the two species have different expected contributions to the intake of the various nutrients, which can be interesting in the sense that different species' consumption can be used in order to meet different needs. In addition to the benefits, it was also possible to observe the presence of risk associated with the consumption of the two species under study. This risk is not only due to the high amount of iodine present in both species, especially in Undaria pinnatifida, but also to the exposure to contaminants, namely inorganic arsenic and lead.
These results reinforce the importance of stressing the need for control in the macroalgae trade, namely due to the existence of these contaminants.
The contribution of seaweeds to achieving sustainability is undeniably important.
However, there is still work to be done in order to maximize the potential of this product.
The execution of this thesis allowed to confirm the position of seaweeds concerning Goal 2;
However, it is essential to develop regulations at the European level, as well as national recommendations for each individual country in Europe, which guarantee that the consumption of this food is done safely. There are also other factors associated with the seaweed industry that compromise the potential of this product in achieving other SDGs, such as the pollution generated through its production, competition for arable land and between sectors, or even mismanagement of seaweed harvesting. However, the perception of these problems by different groups (such as researchers and the government) is notorious, as well as the search for solutions in order to minimize these issues.
There is still a long way to go to increase the knowledge on seaweeds, especially as food product. Several studies have identified a lack of knowledge about this food, which has resulted in some reluctance on the part of consumers and investors. In turn, the lack of adherence to this product seems to compromise the creation of regulations that guide the population regarding its consumption. Filling the knowledge gap about seaweed consumption, as well as communicating the results obtained, would thus be essential to increasing adherence to this food and ultimately lead to the planet sustainability.
It is critical for future developments to direct research towards the risks identified throughout this project. The study and application of techniques aimed at reducing/eliminating the concentration of the elements commonly found in seaweeds and identified in this thesis as capable of posing a risk to human health (i.e., inorganic arsenic, lead, and iodine), should be fundamental to maximize the potential of this product.
In terms of the product's environmental sustainability, it is important to investigate the effects of the currently used techniques for the production of edible seaweeds. A life cycle assessment of the production of the studied species would be crucial to determine which points need immediate attention in order to minimize the resulting environmental impacts of this activity. This analysis would represent an added value for this study, but due to a lack of data, it was not possible to proceed in this direction.
For the present study, it was not possible to consider the average consumption of seaweeds by the Portuguese population since these values are not available. It is necessary not only to study this consumption but also to understand the receptivity of the Portuguese people about the presence of this product in their diet. This information, along with advances in research on the potential of seaweeds as food, may help to understand what measures to take in order to increase interest, trade, and consumption by this specific population.
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