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1749-1766.

77. Malik M. et al. Task force of the European Society of Cardiology and North American Society of pacing and electrophysiology. Heart rate variability. Circulation. 1996;93:1043-1065.

78. Mancine ASE. Cardiac effects of chronic inflammation in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(Suppl 8):10-15.

79. Marron K, Wharton J, Sheppard MN, Fagan D, Royston D, Kuhn DM, et al. Distribution, morphology, and neurochemistry of endocardial and epicardial nerve terminal arborizations in the human heart. Circulation. 1995; 92:2343- 2351.

80. Masaki N, Takase B, Matsui T, Kosuda S, Ohsuzu F, Ishihara M, et al. QT peak dispersion, not QT dispersion, is a more useful diagnostic marker for detecting exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3:424- 432.

81. Meneghelo RS, Araújo CGS, Stein R, Mastrocolla LE, Albuquerque PF, Serra SM et al. III Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre teste ergométrico. Arq Bras Card. 2010;5(Supl.1):1-26.

82. Messias LR, Carreira MAMQ, and Mesquita CT. Stress test evaluation of dysautonomia in heart failure patients. Rev Bras Cardiol. 2010;23:244-250. 83. Messias LR, Carreira MAMQ, Miranda SMR, Azevedo JC, Gava IA,

Rodrigues RC et al. Relação entre imagem adrenérgica cardiaca e teste ergométrico. Arq Bras Cardiol, 2011;96:370-375.

84. Messias LR, Carreira MAMQ, Miranda SMR, Azevedo JC, Gava IA, Rodrigues RC et al. Is abnormal adrenergic activation associated with abnormal heart rate recovery? Arq Bras Cardiol, 2012;98:398-405.

85. Monfared A, and Ghods AJ. Improvement of maximum corrected QT and corrected QT dispersion in electrocardiography after kidney transplantation. IJKD. 2008;2:95-8.

86. Muntner P, He J, Astor BC, Folson AR, and Coresh J. Traditional and nontraditional risk factor predict coronary heart disease in chronic kidney disease: result from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:529-538.

87. Myers L, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, and Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med. 2002 Mar;14:346:793-801.

88. Myers J, Tan SY, Abella J, Aleti V, and Froelicher VF. Comparison of the chronotropic response to exercise and heart rate recovery in predicting cardiovascular mortality. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007 Apr;14:215-21. 89. Nakagawa M, Takahashi N, Ooie T, Yufu K, Hara M, Watanabe M, et al. Development of a new method for assessing the cardiac baroreflex: response to downward tilting in patients with diabetes mellitus. Heart. 2001;86:643– 648.

90. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(suppl1):S1-S266.

91. Ng J, Sundaram S, Kadish AH, and Goldberger JJ. Autonomic effects on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability after exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009;297:H1421-H1428.

92. Nobrega AC, and Araujo CG. Heart rate transient at the onset of active and passive dynamic exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:37-41.

93. Novak P. Assessment of sympathetic index from the Valsalva maneuver. Neurology. 2011 Jun 7; 76: 2010–2016.

94. Ohtake T, Kobayashi S, Moriya H, Negishi K, Okamoto K, Maesato K, and Saito S. High prevalence of occult coronary artery stenosis in patients with chronic kidney disease at the initiation of renal replacement therapy: an angiographic examination. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1141-1148.

95. Oikawa K, Ishihara R, Maeda T, Yamaguchi K, Koike A, Kawaguchi H et al. Prognostic value of heart rate variability in patients with renal failure on hemodialysis. Int J Cardiol. 2009;131:370-377.

96. Okuno S, Ishimura E, Kohno K, Fujino-Katoh Y, Maeno Y, Yamakawa T, et al. Serum β2-microglobulin level is a significant predictor of mortality in maintenance haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:571- 577.

97. Oliveira TP, Mattos RA, Silva RBFS, Rezende RA and Lima JRP. Absence of parasympathetic reactivation after maximal exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2013;33:143-149.

98. Painter P. Determinants of exercise capacity in CKD patients treated with hemodialysis. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2009;16:437-48.

99. Pastore CA, Pinho C, Germiniani H, Samesima N, Mano R, et al. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre análise e emissão de laudos eletrocardiográficos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(supl.2):1-19.

100. Patel RK, Mark PB, Johnston N, McGeocha R, Lindsay M, Kingsmore DB, et al. Prognostic value of cardiovascular screening in potential renal transplant

recipients: A single-center prospective observational study. Am J Transplantation. 2008;8:1673-1683.

101. Pecoits-Filho R, Barany P, Lindholm B, Heimburger O, and Stenvinkel P. Interleukin-6 is an independent predictor of mortality in patients starting dialysis treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1684-1688.

102. Perini R and Veicsteinas A. Heart rate variability and autonomic activity at rest and during exercise in various physiological conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;90:317-325.

103. Ranpuria R, Hall M, Chan CT and Unruh M. Heart rate variability (HRV) in kidney failure: measurement and consequences of reduced HRV. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:444-449.

104. Routledge HC, and Townend JN. Why does heart rate response to exercise predict adverse cardiac events? Heart. 2006;92:577-578.

105. Rubinger D, Revis N, Pollak A, Luria MH, and Sapoznikov D. Predictors of haemodynamic instability and heart rate variability during haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;10:2053-2060.

106. Rump LC, Amann K, Orth S, and Ritz E. Sympathetic overactivity in renal disease: a windows to understanding progression and cardiovascular complication of uremia? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:1735-1738.

107. Santoro A and Mancini E. Cardiac effects of chronic inflammation in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(Suppl 8):10-15.

108. Savonen KP, Lakka TA, Laukkanen JA, Rauramaa TH, Salonen TJ, and Rauramaa R. Usefulness of chronotropic incompetence in response to exercise as a predictor of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men without cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:992–998.

109. Sesso RC, Lopes AA, Thomé FS, Lugon JR, Watanabe Y, and Santos DR. Chronic dialysis in Brazil: report of the Brazilian dialysis census, 2011. J Bras Nefrol. 2012;34:272-277.

110. Sharain K, Hoppensteadt D, Bansal V, Singh A and Fareed J. Progressive increase of inflammatory biomarkers in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2013;19:303-308.

111. Sharma R, Pellerin D, Gaze DC, Gregson H, Streather CP, Collinson PO and Brecker SJD. Dobutamine stress echocardiography and the resting but not exercise electrocardiograph predict severe coronary artery disease in renal transplant candidates. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005; 20:2207-2214. 112. Shastri S and Sarnak MJ. Cardiovascular Disease and CKD: Core

Curriculum 2010. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56:399-417.

113. Shusterman V, Aysin B, Weiss R, Brode S, Gottipaty V, Schwartzman D, and Anderson KP. Dynamics of low-frequency R-R interval oscillations

preceding spontaneous ventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J. 2000;139:126- 133.

114. Silva RMFL. Syncope: epidemiology, etiology, and prognosis. Front Physiol. 2014;5:471.

115. Souza, OF. Autonomous nervous system changes due to radiofrequency ablation for treating atrial fibrillation. Rio de Janeiro, 2009. Dissertation (Doctorate in Medicine). School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, 2009.

116. Statters DJ, BM., Malik M, Ward DE, John and Camm J. QT Dispersion: Problems of methodology and clinical significance. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1994;5:672-685.

117. Stenvinkel P, Heimbürger O, Lindholm B, Kaysen GA, and Bergström J. Are there two types of malnutrition in chronic renal failure? Evidence for relationships between malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis (MIA syndrome). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:953-960.

118. Stenvinkel P, and Lindholm B. C-reactive protein in end-stage renal disease: are there reasons to measure it? Blood Purif. 2005 jan;20:16-21. 119. Stenvinkel P, Pecoits-Filho R, and Lindholm B. Coronary artery disease in

end-stage renal disease: no longer a simple plumbing problem. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:1927-1939.

120. Takase B, Masaki N, Hattori H, IshiharaM, and Kurita A. Usefulness of automatic QT dispersion measurement for detecting exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2009; 9:189-195.

121. Tochikubo O. Utility and limitations of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and tilting test: evaluation of baroreceptor reflex sensitivity. J. Cardiol. 2000; 35 (Suppl1):11-16.

122. United States Renal Data System. USRDS 2012 Annual Data Report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease & end-stage renal disease in the United States. Cardiovascular disease: p. 247-258. Bethesda, MA: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012.

123. Vita G, Bellinghieri G, Trusso A,Costantino G, Santoro D, Monteleone F, et al. Uraemic autonomic neuropathy studied by spectral analysis of heart rate.

Documentos relacionados