Revisão Bibliográfica
2.4 MATÉRIA-PRIMA: CÚRCUMA (Curcuma longa)
2.4.1 Fitoquímica da cúrcuma, atividade biológica e extração
Pelo menos 235 compostos fitoquímicos foram identificados a partir de espécies de
Curcuma, principalmente compostos fenólicos e terpenóides (Li et al., 2011, Nahar e Sarker,
2007). Em se tratando do rizoma da cúrcuma, esses compostos podem ser agrupados em duas frações com características de extração diferentes e com interesse industrial: a oleorresina (fração não volátil) e o óleo volátil. A oleorresina reúne os curcuminóides, compostos fenólicos responsáveis pela coloração amarela apresentada pelo rizoma e pela atividade antioxidante natural do extrato de cúrcuma (Jayaprakasha et al., 2005). A curcumina e seus dois compostos desmetoxilados, desmetoxi-curcumina e bis-desmetoxi-curcumina, são os compostos
majoritários encontrados na oleorresina (Figura 2.9). Além de ser um potente antioxidante, a curcumina exibe ainda atividades anticâncer, antibacteriana e antiviral, e devido a essas características ela representa a maior parte dos trabalhos envolvendo os compostos da cúrcuma (de Paz-Campos et al., 2014, Kasdagly et al., 2014, Sun et al., 2014, Tovsen et al., 2014).
A fração de óleo volátil é responsável pelo aroma característico da cúrcuma e representa de 5,0 a 6,0% da matéria seca (Chempakam e Parthasarathy, 2008). Sesquiterpenos são as principais substâncias encontradas, principalmente ar(aromatic)-turmerona, α-turmerona e β-turmerona, representando até 80% do óleo (Carvalho et al., 2015). Contudo, a composição do óleo volátil e o conteúdo de cada composto podem variar consideravelmente com a espécie, a localização geográfica e com o cultivo da planta (Li et al., 2011), além da forma de extração. Assim, outros compostos podem aparecer de forma expressiva no extrato, como curdiona, ar- curcumeno, zingibereno e sesquifelandreno, (Jayaprakasha et al., 2005, Chempakam e Parthasarathy, 2008, Li et al., 2011) (Figura 2.9).
Figura 2.9. Estrutura química dos principais compostos presentes na oleorresina [(a)
curcumina, (b) desmetoxi-curcumina e (c) bis-desmetoxi-curcumina] e no óleo volátil de cúrcuma [(1) ar-turmerona, (2) α-turmerona, (3) β-turmerona, (4) zingibereno, (5) curdione,
(6) sesquifelandreno]. Adaptada de Jayaprakasha et al. (2005).
A química do óleo volátil de cúrcuma recebeu pouca atenção em tempos passados, e a sua extração era muitas vezes realizada concomitantemente com a oleorresina. No entanto,
nos últimos anos vários pesquisadores começaram a se interessar pela bioatividade de seus compostos e já indicaram inúmeras funcionalidades, como propriedades de repelente a insetos (Champakaew et al., 2007), antifúngico (Singh et al., 2011, Sharma et al., 2011, Sahoo et al., 2011), bactericida (Kamazeri et al., 2012, Naz et al., 2011, Lee et al., 2011), anticarcinogênico (Zeng et al., 2012), anti-angiogênico (Chen et al., 2011), anti-inflamatório (Liju et al., 2011), anti-hiperlipidêmico (Ling et al., 2012), anti-artrite (Funk et al., 2010), entre outras.
Na extração de óleo volátil de matrizes vegetais as tecnologias mais utilizadas são ainda as técnicas convencionais de hidrodestilação (em escala laboratorial) e de destilação a vapor (em escala industrial), devido à simplicidade e produtividade das mesmas (Manzan et al., 2003). Contudo, estas técnicas possuem algumas desvantagens associadas à temperatura alta na qual o processo ocorre, como degradação térmica, hidrólise e solubilização em água de alguns compostos, podendo alterar a composição e a qualidade de muitos óleos essenciais extraídos (Reverchon e De Marco, 2006).
Como principal alternativa às técnicas convencionais, vem se estabelecendo a utilização da tecnologia SFE. Seu princípio e suas vantagens foram apresentas nas Seções 2.1 e 2.2 desta Revisão. Nas últimas duas décadas diversos trabalhos envolvidos na extração e no fracionamento de óleo volátil de diversas matrizes vegetais usando SFE foram desenvolvidos (Akanda et al., 2012, Palavra et al., 2011a, del Valle et al., 2011, Uquiche et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2012). A qualidade do extrato produzido por SFE apresenta grande potencial de serem absorvidos pelas indústrias farmacêuticas e de costméticos, para a geração de produtos de alto valor agregado (Pereira e Meireles, 2010a).
Para a cúrcuma, alguns trabalhos na literatura reportaram a otimização da extração do óleo usando scCO2 (Began et al., 2000, Chang et al., 2006) e scCO2 adicionado de cosolvente
(Braga et al., 2003). Por exemplo, a extração do óleo usando SFE e a purificação do extrato em duas frações (frações ricas em ar-turmerona e α-β-turmerona) aplicando cromatografia sólido- líquido foram avaliadas por Chang et al. (2006). Além disso, um trabalho mais recente determinou o equilíbrio de fases de um pseudocomponente denominado α-β-ar-turmerona e composto das três turmerones (α- turmerona, β- turmerona, and ar-turmerona) em scCO2 (Kao
et al., 2007).
No campo de utilização de compostos naturais no tratamento de doenças uma especial atenção tem sido dada ao composto ar-turmerona. A aplicação desse composto tem apresentado interessantes propriedades anti-inflamatórias (Park et al., 2012a, Park et al.,
2012b), anti-proliferativa de células cancerígenas (Yue et al., 2010) e de inibição de agregação de plaquetas (Lee, 2006, Prakash et al., 2011). Poderosa ação inseticida e de repelente a insetos também tem sido reportada a esse composto (Tavares et al., 2013, Lee et al., 2001).
Alguns produtos comerciais contendo extrato SFE de cúrcuma já podem ser encontrados em mercados da América do Norte, Europa e Ásia. Para citar alguns tem-se os produtos Turmeric Liquid Phytocaps da empresa Botanica/Vancouver/Canada, Turmeric Force da empresa NewChapter/Vermont/EUA e Tumeric Supreme da empresa Gaia Herbs/Brevard/EUA.
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