Após a definição do portfólio bibliográfico, iniciou-se a etapa que iria definir os indicadores para esta dissertação.
Este processo ocorreu primeiramente com a organização do portfólio por ano de publicação e combinação de termos.
Após esta organização, iniciou-se a leitura dos artigos, procurando identificar nestas publicações indicadores utilizados pelos autores destas no desenvolvimento dos seus estudos.
O objetivo foi criar um banco de dados, com indicadores já consagrados pelos artigos gerados na busca no Portal Periódicos Capes, visando desta forma, creditar consistência científica no processo de escolha e definição dos indicadores que seriam utilizados nesta dissertação.
Desta forma, o processo ocorreu com a leitura dos artigos, identificação de presença de algum indicador relacionado aos eixos da pesquisa (Turismo, Redes de Empresa e Competitividade), descarte dos artigos que não se encaixavam neste perfil e organização dos indicadores e artigos relevantes em uma tabela específica contendo breve descrição dos indicadores.
A Figura 11 ilustra parte deste processo.
Figura 11 - Organização de Indicadores Fonte: Autor
O foco nesta etapa da metodologia era, portanto, extrair das publicações aqueles indicadores relacionados à pesquisa em um banco de dados organizado e de fácil consulta, além de possibilitar a análise detalhada de como estes indicadores foram utilizadas originalmente.
O conjunto de artigos resultante desta análise compôs-se de 100 publicações que direcionaram o escopo da definição dos indicadores. A relação desses artigos está contida no Quadro 9.
(continua) REFERÊNCIAS
ARAUJO, Lindemberg Medeiros; BRAMWELL, Bill. Partnership and Regional Tourism in Brazil. Annals
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TEYES, Victor; SO¨NMEZ, Sevil F.; SIRAKAYA, Ercan Sirakaya. Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, v.29, n. 3, p. 668-688, 2002.
YUN, Zhong; HUA, Peng. Study on function of components of dynamic system of tourism development in developed region. Chinese Geographical Science, v.12, n. 3, p. 226-232, 2002.
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CANDELA, Guido; CELLINI, Roberto. Investment in Tourism Market: A Dynamic Model of Differentiated Oligopoly. Environmental & Resource Economics, v.35, p.41-58, 2006.
KHADAROO, Jameel; SEETANAH, Boopen. Transport Infrastructure and Tourism Development.
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LIA, Meng-Rong; CHANG, Yue-Loong. On a particular Emden–Fowler equation with non-positive energy u00 − u3 = 0. Mathematical model of enterprise competitiveness and performance. Applied
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SINGH, Rajesh K; GARG, Suresh K.; DESHMUKH, S.G. Strategy development for competitiveness: a study on Indian auto component sector. International Journal of Productivity and Performance
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LAVAN, Helen; MURPHY, Patrick J. Southeast Asian Culture, Human Development, and Business Competitiveness. Journal of Asia Business Studies, v. 2, Iss 1, p.14-22, 2007.
HULT, G. Tomas M.; KETCHEN JR., David J.; ARRFELT, Mathias. Strategic Supply Chain Management: Improving Performance Through A Culture of Competitiveness and Knowledge Development. Strategic Management Journal Strat. Mgmt. J., v. 28, p. 1035–1052, 2007.
JIN, Weng; KAI-ZHONG, Yang. Spatial Structure of Tourism System: Spatial Model for Monopolistic Competition with Asymmetry. Systems Engineering - Theory & Practice, v.27, Issue 2, February 2007. OREJA-RODRI´GUEZ, Juan Ramo´ n; YANES-ESTE´VEZ, Vanessa. Perceived environmental uncertainty in tourism: A new approach using the Rasch model. Tourism Management, v. 28, p. 1450- 1463, 2007.
SCHIANETZA, Karin; KAVANAGHB, Lydia; LOCKINGTONA, David. The Learning Tourism
Destination: The potential of a learning organisation approach for improving the sustainability of tourism destinations. Tourism Management, v. 28, p. 1485-1496, 2007.
ISHIKAWAA, Noriko; FUKUSHIGE, Mototsugu. Who expects the municipalities to take the initiative in tourism development? Residents’ attitudes of Amami Oshima Island in Japan. Tourism Management, v. 28, p. 461-475, 2007.
LINDROTH, Kaija; RITALAHTI, Jarmo; SOISALON-SOININEN, Tuovi. Creative Tourism in Destination Development. Tourism Review, v. 62, n. 3+4, 2007.
FERREIRA, Sanette. Role of Tourism and Place Identity in the Development of Small Towns in the Western Cape, South Africa. Urban Forum, v. 18, p.191-209, 2007.
YUN, Zhong; HUA, Peng. Study On Function Of Components Of Dynamic System Of Tourism Development In Developed Region, Hinese Geographical Science, v. 12, n.3, 2007.
SINGH, Rajesh K.; GARG, Suresh K.; DESHMUKH, S.G. Strategy development by SMEs for competitiveness: a review. Benchmarking: An International Journal, v.15, n. 5, p. 525-547, 2008. CHIKA´N, Attila. National and firm competitiveness: a general research model. Competitiveness
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TAN, Khee Giap; TAN, Kong Yam; CHEN, Kang. Relative competitiveness of 31 mainland China provinces and states of India and ten economies of Association of South East Asian Nations
Implications for growth and development. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, v.18, n. 1/2, p. 87-103, 2008.
NIU, Kuei-Hsien; MILES, Grant; LEE, Chung-Shing. Strategic development of network clusters
A study of high technology regional development and global competitiveness. Competitiveness Review:
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PODOBNIK, Drago; DOLINSˇEK, Slavko. Competitiveness and performance development: an integrated management model. Journal of Organizational Change Management, v.21, n. 2, p. 13-229, 2008.
REIDA, Laurel J.; L.J. SMITHB, Stephen; MCCLOSKEYC, Rob. Case study the effectiveness of regional marketing alliances: A case study of the Atlantic Canada Tourism Partnership 2000–2006.
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KHADAROOA, Jameel; SEETANAHB, Boopen. The role of transport infrastructure in international tourism development: A gravity model approach. Tourism Management, v. 29, p.831–840, 2008. RIGALL-I-TORRENT, Ricard. Sustainable development in tourism municipalities: The role of public goods. Tourism Management, v. 29, p. 883-897, 2008.
destinations: A study of Southern Italian regions. Tourism Management, v. 30, p. 336–344, 2008. GOMEZELJ, Doris Omerzel; MIHALIC, Tanja. Destination competitiveness: Applying different models, the case of Slovenia. Tourism Management, v. 29, p. 294–307, 2008.
VASSILIADIS, Chris A. Destination Product Characteristics as Useful Predictors for Repeat Visiting and Recommendation Segmentation. Variables in Tourism: a chaid Exhaustive Analysis. Int. J. Tourism
Res., v. 10, p. 439–452, 2008.
ATELJEVIC, Jovo. Tourism entrepreneurship and regional development: example from New Zealand.
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 2008.
ROYO-VELA, Marcelo. Rural-cultural excursion conceptualization: A local tourism marketing
management model based on tourist destination image measurement.Tourism Management, v. 30, p. 419-428, 2009.
D’ANGELLA, Francesca; GO, Frank M. Tale of two cities’ collaborative tourism marketing: Towards a theory of destination stakeholder assessment. Tourism Management, v. 30, p. 429-440, 2009. DWYER, Larry A.; EDWARDS, Deborah; MISTILIS, Nina; ROMAN, Carolina; SCOTT, Noel. Destination and enterprise management for a tourism future. Tourism Management, v. 30, p. 63-74, 2009.
MARCH, Roger; WILKINSON, Ian. Conceptual tools for evaluating tourism partnerships. Tourism
Management, v. 30, p. 455-462, 2009.
ROSENTRAUB, Mark S.; JOO, Mijin. Tourism and economic development: Which investments produce gains for regions? Tourism Management, v. 30, p. 759-770, 2009.
BERNINI, Cristina. Convention industry and destination clusters: Evidence from Italy. Tourism
Management, v. 30, p. 878-889, 2009.
REY-MAQUIEIRA, Javier; LOZANO, Javier A.; GO´MEZ, Carlos M. Quality standards versus taxation in a dynamic environmental model of a tourism economy. Environmental Modelling & Software, v. 24, p. 1483-1490, 2009.
RUSKO, Rauno Tapio; KYLÄNEN, Mika; SAARI, Rükka. Supply Chain in Tourism Destinations: The Case of Levi Resort in Finnish Lapland. International Journal of Tourism Research, v.11, Issue 1, p. 71-87, 2009.
SCHIANETZ, Karin; JONES, Tod; KAVANAGH, Lydia; WALKER, Paul A.; LOCKINGTON, David; WOOD, David. The Practicalities of a Learning Tourism Destination: a Case Study of the Ningaloo Coast. International Journal Of Tourism Research, v.11, p. 567-581, 2009.
LI, Jianjun; SHU, Hui; QIN, Feng. The Improved Diamond Model’s Application in the Evaluation of Regional Logistics Competitiveness. International Conference on Management of e-Commerce and e- Government, 2009.
GREVTSEV, A. A. Estimation of a Country’s Economic Development on the Basis of the Global Competitiveness Index. Studies on Russian Economic Development, v.20, n. 6, p. 655-662, 2009. ERKUS OZTURK, Hilal; ERAYDIN, Ayda. Environmental governance for sustainable tourism
development: Collaborative networks and organisation building in the Antalya tourism region. Tourism
Management Journal, v. 31, Issue 1, p. 113-124, 2010.
DREDGE, Dianne. Place change and tourism development conflict: Evaluating public interest. Tourism
Management Journal, v. 31, Issue 1, p. 104-112, 2010.
DENICOLAI, Stefano; CIOCCARELLI, Gabriele; ZUCCHELLA, Antonella. Resource-based local development and networked core-competencies for tourism excellence. Tourism Management Journal, v. 31, Issue 1, p. 260-266, 2010.
BORNHORST, Tom; RITCHIE, J.R. Brent; SHEEHAN, Lorn. Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders’ perspectives. Tourism Management
Journal, v. 31, Issue 1, p. 572-589, 2010.
TIMUR, Seldjan; GETZ, Donald. Sustainable Tourism Development: How Do Destination Stakeholders Perceive Sustainable Urban Tourism? Sustainable Development Sust. Dev. 17, p. 220-232, 2010. KARATZOGLOU, Benjamin; SPILANIS, Ioannis. Sustainable Tourism in Greek islands: the Integration of Activity-Based Environmental Management with a Destination Environmental Scorecard Based on the Adaptive Resource Management Paradigm. Business Strategy and the
Environment Bus. Strat. Env., v.19, p. 26-38, 2010.
BIN, Lai; LIJUAN, Yang; HUIXIAN, Sheng. An Empirical Study on Development of Reservoir Tourism Resource based on MADM. International Conference on E-Business and E-Government, 2010. ZHANG, Xuejing. Evaluation System of Leisure Tourism Destination Development Conditions. Third
International Symposium on Information Processing, 2010.
BAGGIO, Rodolfo; SCOTT, Noel; COOPER, Chris. Tourism Review Journal, v.65, n.4, 2010. FAZENDA, Nuno; SILVA, Fernando Nunes da; COSTA, Carlos; VALLEY, Douro. Tourism Plan, The plan as part of a sustainable tourist destination development process. Worldwide Hospitality and
Tourism Themes, v.2, n. 4, p. 428-440, 2010.
FAZENDA, Nuno; SILVA, Fernando Nunes da; COSTA, Carlos. Douro Valley Tourism Plan,
The plan as part of a sustainable tourist destination development process. Worldwide Hospitality and
Tourism Themes, v.2, n. 4, p. 428-440, 2010.
HAUGLAND, Sven A.. Development of Tourism destinations: an Integrated Multilevel Perspective.
Annals of Tourism Research, v.38, n. 1, p. 268–290, 2011.
VARGAS-SA´NCHEZ, Alfonso; PORRAS-BUENO, Nuria; PLAZA-MEJI´A, Marı´a de los A´ ngeles. Explaining Residents’ Attitudes to Tourism: Is a universal model possible? Annals of Tourism Research, v.38, n. 2, p. 460-480, 2011.
LORENZINI, Eleonora; CALZATI, Viviana; GIUDICI, Paolo. Territorial Brands for Tourism
Development: A statistical analysis on the Marche Region. Annals of Tourism Research, v.38, n. 2, p. 540–560, 2011.
NUNKOO, Robin; RAMKISSOON, Haywantee. Developing a Community Support Model For Tourism.
Annals of Tourism Research, v.38, n. 3, p. 964–988, 2011.
AZIZIA, Hamid; BIGLARIB, Mahdi; JOUDIA, Pouya. Assessment the feasibility of sustainable tourism in urban environments employing the cumulative linear model. Procedia Engineering, v. 21, p. 24-33, 2011.
HAN, Guosheng; FANG, Wei-Ta; HUANG, Yueh-Wen. Classification and Influential Factors in the Perceived Tourism Impacts of Community Residents on Nature-based Destinations: China’s Tiantangzhai Scenic Area. Procedia Environmental Sciences, v.10, p. 2010-2015, 2011.
BALEZENTIS, Tomas; KRISCIUKAITIENE, Irena; BALEZENTIS, Alvydas; GARLAND, Ron. Rural tourism development in Lithuania (2003–2010) — A quantitative analysis. Tourism Management
Perspectives, v. 2–3, p.1-6, 2011.
KYTZIA, Susanne; WALZ, Ariane; WEGMANN, Mattia. How can tourism use land more efficiently? A model-based approach to land-use efficiency for tourist destinations. Tourism Management, v. 32, p. 629;640, 2011.
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GILKINSON, Norman; DANGERFIELD, Brian. Some results from a system dynamics model of construction sector competitiveness. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 2011.
HUIQINA, Li; LINCHUN, Hou. Evaluation on Sustainable Development of Scenic Zone Based on Tourism Ecological Footprint: Case Study of Yellow Crane Tower in Hubei Province, China. Energy
Procedia, v. 5, p. 145-151, 2011.
SCHOFIELD, Peter. City Resident Attitudes to Proposed Tourism Development and its Impacts on the Community. International Journal Of Tourism Research, v.13, p. 218-233, 2011.
WANG, Suosheng; YAMADA, Naoko; BROTHERS, Linda. A Case Study: Discussion of Factors and Challenges for Urban Cultural Tourism Development. International Journal Of Tourism Research, v. 13, p.553-569, 2011.
HSIEH, Pei-Hung; YUAN, Soe-Tsyr. Regional Tourism Service Ecosystem Development: A Co- Creation and Imagery Based Approach. International Joint Conference on Service Sciences, 2011. FAZENDA, Nuno; SILVA, Fernando Nunes da; COSTA, Carlos. Douro Valley Tourism Plan
The plan as part of a sustainable tourist destination development process. Worldwide Hospitality and
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KHANDAZHAPOVAA, L. M.; MAKSANOVAB, L. B. Zh.; LUBSANOVAA, N. B. Estimate of the Influence Exerted by the Development of Tourism on the Economy of a Region. Studies on Russian
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NOVOSELOVA, O. V. Interregional Exchange as a Development Factor of the Cluster Structure of a Regional Economy. Studies on Russian Economic Development, v.22, n. 3, p. 312–318, 2011. AMORÓS, José Ernesto; FERNÁNDEZ, Cristóbal; TAPIA, Juan. Quantifying the relationship between entrepreneurship and competitiveness development stages in Latin America. Int Entrep Manag J, 2011. CARAYANNIS, Elias G.; WEI LIU WANG, Vivienne. Competitiveness Model: a Double Diamond. J
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CHANCELLOR, Charles; YU, Chia-Pin Simon; COLE, Shu Tian. Exploring Quality of Life Perceptions in Rural Midwestern (USA) Communities: an Application of the Core–Periphery Concept in a Tourism Development Context. International Journal Of Tourism Research, v.13, p. 496-507, 2011.
ASSAKER, Guy; VINZI, Vincenzo Esposito; O’CONNOR, Peter. Modeling a causality network for tourism development: an empirical analysis. Journal of Modelling in Management, v.6, n. 3, 2011. KELLY, Claire; ESSEX, Stephen; GLEGG, Gillian. Reflective practice formar in eplanning: A case study of marine nature-based tourism partnerships. Marine Policy, v. 36, p. 769-781, 2012.
LOZANO-OYOLAA, Macarena; BLANCASA, Francisco Javier; GONZÁLEZB, Mercedes; CABALLEROB, Rafael. Sustainable tourism indicators as planning tools in cultural destinations. Ecological Indicators, v.18, p. 659-675, 2012.
LIU, Chui-Hua; TZENG, Gwo-Hshiung; LEE, Ming-Huei. Improving tourism policy implementation e The use of hybrid MCDM models. Tourism Management, v. 33, p. 412-426, 2012.
DWYER, Larry; ZEVI, Ljubica Kne; EDWARDS, Deborah; MIHALIC, Tanja. Fashioning a destination tourism future: The case of Slovenia. Tourism Management, v. 33, p. 305 e 316, 2012.
HUANG, Jen-Hung; PENG, Kua-Hsin. Fuzzy Rasch model in TOPSIS: A new approach for generating fuzzy numbers to assess the competitiveness of the tourism industries in Asian countries. Tourism
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SINGHALA, Shaleen; MCGREALB, Stanley; BERRY, Jim. An evaluative model for city competitiveness: Application to UK cities. Land Use Policy, v. 30, p. 214-222, 2013. Quadro 9 - Publicações que direcionaram o escopo da definição dos indicadores Fonte: Autor
Na sequência, os indicadores foram agrupados em dimensões. Estas dimensões foram definidas a partir de dois parâmetros:
Natureza dos indicadores: ou seja, as características essenciais dos indicadores que moldam sua aplicação e interpretação.
Utilização: ou seja, o modo e objetivos que embasaram a utilização destes pelos autores que os empregaram.
A partir disso, em um primeiro momento, foram organizadas 30 dimensões, conforme o Quadro 10.
Quadro 10 Dimensões Macro Iniciais Fonte: Autor
APOIO DA COMUNIDADE LOCAL
GESTÃO DO CONHECIMENTO QUALIDADE DE VIDA
LOCAL Atributos relacionados à
marca do destino
Governança (DMO) Recursos Humanos
Competitividade para empresas
Indicadores multidimensionais Satisfação do turista Competitividade para o
turismo
Indicadores regionais Stakeholders
Competitividade Inovação Sustentabilidade e turismo
Desenvolvimento econômico local
Itens que influenciam a escolha do turista por um destino
Sustentabilidade geral Econômicos Parcerias (cooperação/network) Sustentabilidade para
empresas Empreendedorismo Políticas públicas para o Turismo Transporte Específicos de Turismo Cenários prospectivos em um
destino turístico
Turismo cultural
EVENTOS PREVISÃO/FORMAÇÃO DE
DEMANDA
No Anexo 3 - Composição Macro Inicial é possível observar a amplitude dos resultados adquiridos neste primeiro momento em que haviam 30 dimensões. Pela análise, tanto das dimensões, quanto dos Fatores Críticos e Indicadores, é possível perceber a complementaridade entre os itens.
O Anexo 4 evidencia os aspectos quantitativos encontrados inicialmente, a partir do agrupamento de indicadores semelhantes as quais definiram também os Fatores Críticos. Ou seja, para cada grupo de indicadores similares, nomeou-se um Fator Crítico, sendo este, a compilação de indicadores inter-relacionados.
Tal tabulação gerou os resultados conforme ilustrado na Tabela 4.
Tabela 4 Composição Quantitativa da Ferramenta de Mensuração Inicial
DIMENSÕES 30
Fatores críticos 100
Indicadores 696
Fonte: Autor
A partir da construção e análise crítica de cada uma das 30 dimensões foi possível observar que muitas eram complementares entre si, ou ainda redundantes, o que gerou novas reflexões e conclusões que deram origem ao escopo final das dimensões, conforme Quadro 11.
DIMENSÃO 1 – APOIO DA COMUNIDADE LOCAL DIMENSÃO 2 – IDENTIDADE DO DESTINO (BRAND)
DIMENSÃO 3 - COMPETITIVIDADE PARA AS EMPRESA DO DESTINO DIMENSÃO 4 – COMPETITIVIADE PARA O TURISMO
DIMENSÃO 5 – COMPETÊNCIAS DIMENSÃO 6 – EMPREENDEDORISMO
DIMENSÃO 7 – COMPETÊNCIAS PARA O TURISMO DIMENSÃO 8 – GOVERNANÇA
DIMENSÃO 9 – INOVAÇÃO DIMENSÃO 10 – COOPERAÇÃO
DIMENSÃO 11 – CENÁRIOS PROSPECTIVOS Quadro 11 Dimensões Sintetizadas
Fonte: Autor
Vale destacar que para esta dissertação, as dimensões são tidas como o agrupamento dos fatores críticos, premissas e indicadores a serem analisados. Ou
seja, é aquilo que engloba todas as características e dados que necessitam serem levantados, quando da aplicação da ferramenta de mensuração da competitividade.
Concomitantemente, ocorreu nova tabulação quantitativa e qualitativa dos fatores críticos e indicadores, visando compreender a dimensão e resultados de todo o processo metodológico até este momento.
Esta etapa foi realizada considerando e identificando a repetição de indicadores utilizados nos artigos que compõe o referencial teórico específico desta etapa metodológica visando excluir as informações repetidas ou de natureza idêntica.
A finalidade era quantificar precisamente o número de indicadores gerados pela pesquisa, evitar redundâncias e definir uma base de indicadores confiáveis e de aplicação macro em um Produto/Destino Turístico.
Em seguida estes indicadores foram traduzidos para o português. Realizaram-se também, adaptações necessárias para o contexto do turismo e somente então foram realizadas as formulações das questões pertinentes e inerentes à cada um dos indicadores. Estas questões foram embasadas diretamente naquilo que os autores dos artigos deste referencial teórico utilizaram como ferramentas para análise dos dados específicos de suas respectivas pesquisas.
Desta forma, o resultado quantitativo obtido para os elementos que comporiam a ferramenta de mensuração apresentou-se conforme a Tabela 5.
Tabela 5 Composição Quantitativa da Ferramenta de Mensuração Final
DIMENSÕES 11 FATORES CRÍTICOS 55 VARIÁVEIS 155 PREMISSAS 605 INDICADORES 518 Fonte: Autor
Ressalta-se que o escopo dos indicadores gerados acabou relacionando-se com aquelas características tidas como essenciais ao Produto Turístico. Ou seja, condições de qualidade, gerenciamento, localização, níveis de cooperação, informações sociais, econômicas, culturais entre outras, que tenham possibilidades de agregar ao Produto Turístico, são levadas em consideração, a fim de tornar a mensuração da competitividade crítica e analítica, pontual e detalhada.
Ou seja, a mensuração, a partir dos indicadores específicos desta ferramenta, analisa o Produto Turístico como um todo, englobando características de responsabilidade pública e privada.
De maneira detalhada, a partir da análise e leitura dos artigos oriundos da