DISCUSSÃO / CONCLUSÃO
Do ponto de vista da investigação futura, é importante que a pesquisa se foque em questões relevantes nomeadamente a comparação entre protocolos de terapêutica cirúrgica e não cirúrgica e entre protocolos mais invasivos versus abordagens cirúrgicas mais conservadoras. E por outro lado importa também avaliar os efeitos das terapêuticas complementares referidas anteriormente. Urge também garantir que futuros estudos sejam tanto quanto possível livres de viés através de ensaios cegos ou duplamente cegos, em particular no que concerne à avaliação dos resultados. Por outro lado, outra das limitações mais óbvias nos trabalhos consultados e crítica recorrente nas revisões, são as reduzidas dimensões das amostras que impedem que os resultados sejam muitas vezes significativos estatisticamente. Uma forma de contornar esta limitação seria o encaminhamento dos doentes para centros de referência e o desenho de estudos multicêntricos sempre que possível.
Em jeito de conclusão, a Osteonecrose dos Maxilares Associada ao Uso de Medicamentos ́ uma patologia de surgimento relativamente recente e tem uma incid̂ncia percentualmente reduzida, contudo, com conseqûncias devastadoras para os doentes. Os f́rmacos antireabsortivos s̃o usados no tratamento de doeņas como a osteoporose, a doeņa de Paget, de met́stases ́sseas resultantes de neoplasias ślidas, e ainda da hipercalcemia maligna consequência do Mieloma Maligno. Apesar dos bons resultados no tratamento destas patologias, estes medicamentos t̂m efeitos secundários potencialmente graves, entre os quais a MRONJ. Também os fármacos inibidores da angiogénese têm vastas aplicações terapêuticas no que aos doentes oncológicos diz respeito e com o passar dos anos mais estes fármacos têm visto ampliada a sua utilização, maior quantidade de novos fármacos com estas características têm aparecido e mais casos de MRONJ associado a estes e a outros medicamentos utilizados em oncologia têm surgido e tenderão a surgir. Adicionalmente, as novas ferramentas terapêuticas utilizadas em doentes oncológicos tendem a ser progressivamente mais direccionadas e individualizadas e com maior sucesso no tratamento dos doentes que, hoje em dia, apresentam taxas de sobrevida inimagináveis há algumas décadas. Desta forma, não apenas a incidência das doenças oncológicas tende a aumentar conduzindo a um progressivamente maior número de doentes a serem tratados com estes fármacos, como
Osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a medicamentos – além dos bifosfonatos
também as taxas de sucesso e a maior sobrevida dos doentes faz com que o número de doentes em risco de desenvolver MRONJ seja, também ele, progressivamente maior. E porque maior sobrevida tem que ser um objectivo que se prenda não apenas com maior tempo de sobrevivência mas cada vez mais, viver com qualidade apesar de doente, prevenir e tratar todas as consequências potencialmente debilitantes da doença de base e do seu tratamento deve ser prioritário. Assim, os profissionais de saúde que lidam com estes doentes (médicos, médicos dentistas, enfermeiros oncológicos, higienistas orais) devem estar alerta e informados para o facto de que ño deve ser a palavra “bifosfonatos” nem mesmo “antireabsortivos” a soar o alarme. Ño se trata de memorizar uma lista de fármacos que está em permanente actualização, trata-se de entender um novo paradigma em que qualquer doente oncológico, hematológico ou com patologias ósseas tenha uma atenção acrescida por parte dos profissionais no que à saúde oral diz respeito. Até porque é do conhecimento geral que os fármacos e as terapêuticas utilizadas nestes doentes têm vastas implicações e consequências na cavidade oral, das quais a MRONJ é um exemplo extremo, entre muitos outros. Não será obviamente necessário justificar que a saúde oral é de extrema importância para a manutenção da qualidade de vida de qualquer pessoa, afastando de vez a ideia totalmente errónea de que é de menor importância quando o individuo sofre de uma doença potencialmente fatal.
Bibliografia BIBLIOGRAFIA
Abt, E. (2017). The Risk of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw After Dental Extraction is Higher for Patients on Intravenous as Compared With Oral Antiresorptive Drugs. Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 17(2), 105–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebdp.2017.03.007
Agrillo, A., Filiaci, F., Ramieri, V., Riccardi, E., Quarato, D., Rinna, C., … Ungari, C. (2012). Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ): 5 year experience in the treatment of 131 cases with ozone therapy. European Review for
Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 16(12), 1741–1747.
https://doi.org/23161050
Álvares Furtado, I., Franco Caldas, C., Lança, F., & Salvado e Silva, F. (2012). Anatomic factors related to bisphosphonate osteonecrosis of the jaws: a Portuguese retrospective study. Acta Médica Portuguesa, 25(2), 106–110. https://doi.org/10.20344/AMP.29
Anagnostis, P., Paschou, S. A., Mintziori, G., Ceausu, I., Depypere, H., Lambrinoudaki, I., … Goulis, D. G. (2017). Drug holidays from bisphosphonates and denosumab in postmenopausal osteoporosis: EMAS position statement. Maturitas, 101, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.04.008
Arce, K., Assael, L. A., Weissman, J. L., & Markiewicz, M. R. (2009). Imaging Findings in Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of Jaws. Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, 67(5 SUPPL.), 75–84.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2008.12.002
Ayllon, J., Launay-Vacher, V., Medioni, J., Cros, C., Spano, J. P., & Oudard, S. (2009). Osteonecrosis of the jaw under bisphosphonate and antiangiogenic therapies: Cumulative toxicity profile? Annals of Oncology, 20(3), 600–601. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdn788
Badr, M., Kyriakidou, E., Atkins, A., & Harrison, S. (2017). Aggressive denosumab- related jaw necrosis - A case series. British Dental Journal, 223(1), 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.573
Bagan, J. V., Jiménez, Y., Gómez, D., Sirera, R., Poveda, R., & Scully, C. (2008). Collagen telopeptide (serum CTX) and its relationship with the size and number of lesions in osteonecrosis of the jaws in cancer patients on intravenous
Osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a medicamentos – além dos bifosfonatos
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.01.012
Bedogni, A., Blandamura, S., Lokmic, Z., Palumbo, C., Ragazzo, M., Ferrari, F., … Nocini, P. F. (2008). Bisphosphonate-associated jawbone osteonecrosis: a correlation between imaging techniques and histopathology. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology, 105(3), 358–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.08.040
Beuselinck, B., Wolter, P., Karadimou, A., Elaidi, R., Dumez, H., Rogiers, A., … Schöffski, P. (2012). Concomitant oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors and bisphosphonates in advanced renal cell carcinoma with bone metastases. British Journal of Cancer, 107(10), 1665–1671. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.385 Bianchi, S. D., Scoletta, M., Cassione, F. B., Migliaretti, G., & Mozzati, M. (2007).
Computerized tomographic findings in bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with cancer. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology and Endodontology, 104(2), 249–258.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.01.040
Borges, C., & Spivakovsky, S. (2016). Adjusted protocol for dental extractions in oncology patients taking anti-resorptive drugs may reduce occurrence of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Evidence-Based Dentistry, 17(1), 14– 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6401149
Carey, J. J., & Palomo, L. (2008). Bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw: Innocent association or significant risk? Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 75(12), 871– 878. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.75a.08014
Chan, B. H., Yee, R., Puvanendran, R., & Ang, S. Bin. (2018). Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in osteoporotic patients: Prevention and management. Singapore Medical Journal, 59(2), 70–75. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2018014 Chaturvedi, P., Pai, P. S., Chaukar, D. A., Gupta, S., & D’cruz, A. K. (2010).
Bisphosphonate induced osteonecrosis of the jaw masquerading as tumor: A word of caution for oral surgeons and oncologists. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 36(6), 541–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2009.12.003
Bibliografia
in bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ): the missing link? European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 33(11), 1873– 1880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-014-2160-5
Del Fabbro, M., Gallesio, G., & Mozzati, M. (2015). Autologous platelet concentrates for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw treatment and prevention. A systematic review of the literature. European Journal of Cancer, 51(1), 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2014.10.015
Devlin, H., Greenwall-Cohen, J., Benton, J., Goodwin, T. L., Littlewood, A., & Horner, K. (2018). Detecting the earliest radiological signs of bisphosphonate-related
osteonecrosis. British Dental Journal, 224(1), 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.1001
Diniz-Freitas, M., Fernández-Feijoo, J., Diz, P., Pousa, X., & Limeres, J. (2018). Denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw following non-surgical periodontal therapy: A case report. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 0–1. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12882
Eguchi, T., Kanai, I., Basugi, A., Miyata, Y., Inoue, M., & Hamada, Y. (2017). The assessment of surgical and non-surgical treatment of stage II medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal, 22(6), 0– 0. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.22013
El-Rabbany, M., Sgro, A., Lam, D. K., Shah, P. S., & Azarpazhooh, A. (2017). Effectiveness of treatments for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Dental Association, 148(8), 584–594.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2017.04.002
EMA. (2015). Anexo I - Resumo das Características do Medicamento 1, 1–143.
Fleissig, Y., Regev, E., & Lehman, H. (2012). Sunitinib related osteonecrosis of jaw: A case report. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 113(3), 2011–2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.06.023
Fliefel, R., Tröltzsch, M., Kühnisch, J., Ehrenfeld, M., & Otto, S. (2015). Treatment strategies and outcomes of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) with characterization of patients: A systematic review. International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 44(5), 568–585.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.01.026
Fusco, V., Porta, C., Saia, G., Paglino, C., Bettini, G., Scoletta, M., … Bedogni, A. (2015). Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer
Osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a medicamentos – além dos bifosfonatos
Treated With Bisphosphonates and Targeted Agents: Results of an Italian Multicenter Study and Review of the Literature. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 13(4), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2014.12.002
Fusco, V., Santini, D., Armento, G., Tonini, G., & Campisi, G. (2016). Osteonecrosis of jaw beyond antiresorptive (bone-targeted) agents: new horizons in oncology. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety (Vol. 15). https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2016.1177021 Gaudin, E., Seidel, L., Bacevic, M., Rompen, E., & Lambert, F. (2015). Occurrence and risk indicators of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw after dental extraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 42(10), 922–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12455
Giancola, F., Campisi, G., Lo Russo, L., Muzio, L. L., & Di Fede, O. (2013). Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to everolimus and bisphosphonate: a unique case report? Annali Di Stomatologia(Roma), 4(Suppl 2), 20–21.
Guazzo, R., Sbricoli, L., Ricci, S., Bressan, E., Piattelli, A., & Iaculli, F. (2016). Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw and dental implants failures: a systematic review. Journal of Oral Implantology, aaid-joi-D-16-00057. https://doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-D-16-00057
Hallmer, F., Bjørnland, T., Andersson, G., Becktor, J. P., Kristoffersen, A. K., & Enersen, M. (2017). Bacterial diversity in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 123(4), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2016.11.011
Hamadeh, I. S., Ngwa, B. A., & Gong, Y. (2015). Drug induced osteonecrosis of the jaw.
Cancer Treatment Reviews, 41(5), 455–464.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.04.007
Hanley, D. A., Adachi, J. D., Bell, A., & Brown, V. (2012). Denosumab: Mechanism of action and clinical outcomes. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 66(12), 1139–1146. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12022
Hayashida, S., Soutome, S., Yanamoto, S., Fujita, S., Hasegawa, T., Komori, T., … Umeda, M. (2017). Evaluation of the Treatment Strategies for Medication-Related
Bibliografia
osteonecrosis of the jaw: A report of two cases. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral
Pathology and Oral Radiology, 124(6), e283–e287.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2017.09.005
Hewson, I., Syme, D., & Bruscino-Raiola, F. (2012). Radical surgical treatment of bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Australian Dental Journal, 57(2), 227–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2012.01675.x
Hoefert, S., & Eufinger, H. (2010). Sunitinib may raise the risk of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: Presentation of three cases. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology, 110(4), 463–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.04.049
Hoefert, S., Yuan, A., Munz, A., Grimm, M., Elayouti, A., & Reinert, S. (2017). Clinical course and therapeutic outcomes of operatively and non-operatively managed patients with denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (DRONJ). Journal of
Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 45(4), 570–578.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2017.01.013
Horne, A. M., Mihov, B., & Reid, I. R. (2018). Bone Loss After Romosozumab / Denosumab : E ff ects of Bisphosphonates.
Ipilimumab and Imatinib Mesylate in Treating Participants with Metastatic or Unresectable Solid Tumors. (n.d.).
Jung, J., Yoo, H. Y., Kim, G. T., Lee, J. W., Lee, Y. A., Kim, D. Y., & Kwon, Y. D. (2017). Short-Term Teriparatide and Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 for Regenerative Approach to Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Preliminary Study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 32(12), 2445– 2452. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3237
Katsarelis, H., Shah, N. P., Dhariwal, D. K., & Pazianas, M. (2015). Infection and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Journal of Dental Research, 94(4), 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515572021
Khan, A. A., Morrison, A., Hanley, D. A., Felsenberg, D., McCauley, L. K., O’Ryan, F., … Compston, J. (2015). Diagnosis and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw: A systematic review and international consensus. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 30(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2405
Kim, J. H., Ko, Y. J., Kim, J. Y., Oh, Y., Hwang, J., Han, S., … Han, D. H. (2015). Genetic investigation of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of jaw (BRONJ) via whole exome sequencing and bioinformatics. PLoS ONE, 10(2), 1–14.
Osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a medicamentos – além dos bifosfonatos
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118084
Klingelhoffer, C., Klingelhoffer, M., Muller, S., Ettl, T., & Wahlmann, U. (2016). Can dental panoramic radiographic findings serve as indicators for the development of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw? Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 45(5). https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20160065
Koch, F. P., Walter, C., Hansen, T., Jäger, E., & Wagner, W. (2011). Osteonecrosis of the jaw related to sunitinib. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 15(1), 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-010-0224-y
Kumar, S. K. S., Gorur, A., Schaudinn, C., Shuler, C. F., Costerton, J. W., & Sedghizadeh, P. P. (2010). The role of microbial biofilms in osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with bisphosphonate therapy. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 8(1), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-010-0008-1
Kunchur, R., Need, A., Hughes, T., & Goss, A. (2009). Clinical Investigation of C- Terminal Cross-Linking Telopeptide Test in Prevention and Management of Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaws. Journal of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, 67(6), 1167–1173.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.02.004
Kwon, Y.-D., & Kim, D.-Y. (2016). Role of Teriparatide in Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MRONJ). Dentistry Journal, 4(4), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj4040041
Kwon, Y.-D., Ohe, J.-Y., Kim, D.-Y., Chung, D.-J., & Park, Y.-D. (2011). Retrospective study of two biochemical markers for the risk assessment of oral bisphosphonate- related osteonecrosis of the jaws: can they be utilized as risk markers? Clinical Oral Implants Research, 22(1), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600- 0501.2010.01965.x
Kwon, Y. D., Kim, D. Y., Ohe, J. Y., Yoo, J. Y., & Walter, C. (2009). Correlation Between Serum C-Terminal Cross-Linking Telopeptide of Type I Collagen and Staging of Oral Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws. Journal of Oral
Bibliografia
Lehrer, S., Montazem, A., Ramanathan, L., Pessin-Minsley, M., Pfail, J., Stock, R. G., & Kogan, R. (2008). Normal serum bone markers in bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral
Radiology and Endodontology, 106(3), 389–391.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.01.033
Lehrer, S., Montazem, A., Ramanathan, L., Pessin-Minsley, M., Pfail, J., Stock, R. G., & Kogan, R. (2009). Bisphosphonate-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Jaws, Bone Markers, and a Hypothesized Candidate Gene. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 67(1), 159–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2008.09.015
Lim, S. Y., & Bolster, M. B. (2017). Profile of romosozumab and its potential in the management of osteoporosis. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 11, 1221– 1231. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S127568
Lopez-Jornet, P., Sanchez Perez, A., Amaral Mendes, R., & Tobias, A. (2016). Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: Is autologous platelet concentrate application effective for prevention and treatment? A systematic review. Journal of
Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 44(8), 1067–1072.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2016.05.004
Luomanen, M., & Alaluusua, S. (2012). Treatment of bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws with Nd:YAG laser biostimulation. Lasers in Medical Science, 27(1), 251–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-011-0929-7
Martins, A. S., Correia, J. A., Salvado, F., Caldas, C., Santos, N., Capelo, A., & Palmela, P. (2017). Relevant factors for treatment outcome and time to healing in medication- related osteonecrosis of the jaws – A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Cranio-
Maxillofacial Surgery, 45(10), 1736–1742.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2017.07.014
Marx, R. E., Cillo, J. E., & Ulloa, J. J. (2007). Oral Bisphosphonate-Induced Osteonecrosis: Risk Factors, Prediction of Risk Using Serum CTX Testing, Prevention, and Treatment. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 65(12), 2397–2410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2007.08.003
Mawardi, H., Enzinger, P., McCleary, N., Manon, R., Villa, A., Treister, N., & Woo, S. Bin. (2016). Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with ziv-aflibercept. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 7(6), E81–E87. https://doi.org/10.21037/jgo.2016.05.07 Mcclung, M. R. (2018). Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia Romosozumab for the treatment of
Osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a medicamentos – além dos bifosfonatos
McGowan, K., McGowan, T., & Ivanovski, S. (2018). Risk factors for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: A systematic review. Oral Diseases, 24(4), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12708
McKay, R. R., Lin, X., Perkins, J. J., Heng, D. Y. C., Simantov, R., & Choueiri, T. K. (2014). Prognostic significance of bone metastases and bisphosphonate therapy in patients with renal cell carcinoma. European Urology, 66(3), 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.02.040
Merigo, E., Cella, L., Oppici, A., Cristina Arbasi, M., Clini, F., Fontana, M., & Fornaini, C. (2018). Combined Approach to Treat Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences, 9(2), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.15171/jlms.2018.19
Miksad, R. A., Lai, K.-C., Dodson, T. B., Woo, S.-B., Treister, N. S., Akinyemi, O., … Swan, J. S. (2011). Quality of Life Implications of Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw. The Oncologist, 16(1), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0183
Morris, P. G., Fazio, M., Farooki, A., Estilo, C., Mallam, D., Conlin, A., … Fornier, M. N. (2012). Serum N-telopeptide and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels in patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw receiving Bisphosphonates for bone metastases. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 70(12), 2768–2775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.12.028
Mücke, T., Krestan, C. R., Mitchell, D. A., Kirschke, J. S., & Wutzl, A. (2016). Bisphosphonate and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: A review. Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology, 20(3), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1055/s- 0036-1592367
O’Connell, J. E., Ikeagwani, O., & Kearns, G. J. (2012). A role for C-terminal cross- linking telopeptide (CTX) level to predict the development of bisphosphonate- related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) following oral surgery? Irish Journal of Medical Science, 181(2), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-011-0790-5 Omarini, C., Filieri, M. E., Depenni, R., Grizzi, G., Cascinu, S., & Piacentini, F. (2017).
Bibliografia
with cancer and bone metastases. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 69(February), 177– 187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.06.007
Pakosch, D., Papadimas, D., Munding, J., Kawa, D., & Kriwalsky, M. S. (2013). Osteonecrosis of the mandible due to anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 17(4), 303–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-012-0379-9 Patel, V., Mansi, J., Ghosh, S., Kwok, J., Burke, M., Reilly, D., … Chia, K. (2018). MRONJ risk of adjuvant bisphosphonates in early stage breast cancer. British Dental Journal, 224(2), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.1039
Peer, A., & Khamaisi, M. (2015). Diabetes as a risk factor for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Journal of Dental Research, 94(2), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034514560768
Phal, P. M., Myall, R. W. T., Assael, L. A., & Weissman, J. L. (2007). Imaging findings of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 28(6), 1139–1145. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0518
Pimolbutr, K., Porter, S., & Fedele, S. (2018). Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with antiangiogenics in antiresorptive-naïve patient: A comprehensive review of the
literature. BioMed Research International, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8071579
Pittman, K., Antill, Y. C., Goldrick, A., Goh, J., & de Boer, R. H. (2017). Denosumab: Prevention and management of hypocalcemia, osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical fractures. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 13(4), 266–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajco.12517
Ponzetti, A., Pinta, F., Spadi, R., Mecca, C., Fanchini, L., Zanini, M., … Racca, P. (2016). Jaw osteonecrosis associated with aflibercept, irinotecan and fluorouracil: Attention to oral district. Tumori, 102(Suppl 2), S74–S77. https://doi.org/10.5301/tj.5000405 Poubel, V. L. do N., Silva, C. A. B., Mezzomo, L. A. M., De Luca Canto, G., & Rivero,
E. R. C. (2018). The risk of osteonecrosis on alveolar healing after tooth extraction and systemic administration of antiresorptive drugs in rodents: a systematic review.
Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 46(2), 245–256.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2017.11.008
Ramírez, L., López-Pintor, R. M., Casañas, E., Arriba, L. de, & Hernández, G. (2015). New Non-Bisphosphonate Drugs that Produce Osteonecrosis of the Jaws. Oral
Health & Preventive Dentistry, 13(5), 385–393.
Osteonecrose dos maxilares associada a medicamentos – além dos bifosfonatos
Ripamonti, C. I., Lucchesi, M., & Giusti, R. (2016). Prevention and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw secondary to bone-targeted therapy in patients with kidney cancer. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care, 10(3), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1097/SPC.0000000000000219
Ripamonti, C. I., Maniezzo, M., Campa, T., Fagnoni, E., Brunelli, C., Saibene, G., … Cislaghi, E. (2009). Decreased occurrence of osteonecrosis of the jaw after implementation of dental preventive measures in solid tumour patients with bone metastases treated with bisphosphonates. The experience of the National Cancer Institute of Milan. Annals of Oncology, 20(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdn526
Ristow, O., Otto, S., Troeltzsch, M., Hohlweg-Majert, B., & Pautke, C. (2015). Treatment perspectives for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Journal of
Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 43(2), 290–293.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2014.11.014
Rossini, M., Adami, G., Adami, S., Viapiana, O., & Gatti, D. (2016). Safety issues and adverse reactions with osteoporosis management. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 15(3), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2016.1136287
Ruggiero, S. L., Dodson, T. B., Fantasia, J., Goodday, R., Aghaloo, T., Mehrotra, B., & O’Ryan, F. (2014). American association of oral and maxillofacial surgeons position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw - 2014 update. Journal of Oral
and Maxillofacial Surgery, 72(10), 1938–1956.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2014.04.031
Ruggiero, S. L., & Kohn, N. (2015). Disease Stage and Mode of Therapy Are Important Determinants of Treatment Outcomes for Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 73(12), S94–S100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2015.09.024
Saad, F., Brown, J. E., Van Poznak, C., Ibrahim, T., Stemmer, S. M., Stopeck, A. T., … Dansey, R. (2012). Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of osteonecrosis of the jaw:
Bibliografia
in Patients with Medication-Related Osteonecrosis: A Systematic Review. BioMed Research International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9858921
Santos-Silva, A. R., Belizário Rosa, G. A., Castro Júnior, G. De, Dias, R. B., Prado Ribeiro, A. C., & Brandão, T. B. (2013). Osteonecrosis of the mandible associated with bevacizumab therapy. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology, 115(6), e32–e36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2013.02.001
Shimamoto, H., Grogan, T. R., Tsujimoto, T., Kakimoto, N., Murakami, S., Elashoff, D., … Tetradis, S. (2018). Does CBCT alter the diagnostic thinking efficacy, management and prognosis of patients with suspected Stage 0 medicationrelated osteonecrosis of the jaws? Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, 47(3). https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20170290
Sivolella, S., Lumachi, F., Stellini, E., & Favero, L. (2013). Denosumab and anti- angiogenetic drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: An uncommon but potentially severe disease. Anticancer Research, 33(5), 1793–1798. https://doi.org/33/5/1793 [pii]
Smidt-Hansen, T., Folkmar, T. B., Fode, K., Agerbaek, M., & Donskov, F. (2013). Combination of zoledronic acid and targeted therapy is active but may induce