Os experimentos que avaliaram o potencial antimicrobiano de Sideroxylon
obtusifolium T. D. Penn demonstraram forte poder inibitório de crescimento dos
extratos, tanto etanólicos quanto liofilizados da folha e casca, sobre Candida
albicans. O extrato etanólico da casca proporcionou moderada atividade inibitória de
crescimento sobre Streptococcus mutans.
A literatura relata com frequência do uso popular da casca de S. obtusifolium T. D. Penn como anti-inflamatório. Contudo, o potencial antibacteriano do extrato etanólico da casca, evidenciado neste estudo, sugere mais investigações sobre sua atividade em microrganismos associados ao biofilme dental.
A investigação da atividade antifúngica indica forte potencial do extrato da folha, propondo estudos subsequentes em modelos de biofilmes dentais. A potencialização da atividade antifúngica do extrato liofilizado da folha, a partir das frações de diclorometano e n-butanol sugere a presença de compostos bioativos distintos e com ação sobre C. albicans.
Neste estudo o maior teor de compostos pertenceu à classe de polifenóis totais e taninos condensados. A quantificação fitoquímica direciona para o isolamento dos possíveis compostos responsáveis pelo potencial antimicrobiano do extrato.
50
REFERÊNCIAS
ALBUQUERQUE U.P. et al. Medicinal plants of the caatinga (semi-arid) vegetation of NE Brazil: a quantitative approach. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v. 114, p. 325- 354, 2007.
ALIGIANNIS N. et al. Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of two
Origanum species. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, pp. 4168-4170, 2001.
ALVES, J.J.A.; NASCIMENTO, S.S. Levantamento fitogeográfico das plantas medicinais nativas do cariri paraibano. Revista Geográfica Acadêmica, v. 4, n. 2, p. 73-85, 2010.
ANIBAL, P.C. et al. Conventional and alternative antifungal therapies to oral candidiasis. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, v. 41, p. 824-831, 2010.
ARAÚJO-NETO, V. et al. Therapeutic benefits of Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. Ex Roem. & Shult) T.D.Penn., Sapotaceae, in experimental models of pain and inflammation. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognósia, v. 20, n. 6, p. 933-938, 2010. CARTAXO, S.L.; SOUZA, M.M.A; ALBUQUERQUE, U.P. Medicinal plants with bioprospecting potential used in semi-arid northeastern Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v. 131, p. 326-342, 2010.
CHANDRA, S.; MEJÍA, E. G. Polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and quinone reductase activity of an aqueous extract of Ardisia compressa in comparison to mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and green (Camellia sinensis) teas. J. Agric. Food Chem., v. 52, p. 3583-3589, 2004.
CLSI - Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Approved Standard, v. 28, n. 14, CLSI document M27-A3, Wayne, PA, USA, 3ª edição, 2008.
CLSI. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Metodologia dos testes de sensibilidade a agentes antimicrobianos por diluição para bactéria de crescimento aeróbico. Norma M7-A6. Pennsylvania, 6ª edição, 2005.
COSTA, E.M.M.B. et al. In vitro evaluation of the root canal cleaning ability of extracts and their antimicrobial action. Brazilian Oral Research, v. 26, n. 3, p. 215-221, 2012. CRUZ, M.C.S. et al. Antifungical activity of Brazilian medicinal plants involved in popular treatment of mycoses. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v. 111, p. 409-412, 2007.
FALSETTA, M.L. et al. Symbiotic relationship between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans synergizes the virulence of plaque-biofilms in vivo. Infect Immun. 2014 May;82(5):1968-81.
FARAH, C.S.; LYNCH, N.; MCCULLOUGH, MJ. Oral fungal infections: an update for the general practitioner. Australian Dental Journal, v. 5 ( Suppl 1), p. 48-54, 2010.
HÖFLING , J.F. et al. Colonização bucal por espécies de Candida – Parte II. Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia de Passo Fundo, v. 9, n. 1, p. 22-26, jan./jun, 2004. JEON, J.G. et al., Natural products in caries research: current (limited) knowledge, challenges and future perspective. Caries Research, v. 45, p. 243-263, 2011.
JORGE, A.O.C. Microbiologia bucal. Editora Santos, 2007. 198p.
JUNQUEIRA, J.C. et al. Oral colonization by yeasts in HIV-positive patients in Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo, v. 54, n. 1, p. 17-24, jan./fev, 2012.
LIU, M. et al. Colorimetric broth microdilution method for the antifungal screening of plant extracts against yeasts. Methods, v. 42, p. 325-329, 2007.
MAKKAR, H.P.S.; BECKER, K. Vanillin-HCl method for condensed tannins: effect of organic solvents used for extraction of tannins. Journal of Chemical Ecology, v. 19, n. 4, 1993.
MARSH, P.D. Controlling the oral biofilm with antimicrobials. Journal of Dentistry, v. 38 (Suppl. 1), p.11-15, 2010.
MEDA, A. et al. Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and proline contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their radical scavenging activity. Food Chemistry, v. 91, p. 571-577, 2005.
OLIVEIRA, A.P. et al. Metabolite profiling of the leaves of the brazilian folk medicine
Sideroxylon obtusifolium. Planta Medica, v. 78, n. 7, p. 703-710, 2012.
PALOMBO, E. A. Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011, doi:10.1093/ecam/nep067.
PAULINO R.C. et al. Medicinal plants at the Sitio do Gois, Apodi, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognósia, v. 22, n. 1, p. 29-39, 2012. PETERSON, S.N. et al. The dental plaque microbiome in health and disease. PLosOne, v. 8, n. 3, Março, 2013.
REIS, N.T.P. et al. Avaliação da ação de extratos vegetais sobre a formação de biofilmes por Candida albicans. Revista da Universidade Vale do Rio Verde, v. 9, n. 2, p. 337-343, ago/dez., 2011.
ROCHA, E.A.L.S.S. et al. Potencial antimicrobiano de seis plantas do semiárido paraibano contra bactérias relacionadas à infecção endodôntica. Revista de Ciências Farmacêuticas Básica e Aplicada, v. 34, n. 3, p. 351-355, 2013.
SALERNO, C. et al. Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cir. Bucal, v. 16, n. 2, p. 39-43, 2011.
SARKER, D.S. et al. Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vitro antibacterial screening
52
of phytochemicals. Methods, v. 42, p. 321-324, 2007.
SILVA, M.S.P. et al. Study bioprospecting of medicinal plant extracts of the semiarid northeast: contribution to the control of oral microorganisms. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Article ID 681207, 6 páginas, 2012.
SOCRANSKY S. S.; HAFFAJEE. A. D. Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets. Periodontology 2000, v. 28, p. 12-55, 2002.
VASCONCELOS, LC. Avaliação da viabilidade celular de Candida albicans frente à ação antifúngica do timol. Dissertação (Mestrado em Odontologia). Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013.
WESSEL, S.W. et al. Adhesion forces and composition of planktonic and adhering oral microbiomes. Journal of Dental Research, v. 93, n. 1, p. 84-88, 2014.
XIAO, J. et al. The exopolysaccharide matrix modulates the interaction between 3D architecture and virulence of a mixed- species oral biofilm. Plos One Pathogens, vol. 8, no. 4, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002623, 2012.
ZIJNGE, V. et al. Oral biofilm architecture on natural teeth. Plos One, vol. 5, no. 2, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009321, 2010.
ANEXO – Normas para Submissão de Artigos: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Author Guidelines Submission
Manuscripts should be submitted by one of the authors of the manuscript through the online Manuscript Tracking System. Regardless of the source of the word-processing tool, only electronic PDF (.pdf) or Word (.doc, .docx, .rtf) files can be submitted through the MTS. There is no page limit. Only online submissions are accepted to facilitate rapid publication and minimize administrative costs. Submissions by anyone other than one of the authors will not be accepted. The submitting author takes responsibility for the paper during submission and peer review. If for some technical reason submission through the MTS is not possible, the author can contact ecam@hindawi.com for support.
Terms of Submission
Papers must be submitted on the understanding that they have not been published elsewhere and are not currently under consideration by another journal published by Hindawi or any other publisher. The submitting author is responsible for ensuring that the article's publication has been approved by all the other coauthors. It is also the authors' responsibility to ensure that the articles emanating from a particular institution are submitted with the approval of the necessary institution. Only an acknowledgment from the editorial office officially establishes the date of receipt. Further correspondence and proofs will be sent to the author(s) before publication unless otherwise indicated. It is a condition of submission of a paper that the authors permit editing of the paper for readability. All enquiries concerning the publication of accepted papers should be addressed to ecam@hindawi.com.
Peer Review
All manuscripts are subject to peer review and are expected to meet standards of academic excellence. Submissions will be considered by an editor and “if not rejected right away” by peer-reviewers, whose identities will remain anonymous to the authors.
54
Article Processing Charges
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine is an open access journal. Open access charges allow publishers to make the published material available for free to all interested online visitors. For more details about the article processing charges of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, please visit the Article Processing Charges information page.
Units of Measurement
Units of measurement should be presented simply and concisely using System International (SI) units.
Title and Authorship Information
The following information should be included Paper title
Full author names
Full institutional mailing addresses Email addresses
Abstract
The manuscript should contain an abstract. The abstract should be self-contained and citation-free and should not exceed 200 words.
Introduction
This section should be succinct, with no subheadings. Materials and Methods
This part should contain sufficient detail so that all procedures can be repeated. It can be divided into subsections if several methods are described.
Results and Discussion
This section may each be divided by subheadings or may be combined. Conclusions
This should clearly explain the main conclusions of the work highlighting its importance and relevance.
All acknowledgments (if any) should be included at the very end of the paper before the references and may include supporting grants, presentations, and so forth.
References
Authors are responsible for ensuring that the information in each reference is complete and accurate. All references must be numbered consecutively and citations of references in text should be identified using numbers in square brackets (e.g., “as discussed by Smith [9]”; “as discussed elsewhere [9, 10]”). All references should be cited within the text; otherwise, these references will be automatically removed.
Preparation of Figures
Upon submission of an article, authors are supposed to include all figures and tables in the PDF file of the manuscript. Figures and tables should not be submitted in separate files. If the article is accepted, authors will be asked to provide the source files of the figures. Each figure should be supplied in a separate electronic file. All figures should be cited in the paper in a consecutive order. Figures should be supplied in either vector art formats (Illustrator, EPS, WMF, FreeHand, CorelDraw, PowerPoint, Excel, etc.) or bitmap formats (Photoshop, TIFF, GIF, JPEG, etc.). Bitmap images should be of 300 dpi resolution at least unless the resolution is intentionally set to a lower level for scientific reasons. If a bitmap image has labels, the image and labels should be embedded in separate layers.
Preparation of Tables
Tables should be cited consecutively in the text. Every table must have a descriptive title and if numerical measurements are given, the units should be included in the column heading. Vertical rules should not be used.
Proofs
Corrected proofs must be returned to the publisher within 2-3 days of receipt. The publisher will do everything possible to ensure prompt publication. It will therefore be appreciated if the manuscripts and figures conform from the outset to the style of the journal.
Copyright
Open Access authors retain the copyrights of their papers, and all open access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
56
While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Disclosure Policy
A competing interest exists when professional judgment concerning the validity of research is influenced by a secondary interest, such as financial gain. We require that our authors reveal any possible conflict of interests in their submitted manuscripts.
If there is no conflict of interests, authors should state that “The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.”