3.1. Objetivo geral
Estudar a ecologia de flebotomíneos em uma área rural endêmica para leishmaniose tegumentar americana no estado de Pernambuco.
3.2. Objetivos específicos
Descrever as espécies que compõem a fauna de flebotomíneos em uma área de Mata Atlântica no município de Ipojuca;
Estudar a dinâmica sazonal de flebotomíneos em área de Mata Atlântica em Ipojuca;
Avaliar a relação entre fatores climáticos e a dinâmica diária e mensal de flebotomíneos em Ipojuca;
Identificar a taxa de flebotomíneos infectados por L. braziliensis através de biologia molecular.
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5.1 Artigo
(Artigo submetido à Revista Acta Tropica) Formatado conforme as normas da Revista
ECOLOGY OF SAND FLIES IN A LOW-DENSITY RESIDENTIAL RURAL AREA WITH MIXED FOREST/AGRICULTURAL EXPLOITATION, IN
NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
ECOLOGIA DE FLEBOTOMÍNEOS EM UMA ÁREA RURAL DE BAIXA DENSIDADE RESIDENCIAL COM EXPLORAÇÃO MISTA DE FLORESTA E
Ecology of sand flies in a low-density residential rural area, with mixed forest/agricultural exploitation, in north-eastern Brazil
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis is endemic in Brazil, where Lutzomyia whitmani is the most important vector involved in the transmission to humans, particularly in the peridomestic environment. Herein, we assessed the ecology of sand flies, including Lu. whitmani, in a low-density residential rural area with mixed forest/agricultural exploitation in north-eastern Brazil, where cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic. Particularly, we hypothesized that sand fly abundance was correlated with climatic variables. Sand fly collections were carried out monthly from August 2013 to August 2014, using seven CDC light traps, for three consecutive nights, in three kinds of environments: indoor, peridomicile and forest. Collected sand flies were identified based on morphology and females of Lu. whitmani (n = 169), Lu. amazonensis (n = 134) and Lu. complexa (n = 21) were selected and tested by PCR for Leishmania (Viannia) spp. In total, 5,167 sand flies belonging to 19 species were identified, being that Lu. choti (43.2%) was the most frequent species, followed by Lu. amazonensis (16.6%), Lu. whitmani (15.8%), Lu. sordellii (10.7%) and Lu. quinquefer (5.8%), which together represented over 90% of the collected sand flies. All females tested by PCR were negative. The number of sand flies collected daily was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with rainfall and relative humidity. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between daily number of sand flies and daily average saturation deficit. This study points out that the number of sand flies captured daily is correlated to climatic variables, including saturation deficit, which may represent a useful parameter for monitoring sand fly populations in leishmaniasis-endemic areas.
1. Introduction
Phlebotomine (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are vectors of numerous pathogens to animals and humans (Maroli et al., 2013). In particular, they are the principal vectors of Leishmania parasites (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a group of diseases affecting annually over 1 million people in 98 countries (Alvar et al., 2012).
About 56 species of sand flies have been proven or suspected to transmit Leishmania parasites in the New World (Maroli et al., 2013). The distribution and transmission dynamics of leishmaniasis are directly related to the presence and abundance of sand fly vector populations. Thus, understanding the ecology of these insects is important for refining the control strategies (e.g., insecticide spraying) currently in place.
In Brazil, one of the largest foci of leishmaniasis in the world (Alvar et al., 2012), several sand fly species are involved in the transmission of Leishmania spp. to humans, including are Lutzomyia umbratilis, Lutzomyia flaviscutellata, Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia intermedia, Lutzomyia wellcomei, Lutzomyia complexa and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Rangel and Lainson, 2009; Maroli et al., 2013). Annually, near 30000 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis are notified to public health authorities and the majority of them are caused by Leishmania braziliensis. Different sand fly species have been implicated in the transmission of L. braziliensis, including Lu. whitmani, Lu. intermedia, Lu. wellcomei, Lu. complexa, Lutzomyia neivai, Lutzomyia fischeri and Lutzomyia migonei (Alvar et al., 2012; Maroli et al., 2013).
In different foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Le. braziliensis in Brazil, Lu. whitmani is the principal vector involved in the transmission to humans, particularly in the peridomestic environment, where this sand fly is mainly found nearby domestic
animal shelters or in crop plantations (Rangel and Lainson, 2009). Nonetheless, the knowledge on the ecology of this important vector remains fragmentary and this may impair the establishment of effective control strategies, as basic information on the abundance and seasonal dynamics of any sand fly species is fundamental to decide which strategy to use, and where and when apply it. Furthermore, studies conducted in different Brazilian regions have indicated some differences in the ecological behaviour of Lu. whitmani (Ready et al., 1998; Campbell-Lendrum et al., 1999a,b,2000), with some populations being associated to primary and secondary forests and others being more adapted to human-modified environments (Costa et al., 2007; Rangel and Lainson, 2009). In the present study, we assessed the ecology of sand flies, including Lu. whitmani, in a low-density residential rural area with mixed forest/agricultural exploitation in north-eastern Brazil, where cutaneous leishmaniasis by L. braziliensis is endemic. In particular, we hypothesized that the abundance of sand flies was correlated with climatic variables, such as temperature and relative humidity.
2. Material and methods 2.1. Study area
The municipality of Ipojuca (08º23'56"S, 35º03'50") is located in the Metropolitan region of Recife, Pernambuco State, north-eastern Brazil. The climate is tropical with dry summer. The raining period starts in December/January and lasts until September, with annual average temperature of 26oC (range, 25–27oC) and average relative humidity of 78% (range, 74–82%). The vegetation is predominantly represented by the Atlantic forest and the municipality is crossed by the Ipojuca River. The specific area chosen for this study was a rural area dominated by sugar cane plantations with some remnants of Atlantic forest (Fig. 1). The municipality is also an important industrial
pole in Pernambuco, whose activities are mainly concentrated in the port of Suape and its surrounding industrial district.
According to the Information System on Disease Notification (SINAN), 32 human cases of CL were reported in Ipojuca between 2009 and May 2014. Incidentally, little information is available on the sand fly fauna and species of Leishmania circulating in sand flies, animals and humans in Ipojuca.
2.2. Collection and identification of sand flies
Sand fly collections were carried out from August 2013 to August 2014, in a locality known as “Engenho Fortaleza”. Seven CDC light traps were installed monthly, for three consecutive nights, from 5:00 pm to 6:00 am. Each trap was positioned at 1.5 m above the ground, in three kinds of environments: indoor, peridomicile and forest (Table 1). In the forest, collection sites were typically near animal burrows, trunks of large trees, shaded and humid areas. All traps were placed on trees, except the ones from the sites 1 and 5, which were placed on the inner wall of a house and on the roof of a horse stable, respectively.
The collected specimens were kept in 70% ethanol and later identified using morphological keys for American sand flies (Young and Duncan, 1994). The thorax and