Computer + Human
2.7 Summary and Final Remarks 2
I have also depicted in Figure 2.19 the trajectory described by James D. Holland in reference to Jonathan Grudin (1993)’s analysis of the evolution of the concept of interface and the trajectory described by O’Neill et al. (1999) who mentioned the increasing range of models used in HCI.
expand or retract, or in consonance or contradiction with whose interests or what vary considerably. These limits vary across people, across schools, across countries, across history. The professional challenge is to achieve unity among this diversity.
I refer to the diversity of emphases that structure a certain field its constellation of interests.
This chapter focuses on disciplinary relations and disciplinary diversity across the historical development of the field of Human-Computer Interaction. The field of Human-Computer Interaction has been characterized many times as a field spanning boundaries due to the large number of disciplines that have contributed to it. The communities in HCI have slowly recognized the importance of disciplinary diversity across its foundations. In this sense, HCI communities are a phase ahead of traditional fields in informatics, which have only recently faced the challenge of a diversity that has since been forgotten.
Nevertheless, HCI has not been immune to the historical disciplinary forces that constitute its disciplinary grounds, such as the cognitive and the computer sciences.
This influence is visible in the main models that discuss HCI’s nature, with a clear bias in favor of dyadic frameworks that emphasize the single user of a single computer.
Using a disciplinary chart, I propose a conceptual model of HCI’s constellation of interests that also emphasizes other tendencies present in its cultural ecology.
A three dimensional model is progressively built with the inclusion of additional facets respectively linked to technology, people, and their interactions, which is in consonance with Peirce’s systematic philosophy. I have four main goals with this rep-resentation or model. Firstly, I want to compare different areas in a single diagram.
Secondly, by showing the simultaneous presence of more than one perspective on a single discipline, I would like to facilitate the interdisciplinary work among Informat-ics’ disciplines and with other disciplines. Thirdly, I would like a method that could be used with other or more dimensions than the ones discussed here. And fourthly, I intend to facilitate the characterization of computer semiotics within Informatics, in order to delimit the scope of the second part of this thesis.
In this conceptual framework, visualized as a multi-dimensional disciplinary chart,
distinct constellations of interest can be compared in relation to established academic fields. In the charting of HCI and informatics, I have used three basic dimensions, which encompass the organizations of (i) artifacts, (ii) humans, and (iii) interactions.
I have chosen these three dimensions in accordance with my objectives of describing the cultural ecology of HCI, the role of the humanities in it, and in particular, the role of communication in close resonance with Peirce’s work.
These dimensions correspond roughly to the foci of disciplines such as (i) com-puter engineering, comcom-puter science, and information systems in a first group; (ii) physiology, psychology, anthropology, and sociology in a second group; and (iii) lin-guistics, language studies, and media and cultural studies in a third group. A focus on computer architecture would be narrower than a focus on net-centric computing, but a focus on engineering telecommunications, despite its usual broader physical scope, would be even narrower because telecommunications is only a part of a network.
A close analysis of each of these dimensions or disciplines shows that they are not as isolated as they first seem. For example, in the history of informatics many disciplinary joint works can be identified, such as, automation and cybernetics (con-trol systems), engineering and management (management systems), automation and linguistics (automatic translation), mathematics and linguistics (either programming languages or theory of computing), artificial intelligence and psychology (cognitive sciences), etc.
Nevertheless, I should remark that I have limited the scope of this chapter to the charting of disciplinary relations, exclusively. I do not discuss the value of, the mo-tivations for, or the effectiveness of such disciplinary relations. Despite their impor-tance, I have limited myself to chart such barriers and bridges within a multifaceted model. Within this delimitation, I have left out many important issues discussed in the literature, such as the difficulties, advantages, and political consequences of these disciplinary relations.
The conceptual framework and its visualization are enough expressive to depict the history of HCI at a higher level of detail than it is usually described, showing that although it continues to expand, the expansion is not monotonic and present
phases of retraction.
Technology has a purpose. Therefore, in relation to Peirce’s work, in which in-teractions and representation are important facets, technology would necessarily link phenomena toends, reaching at least the level of the Normative Sciences. HCI, would go beyond Peirce’s philosophy because it presupposes Psychology, which presupposes it.
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