Improvements for future research directions

5 Conclusion

5.2 Improvements for future research directions

This master's thesis leaves open several pertinent questions for future studies. First, a larger and more heterogeneous sample that represents the national reality would yield more consistent conclusions to supplement the results reported in the current study.

Additionally, further research of in-depth analysis of different factors that influence sleep and performance, such as sociodemographic variables, as well as psychological, social and academic ones.

A third suggestion relates to the study of well-being and sleep in university students in different employment status, for example, comparing the performance between non-working students and employed ones.

Lastly, future research could use objective measures to assess the exact effects of poor sleep on productivity, which is important for a more comprehensive view of such effects. A study that compared objectively measure to self-reported sleep duration found that self-report questionnaires overestimate sleep length, furthermore, sleep routine is always disturbed in order to investigate it (Lauderdale et al., 2008). Generally, individuals are not sure the amount slept or are embarrassed to be honest, therefore tend to answer the well-known recommend amount of sleep hours (7/8 hours).

Several investigations suggest using objective measures to confirm results with accuracy (Altman et al., 2012; Dickinson et al., 2018; Estevan et al., 2021; Foulkes et al., 2019).

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APPENDIX A. QUESTIONNAIRE

Sleeping

Start of Block: Start of the Survey

For my master's thesis, I am conducting a questionnaire on the topic of sleep. This survey is destined for working students (part-time or full-time) at Nova IMS.

Your participation is completely voluntary. Answers will be analysed under strict criteria of confidentiality and anonymity. Moreover, the gathered data will be used exclusively for academic purposes.

The survey is available in both Portuguese and English.

If you have any questions, don't hesitate to contact me via e-mail at [email protected].

Thank you :)

Q1 Are you a working student from NOVA IMS?

o

^Yes

o

^No

42 End of Block: Start of the Survey

Start of Block: Student characteristics

Q2 How old are you?

________________________________________________________________

Q3 Gender?

o

^Male

o

^Female

o

Non-binary / third gender

o

Prefer not to say

Q4 How many hours do you (approximately) work daily?

o

Full time - 8 hours

o

Part time - 4 hours

Q5 In which type of study program are you enrolled?

o

Bachelor's degree

o

Postgraduate

o

Master's degree

o

Doctoral's degree (PhD)

43 Q6 What is your Grade Point Average at the moment ?

________________________________________________________________

Q7 How successful are you professionally?

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

End of Block: Student characteristics Start of Block: Sleep Quality

Q8 SATED

Rarely/Never Sometimes Usually/Always

Are you satisfied with your sleep?

o o o

Do you stay awake all day without dozing?

o o o

Are you asleep (or trying to sleep) between 2

am and 4 am?

o o o

Do you spend less than 30 minutes awake at night? (This includes the time it takes to fall

asleep and awakenings from sleep).

o o o

Do you sleep between 6 and 8 hours per day?

o o o

44 Q9

Never Some times

About half the

time

Most of the

time Always How often do you use sleep aids (e.g., pills, relaxing

drinks)?

o o o o o

How often do you use technology (e.g., video games, computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones) within

an hour of going to bed?

o o o o o

How often does the use of technology before going to

bed makes it difficult for you to fall asleep?

o o o o o

How often do you drink caffeinated beverages during

the afternoon or evening?

o o o o o

How often does drinking caffeinated beverages during the afternoon or evening makes it difficult for

you to fall asleep?

o o o o o

How often do you drink alcohol ?

o o o o o

How often does drinking alcohol makes it difficult for

you to fall asleep?

o o o o o

Page Break

45 Q10 SQS During the last month how frequently...

Rarely/Never Sometimes Usually/Always

Did poor sleep give you headaches?

o o o

Did poor sleep make hard for you to think?

o o o

Did poor sleep make you lose interest in work

or study?

o o o

Did poor sleep cause you to make mistakes at

work/school?

o o o

Did sleepiness interfere with your daily life?

o o o

Did poor sleep make your life painful?

o o o

Q11 Does a poor night’s sleep make you...

Yes, extreme Yes, moderate Yes, a little No

Depressed?

o o o o

Anxious?

o o o o

Irritable?

o o o o

Tired?

o o o o

46 Q12 FOSQ Do you generally have difficulty ... because you are sleepy or tired?

Yes, extreme Yes,

moderate Yes, a little No

concentrating on the things you do

o o o o

remembering things

o o o o

performing employed work

o o o o

learning/studying

o o o o

Q13 Procrastinate

Strongly disagree

Somewhat disagree

Neither agree nor

disagree

Somewhat agree

Strongly agree I often find myself performing

tasks that I had intended to do

days before.

o o o o o

I do not do assignments until just

before they are to be handed in.

o o o o o

When it is time to get up in the morning, I often get right out of

bed.

o o o o o

I generally delay before starting

on work I have to do.

o o o o o

In preparing for some deadline, I often waste time by doing other

things.

o o o o o

I often have a task finished

sooner than necessary.

o o o o o

I am continually saying "I'll do it

tomorrow".

o o o o o

47 Q14 Did the Covid pandemic affect your sleep?

o

Yes, sleeping better and/or longer hours

o

Yes, sleeping worse and/or less hours

o

^No

End of Block: Sleep Quality

Start of Block: Academic performance

Q15 Based on your experience, how is it to work while studying ?

Extremely easy Extremely difficult 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Q16 What do you find difficult about being a working student? Select all that apply, up to 5.

▢

Balance everything

▢

No time to spend on school work

▢

No social time for family and friends

▢

No time to relax and leisure

▢

Well-being and quality of life

▢

Distraction (can't focus)

▢

Exhaustion (too tired)

▢

Procrastination

▢

^Stress

▢

^Lateness

48 Q17 Do you think that the university provides you with adequate support?

o

Extremely inadequate

o

Somewhat inadequate

o

Neither adequate nor inadequate

o

Somewhat adequate

o

Extremely adequate

Q18 Do you think that your employer provides you with adequate support?

o

Extremely inadequate

o

Somewhat inadequate

o

Neither adequate nor inadequate

o

Somewhat adequate

o

Extremely adequate

End of Block: Academic performance

APPENDIX B. ETHICS COMMITTEE OF NOVA IMS

APPENDIX C. STATISTICAL TEST RESULTS

o Technology use effect on Sleep health

Spearman’s association between the two variables: a = -0.0585 (p-value > 0.05).

Technology use b_cde P-value

Always 0.9482 0.0074

Most of the time 0.9535 0.0410

Half of the time 0.9491 0.5852

Sometimes & Never 0.9167 0.1970 Table 28. Shapiro-Wilk test on Sleep health by Technology use P-value of the Levene’s test for the medians: 0.3440.

l_cde l_fghihfjk P-value

Kruskal-Wallis test 1.4596 7.8147 0.6916

Table 29. Kruskal-Wallis test on Sleep health by Technology use

o Sleep health and gender

t_cde t_fghihfjk p-value

Mann-Whitney test -0.0777 2.6449 0.9380

Table 30. Mann-Whitney test Sleep health by gender Full time

Bachelor’s

degree Master’s degree Postgraduate Total

F M F M F M F M

Mean 6 - 6.74 6.9 7.18 6.71 6.79 6.87

Median 6 - 7 7 7 8 7 7

Test - 0.2140 0.2361 0.1426

P-value - 0.8351 0.4301 0.8916

Table 31. Mann-Whitney test Sleep health by gender and degree for full time workers

51 Part time

Bachelor’s

degree Master’s degree Postgraduate Total

F M F M F M F M

Mean 8 5.67 6.55 6.63 - 7 6.67 6.42

Median 8 5 7 6.5 - 7 7 6.5

Test - 0.1259 - 0.3526

P-value - 0.4519 - 0.7553

Table 32. Mann-Whitney test Sleep health by gender and degree for part time workers

o Procrastination effect on Sleep health

b_cde p-value

Procrastinators 0.9548 0.0038

Non-procrastinators 0.9448 0.0601

Table 33. Shapiro-Wilk test Sleep health by Procrastination

t_cde t_fghihfjk p-value

Mann-Whitney test -1.3967 2.6449 0.1735

Table 34. Mann-Whitney test Sleep health by Procrastination

o Sleep quality effect on mental health

b_cde P-value

Poor sleepers 0.9443 0.1428

Average sleepers 0.9742 0.2435

Great sleepers 0.9612 0.1956

Table 35. Shapiro-Wilk test on Mental health by Sleep quality’s subgroups

No documento Sleep for success The impact the amount of sleep on working students (páginas 46-63)