O método proposto mostrou-se eficiente para a separação de emulsões de petróleos do pré-sal de 22,7 e 22,4 °API, com 20% e 8% de teor de água respectivamente, atingindo concentrações de água inferiores a 1% após aplicação de radiação micro-ondas, além disso a extração de sal (em forma de Cl) a concentrações inferiores a 285 mg L-1. O método também foi apto para a remoção do sedimento presente no petróleo.
Este dispensou de adição de desemulsificantes químicos e de uso de processos subsequentes como etapas de repouso ou centrifugação. Visando uma possível aplicação em escala industrial, estes se mostram como vantagens significativas na redução de custos e praticidade de aplicação.
Os resultados na separação da emulsão usando a temperatura limitada evidenciou a influência da temperatura na separação da emulsão de petróleo. Porém, ao limitar a temperatura no forno de micro-ondas, teve-se um menor tempo de irradiação. O método aplicado no sistema com aquecimento por condução e convecção apresentou algumas diferenças no sistema, porém os resultados indicaram a influência das micro-ondas melhorando a separação de emulsões. Concluiu-se, portanto, em que existe uma relação da temperatura em conjunto às micro-ondas na eficiência de separação de emulsões.
No caso da aplicação do método com uma pressurização inicial (5 bar, com Ar), observou-se uma diminuição na concentração de carbono em solução na água separada, o que é uma vantagem desde o ponto de vista ambiental, e uma possível menor perda de hidrocarbonetos durante o processo.
A separação de emulsões provenientes do pré-sal (intermediários) mostrou-se mais simples comparada com petróleos pesados, mostrou-sendo que para petróleos provenientes do pré-sal foram necessários somente 2 ciclos de separação de emulsão consecutivos, porem para petróleos pesados é necessário 5 ciclos de separação de emulsões consecutivos e uma posterior etapa de centrifugação.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
ASTM International. ASTM D4175-18e1 (2018): Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants. West Conshohocken.
ABDULBARI, H. et al. Demulsification of petroleum emulsions Using microwave
separation method. 2011.
ABDURAHMAN, H. N.; LLIA, A. A. N.; AZHARI, H. N. Demulsification of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion via microwave irradiation: An optimization. v. 7, p. 231-243, 2012. ABDURAHMAN, N. H. et al. The Potential of Microwave Heating in Separating Water-in-Oil (w/o) Emulsions. v. 138, p. 1023-1028, 2017.
ABUBAKAR, U. A. et al. A review of petroleum emulsions and recent progress on water-in-crude oil emulsions stabilized by natural surfactants and solids. v. 165, p. 673-690, 2018.
AKOH, C. C.; MIN, D. B. Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Biotechnology
Lipid-based Emulsions and emulsifiers. 2. ed. Ohio: CRC Press, 2002. ALBOUDWAREJ, H. et al. Highlighting Heavy Oil. v. 18, n. 2, p. 34-53, 2006. ANP. Boletim da Produção de Petróleo e Gás Natural [da] Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis. v. Março 2019 / N.° 103, 2019.
ANTES, F. G. et al. Feasibility of low frequency ultrasound for water removal from crude oil emulsions. v. 25, p. 70-75, 2015.
ANTONIO, M. R.; KARET, G. B.; GUZOWSKI, J. P. Iron chemistry in petroleum
production. 2000.
ASTM International. ASTM D664-17a: Standard Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration. West Conshohocken, PA. 2017. ASTM International. ASTM D4377-00(2011): Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiometric Karl Fischer Titration. West Conshohocken, PA. 2011. ASTM International. ASTM D7042-16e3: Standard Test Method for Dynamic
Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity). West Conshohocken, PA. 2016.
ASTM International. ASTM D4175-18e1 (2018): Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants. West Conshohocken. 2018. ASTM International. ASTM D4807-05(2015): Standard Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oil by Membrane Filtration. West Conshohocken, PA. 2015.
BALINT, V.; MIKA, G.; PINTER, A. Process for the recovery of shale oil, heavy
oil, kerogen or tar from their natural sources.Pat., US 4419214, 1981.
BARBERII, E. E. El pozo ilustrado. 4. ed. Caracas: Foncied, 1998.
BINNER, E. R. et al. Investigation into the mechanisms by which microwave heating enhances separation of water-in-oil emulsions. v. 116, p. 516-521, 2014.
BOBRA, M. A Study of the Formation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions. p. 87-117, 1990. BOSISIO, R. G. et al. Exprimental Result on the Hesting of Athabasca Tar Sand Samples with Microwave Power. v. 12, n. 4, p. 301-307, 1977.
CASTILLO, Y. API gravity. Houston, 2019. Disponível
em:<https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Terms/a/api_gravity.aspx>. Acesso em: 11 jan. 2019.
COUTINHO, R. C. et al. Method for the microwave treatment of water-in-oil
emulsions.Pat., US 2008/0221226A1, 2008.
CHAN, C.; CHEN, Y. Demulsification of w/o emulsions by microwave radiation. v. 37, n. 15, p. 3407-3420, 2002.
CHEN, G.; TAO, D. An experimental study of stability of oil–water emulsion. v. 86, n. 5, p. 499-508, 2005.
DIEHL, L. O. et al. Separation of Heavy Crude Oil Emulsions Using Microwave Radiation for Further Crude Oil Analysis. v. 46, n. 8, p. 1358-1364, 2011. EDWARDS, Y.; ISACSSON, U. Wax in Bitumen. v. 6, n. 3, p. 281-309, 2005. ENTRADA. Brazilian Oil & Gas Market. Aberdeen, UK, 2019. Disponível em:<http://www.entradab2b.com/brazilian-oil-gas-market/>. Acesso em:
FAKHRU’L-RAZI, A. et al. Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment. v. 170, n. 2, p. 530-551, 2009.
FANG, C. S. et al. Microwave Demulsification. 1988.
FANG, C. S. et al. Oil recovery and waste reduction by microwave radiation. 1989.
FARAH, M. A. Petróleo e seus derivados. Rio de Janeiro: LTC, 2012.
FIDUK, J. et al. Salt Deformation, Magmatism, and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity in
the Espirito Santo Basin, Offshore Brazil. 2004.
FILHO, M. D. C. et al. Aging of water-in-crude oil emulsions: Effect on water content, droplet size distribution, dynamic viscosity and stability. v. 396, p. 208-212, 2012. FORTUNY, M. et al. Effect of Salinity, Temperature, Water Content, and pH on the Microwave Demulsification of Crude Oil Emulsions. v. 21, n. 3, p. 1358-1364, 2007. FORTUNY, M. et al. Principais aplicações das microondas na produção e refino de petróleo. v. 31, p. 1553-1561, 2008.
FORTUNY, M. et al. Measuring Salinity in crude oils: Evaluation of methods and an improved procedure. v. 87, n. 7, p. 1241-1248, 2008.
GHAICHA, L. et al. Monolayers of Mixed Surfactants at the Oil-Water Interface, Hydrophobic Interactions, and Stability of Water-in-Oil Emulsions. v. 11, n. 2, p. 585-590, 1995.
GILLIS, G. Petroleum system. Houston, 2019. Disponível
em:<http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/es/Terms/p/petroleum_system.aspx>. Acesso em: 11 jan. 2019.
GROYSMAN, A. Corrosion problems and solutions in oil, gas, refining and petrochemical industry. v. 61, n. 3, p. 100, 2017.
GUARDADO, L. R. et al. Petroleum system of the Campos Basin, Brazil. 2000. HALEK, J. M. et al. Microwave demulsification of hydrocarbon emulsion.Pat., US 7486,248 B2, 2009.
HUDGINS, R. L.; WOLF, N. O. Microwave emulsion treater with oily water
INSTRUTÉCNICA. Potencial Zeta e estabilidade coloidal. Campinas, 2011.
Disponível em:<http://www.instrutecnica.com/represen/bic/teoriazeta.html>. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2019.
ISLAM, M. R.; KHAN, M. I. The Petroleum Engineering Handbook: Sustainable
Operations. 1. ed. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 2008.
ISSAKA, A. S. Review on the Fundamental Aspects of Petroleum Oil Emulsions
and Techniques of Demulsification. 2015.
JONES, T. J.; NEUSTADTER, E. L.; WHITTINGHAM, K. P. Water-In-Crude Oil Emulsion Stability And Emulsion Destabilization By Chemical Demulsifiers.
PETSOC-78-02-08, v. 17, n. 02, p. 10, 1978.
KAR, T.; HASCAKIR, B. The Role of Resins, Asphaltenes, and Water in Water–Oil Emulsion Breaking with Microwave Heating. v. 29, n. 6, p. 3684-3690, 2015.
KARTCHNER, H. H. Radio frequency microwave energy applicator apparatus to
break oil and water emulsion.Pat., U.S. 6,086,830, 2000.
KLAILA, W. J.; MASS, M. Method and Apparatus for Controlling Fluency of High
Viscosity Hydrocarbon Fluids.Pat., 1983.
KOKAL, S. L. Crude Oil Emulsions: A State-Of-The-Art Review. SPE Production &
Facilities, v. 20, n. 01, p. 5-13, 2005.
KRUG, F. J. Métodos de preparo de amostras: fundamentos sobre preparo de
amostras orgânicas e inorgânicas para análise elementar. 1. ed. São Paulo:
EditSBQ, 2016.
LAI, P. M. C.; FANG, C. S. Microwave Heating and Separation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions v. 30, n. 1, p. 46-57, 1995.
LAKE, L. W. e. a. Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Texas: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2007.
LEMOS, R. C. B. et al. Demulsification of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions Using Ionic Liquids and Microwave Irradiation. v. 24, n. 8, p. 4439-4444, 2010.
LIM, J. S. et al. Review on the Effects of Emulsions on Flow Behaviours and Common Factors Affecting the Stability of Emulsions. v. 15, p. 67-172, 2015.
LIU, H.; CAO, G. Effectiveness of the Young-Laplace equation at nanoscale. v. 6, p. 23936, 2016.
MARTÍNEZ, R. P. et al. Demulsification of heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions: A comparative study between microwave and thermal heating. v. 113, p. 407-414, 2013.
MEIKRANTZ, D. H. Microwave-emitting rotor, separator apparatus including
same, methods of operation and design thereof.Pat., US 7,150,836 B2, 2006.
MIADONYE, A.; NWANKWOR, E. Effects of Microwave Irradiation on Stability
Characteristics of Water-Oil Emulsions. 2014.
MOHAMMED, R. A. et al. Dewatering of crude oil emulsions 2. Interfacial properties of the asphaltic constituents of crude oil. v. 80, n. 2, p. 237-242, 1993.
MORAES, D. P. et al. Microwave-Assisted Procedure for Salinity Evaluation of Heavy Crude Oil Emulsions. v. 24, n. 4, p. 2227-2232, 2009.
MUTYALA, S. et al. Microwave applications to oil sands and petroleum: A review. v. 91, n. 2, p. 127-135, 2010.
NEMICHAND KALE, S.; DEORE, S. Emulsion Micro Emulsion and Nano
Emulsion: A Review. 2016.
NOUR, A.; YUNUS, R. Stability and Demulsification of Water-in-Crude Oil (w/o)
Emulsions Via Microwave Heating. 2006.
NOUR, A.; YUNUS, R.; NOUR, A. Demulsification of water-in-oil emulsion by
microwave heating technology. 2010.
OWENS, T. L.; SYLVAN, C.; ILL, B. Application of microwave radation in a
centrifuge for the separation of emulsions and dispersions.Pat., US 5,911,885,
1999.
P., F. et al. Process using microwave energy and a catalyst to crack
hydrocarbons.Pat., US 2006/0251557 A1, 2006.
PETROBRAS. Bacia de Santos. Rio de Janeiro, 2019. Disponível em:<http://www.petrobras.com.br/pt/nossas-atividades/principais-operacoes/bacias/bacia-de-santos.htm>. Acesso em:
PETROBRAS. Bacia do Espírito Santo. Rio de Janeiro, 2019. Disponível
em:<http://www.petrobras.com.br/pt/nossas-atividades/principais-operacoes/bacias/bacia-do-espirito-santo.htm>. Acesso em:
PETROBRAS. Bacia de Campos. Rio de Janeiro, 2019. Disponível em:<http://www.petrobras.com.br/pt/nossas-atividades/principais-operacoes/bacias/bacia-de-campos.htm>. Acesso em:
PETROBRAS. Pré-Sal. Rio de Janeiro, 2019. Disponível
em:<http://www.petrobras.com.br/pt/nossas-atividades/areas-de-atuacao/exploracao-e-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas/pre-sal/>. Acesso em:
POPOOLA, L. T. et al. Corrosion problems during oil and gas production and its mitigation. v. 4, n. 1, p. 35, 2013.
RAJAKOVIĆ, V.; SKALA, D. Separation of water-in-oil emulsions by freeze/thaw method and microwave radiation. v. 49, n. 2, p. 192-196, 2006.
RAYMOND, M.; LEFFLER, W. L. Oil and Gas Production in Nontechnical
Language. 1. ed. Oklahoma: PennWell Corporation, 2006.
RIBEIRO, F. H. C. et al. O uso da Nanotecnologia na indústria do Petróleo. v. V. 3, p. 153-158, 2013.
ROBERTS, C. H. M. Use of Treating Compounds for Oil Field Emulsions in the Mid-Continent Field. Transactions of the AIME, v. G-26, n. 01, p. 321-334, 1926. ROCHA, J. V. F. O que são as micro-ondas? Goiânia, 2019. Disponível em:<https://alunosonline.uol.com.br/quimica/o-que-sao-as-microondas.html>. Acesso em: 12 jan. 2019.
SAHNI, A.; KUMAR, M.; KNAPP, R. B., presented in part at the SPE/AAPG Western Regional Meeting, Long Beach, California, 2000/1/1/, 2000.
SALAZAR, J. J. Introducción al fenómeno de corrosión: tipos, factores que
influyen y control para la protección de materiales (Nota técnica). 2015. SCHRAMM, L. L. Emulsions fundamentals and applications in the petroleum
industry. 1. ed. Washington: ACS, 1992.
SEABRA, A. A. d. et al. A promissora província petrolífera do pré-sal. v. 7, n. 1, p. 17, 2011.
SILVA, E. B. et al. Microwave demulsification of heavy crude oil emulsions: Analysis of acid species recovered in the aqueous phase. v. 128, p. 141-147, 2014.
SPEIGHT, J. G. The chemistry and technology of petroleum. 4. ed. Florida: CRC Press, 2006.
SPEIGHT, J. G. Handbook of petroleum analysis. 1. ed. Nova york: John Wiley, 2001.
TAN, W.; YANG, X.; TAN, X. Study on Demulsification of Crude Oil Emulsions by Microwave Chemical Method. v. 42, n. 6, p. 1367-1377, 2007.
TANG, X. et al. Experimental Study on Water Wetting and CO2 Corrosion in Oil-Water Two-Phase Flow. NACE-06595, p. 26, 2006.
THOMAS, J. E. Fundamentos de engenharia de petróleo. 1. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Interciência, 2001.
VEIL, J. A. et al. A white paper describing produced water from production of crude oil, natural gas, and coal bed methane. p. Medium: ED; Size: vp., 2004.
WALSTRA, P. Principles of emulsion formation. v. 48, n. 2, p. 333-349, 1993. WANG, Y. et al. A study of interfacial dilational properties of two different structure demulsifiers at oil-water interfaces. Journal of colloid and interface science, v. 270, n. 1, p. 163-170, 2004.
WANG ZI, M.; ZHANG, J. Corrosion of multiphase flow pipelines: the impact of crude oil. corrrev, v. 34, n. 1-2, p. 17, 2016.
WOLF, N. O. Use of microwave radiation in separating emulsions and
dispersions of hydrocarbons and water.Pat., US 4582629 United States NOV
English, 1986.
WOLF, N. O.; HUDGINS, R. L.; SEIDNER, D. S. Microwave emulsion treater with
internal coalescer.Pat., U.S. 4,853,119 1989.
WONG, S. F.; LIM, J. S.; DOL, S. S. Crude oil emulsion: A review on formation, classification and stability of water-in-oil emulsions. v. 135, p. 498-504, 2015. XIA, L.; LU, S.; CAO, G. Demulsification of Emulsions Exploited by Enhanced Oil Recovery System. v. 38, n. 16, p. 4079-4094, 2003.
XIA, L.; LU, S.; CAO, G. Salt-assisted microwave demulsification. v. 191, n. 8, p. 1053-1063, 2004.
XIA, L.; LU, S.; CAO, G. Stability and demulsification of emulsions stabilized by asphaltenes or resins. v. 271, n. 2, p. 504-506, 2004.
ZLOTORZYNSKI, A. The Application of Microwave Radiation to Analytical and Environmental Chemistry. v. 25, n. 1, p. 43-76, 1995.
ZOLFAGHARI, R. et al. Demulsification techniques of water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions in petroleum industry. v. 170, p. 377-407, 2016.