The following taxa have been reported from the area but have been shown not to occur there. Taxa reported from ‘Europe’ without any further information and which are clearly errors are not included in the list below. There are about 150 liverwort names (mostly subspecific names) with types from Europe that have not been recognised recently, nor synonymized. Some of those names are so old that they may threaten accepted names if their true identity becomes known. Some of the names in Jungermannia were
enumerated in Söderström et al. (2016).
Liverworts
Acrobolbus anisodontus (Hook.f. & Taylor) Briscoe [Tylimanthus anisodontus (Hook.f.
& Taylor) Mitt.] was reported from Madeira by Stephani (1905) but rejected as
Acrobolbus madeirensis by Grolle and Persson (1966), and from the Azores by Allorge and Allorge (1948) but rejected as Acrobolbus azoricus.
Acrobolbos ciliatus (Mitt.) Schiffn. is reported from Britain (coll. D.G.Long 29767, E) by Masuzaki et al. (2010) but this is an error for Acrobolbus wilsonii (D.G.Long, pers.
comm.).
Acrobolbus laxus (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Briscoe is reported from the Azores and Madeira by Burghardt and Gradstein (2008) but their concept included Acrobolbus azoricus and Acrobolbus madeirensis to which the reports belong.
Asterella blumeana (Nees) Kachroo is a southeast Asian taxon reported as Fimbraria blumeana Nees from Italy by Tassi (1901) but rejected by Aleffi and Schumacker
(1995).
Asterella elegans (Spreng.) Trevis. is a South American taxon reported from Corsica as Fimbraria elegans Spreng by Casares-Gil (1919) but this is rejected by Bischler and Jovet-Ast (1973).
Asterella marginata (Nees) S.W.Arnell was reported from Madeira as Fimbraria marginata Nees by Gottsche et al. (1846) but this must be rejected. It is a southern African taxon.
Asterella pringlei Underw. is an American taxon reported from Italy as Fimbraria stahlii Steph. by Tassi (1901) but this is rejected by Aleffi and Schumacker (1995).
Asterella tenella (L.) P.Beauv. is a North American taxon reported as Fimbraria tenella L. from several places in Europe during the 19th centuary, but all reports are rejected by Long (2006).
Asterella wallichiana (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Grolle is an E Asian taxon reported from Italy as Fimbraria raddii Corda ex Nees (type). However, the type is probably from Himalaya and certainly not from Europe (Long 2006).
Bazzania denudata (Lindenb. & Gottsche) Trevis. is a taxon from North America and East Asia reported many times from central and western Europe but rejected from here by Schuster (1969).
Blepharostoma arachnoideum M. Howe is a North American taxon reported from Polar Ural by Zinovjeva (1973) but rejected as B. trichophyllum subsp. brevirete by Konstantinova and Potemkin (1994).
Cephalozia lucens (A.Evans) Steph. is a taxon from Hawaii reported from Italy by Rhodegher (1896) but rejected by Aleffi (2005).
Cephaloziella mammillifera R.M.Schust. & Damsh. is an American taxon reported from ‘Europe’ by Stotler and Crandall-Stotler (2017). This taxon was treated as a
questioned synonym of Cephaloziella varians var. scabra by Damsholt (2002) and if this synonym is correct, the taxon does occur in Europe.
Cephaloziella verrucosa Steph. is a taxon from the Southern Hemisphere that has erroneously been reported from Svalbard (Bryhn 1909), probably due to nomenclatural confusion.
Cyathodium spurium (Dicks.) Lindb. ex Braithw. may be conspecific with Cyathodium cavernarum (Braithwaite 1878). The type specimen is from Scotland, but it is probably mislabelled as no Cyathodium is known from boreal Europe.
Frullania davurica Hampe ex Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees. has been reported several times from Europe, mostly because it has sometimes included Frullania jackii as a subspecies [F. davurica subsp. jackii (Gottsche) S.Hatt.].
Frullania inflata Gottsche is shown to be a complex species confined in a restricted sense to North America while the European populations must be named Frullania cleistostoma (Mamontov et al. 2018a).
Frullania muscicola Steph. is an Asiatic taxon reported from Europe as a putative synonym (variety) of F. cesatiana (=Frullania inflata; see note under the latter).
Frullania obscurifolia Mitt. is an African taxon reported by Dirkse et al. (1993) but rejected as Frullania azorica by González-Mancebo et al. (2008).
Herbertus dicranus (Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees) Trevis. has (sometimes as Herbertus sakuraii (Warnst.) S.Hatt.) been reported from Norway and Scotland (Konstantinova 2000a, Hodgetts 2003) due to the inclusion of the now rejected
synonymy with Herbertus borealis. The unsupported mention of ‘Madeira’ (Juslén 2006) is an obvious error for Madagascar.
Heteroscyphus integrifolius (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Fulford is a taxon from South America reported from Italy by Rodegher (1896) but rejected by Aleffi (2005).
Jubula hutchinsiae subsp. javanica (Steph.) Verd. is an Asiatic taxon. It was
supposed to be the subspecies occurring in Caucasus prior to the description of subsp.
caucasica. It has also erroneously been reported from other parts of Europe and Macaronesia.
Jubula hutchinsiae subsp. pennsylvanica (Steph.) Verd. is the North American subspecies that has been reported erroneously from Ireland, France, Macaronesia and Caucasus.
Jungermannia exsertifolia Steph. is an East Asiatic species reported from Europe on the basis that it includes Jungermannia eucordifolia as a subspecies, but Mamontov et al. (2018b) showed that the latter deserves specific rank.
Kurzia makinoana (Steph.) Grolle is a species from North America and East Asia that has been reported from several places in Europe since Grolle (1963) included K.
sylvatica as synonym. However, this synonymy was rejected by Grolle (1973).
Lejeunea laetevirens Nees & Mont. is a primarly South American taxon but with close affinity to Lejeunea canariensis. Unless conspecific with the latter, Lejeunea laetevirens is not found in Macaronesia.
Lophocolea humistrata (Hook.f. & Taylor) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees is endemic to St Helena but was noted also from Madeira by Stephani (1907).
Lophoziopsis propagulifera (Gottsche) Konstant. & Vilnet is a Southern Hemisphere taxon that was considered conspecific with Lophoziopsis latifolia by Bakalin (2005) but the synonymy was rejected by Köckinger (2017) and this is supported by ongoing unpublished molecular research by N. Konstantinova et al.
Metzgeria temperata Kuwah. is a primarily E Asiatic taxon that has been recorded from all around the northern Hemisphere, including Europe and Macaronesia. However,
the European and E Asiatic specimens are not identical (cf. Köckinger 2017) and for the present the name Metzgeria consanguinea is used (see note also under that name).
Microlejeunea diversiloba (Spruce) Müll.Frib. is an American taxon that was described from Mexico under the name Lejeunea diversifolia Gottsche and reported from Ireland by Spruce (1876a). However, there exists an older Lejeunea diversifolia Mitt. (from the Himalaya), and Spruce (1876b) changed the name to Lejeunea
diversiloba. It was subsequently reported from the Azores and Ireland by Allorge and Persson (1938). Grolle (1975) concluded that the Irish material was not the same as the Mexican type and re-described it as Lejeunea hibernica. All reports outside America should belong here.
Plagiochila javanica (Sw.) Nees & Mont. is a taxon from southeast Asia that Gottsche et al. (1844) reported from the Canary Islands (leg. Webb) but this was rejected by Inoue (1969) who could not locate any specimen supporting the report.
Plagiochila patula (Sw.) Lindenb. is an American species reported from Canary Islands (Dirkse et al. 1993) and Madeira (Nieuwkoop and Arts 1995), both as
Plagiochila dubia Lindenb. & Gottsche, but this was rejected as Plagiochila virginica by Heinrichs et al. (2002a).
Plagiochila uniformis Mitt. is a taxon from southeast Asia reported by Stephani (1903) as Plagiochila ambagiosa Mitt. from Ireland. Stephani’s concept of P. ambagiosa was, however, not the same as the taxon described by Mitten, but rather belonging to Plagiochila spinulosa.
Porella navicularis (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Pfeiff. is an American taxon reported from several places in central Europe, mostly during the 19th century, but also a few times more recently.
Porella platyphylloidea (Schwein.) Lindb. is frequently reported from Europe. It has sometimes been considered synonymous with Porella platyphylla but the study by Heinrichs et al. (2011) shows that the European and American populations of Porella platyphylla/platyphylloidea are different and only Porella platyphylla occurs in Europe.
Riccia bullosa Link is described with two syntypes, one from South Africa and the other from Portugal. The lectotype is from South Africa and it is not conspecific with the European taxon (Grolle and Long 2000), the latter being Exormotheca welwitschii. All reports from Europe are based on this confusion.
Riccia concava Bisch. ex C.Krauss is a taxon from southern Africa reported from the Canary Islands as Riccia capensis Steph. by Arnell (1961) and Eggers (1982) but rejected by Perold (1989a).
Riccia limbata Bisch. ex C.Krauss is another taxon from southern Africa reported from the Canary Islands by Arnell (1961) and Eggers (1982) but this is rejected by Perold (1989b) as Riccia nigrella.
Riccia oerstediana Lindenb. & Hampe is an American taxon that Schuster (1992b as Riccia stenophylla Spruce) assumed was the taxon reported as fertile Riccia fluitans from Europe. However, this has never been verified.
Riella parisii Gottsche is reported twice from Europe, Andalucia in Spain (Müller 1953) and in SE France (Skrzypczak 2001). The Spanish report was rejected by Brugués et al. (2011) and the French report by Hugonnot (2019). It is now known only from Algeria and Tunisia.
Sphaerocarpos texanus Austin is reported as widely distributed in Europe but it is shown by Bell et al. (2013) tht the European populations are genetically very distinct from the American populatiopns, although the morphological differences are small.
Sphaerocarpos europaeus should be used for the European species.
Telaranea nematodes (Gottsche ex Austin) M.Howe is a neotropical-tropical African species which in the past has been reported from several places in southwestern
Europe and Macaronesia but Engel and Smith Merrill (2004) showed that the European and Macaronesian populations represent a different taxon, Telaranea europaea.
Telaranea sejuncta (Ångstr.) S.W.Arnell is an American species that has been treated as a synonym of Telaranea nematodes and reported from Europe under this name. Those reports represents Telaranea europaea.
Mosses
Amphidium tortuosum (Hornsch.) Cufod. is a widespread species in the tropics. The Macaronesian endemic Amphidium curvipes was synonymised with Amphidium
tortuosum by Frahm et al. (2000), but Sim-Sim et al. (2017) showed that Amphidium curvipes is indeed distinct.
Barbula indica (Hook.) Spreng. is a widespread tropical species, which has been transferred to Hydrogonium, as H. orientale (F.Weber) Kučera, by Kučera et al. (2013).
All European records of ‘B. indica’ refer to H. consanguineum var. kurilense (Kučera et al. 2013).
Bartramia stricta Brid. is considered by Damayanti et al. (2012) to be restricted to South America. See footnote on Bartramia aprica above.
Brachymenium commutatum (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger is excluded following a revision of the specimens from Europe by Ros et al. (2007).
Brachytheciastrum fendleri (Sull.) Ochyra & Żarnowiec is a North American species;
all European records of B. fendleri refer to B. collinum (Orgaz et al. 2013).
Brotherella henonii (Duby) M.Fleisch. is an east Asian species; molecular studies are needed to support the proposed synonymy of Brotherella lorentziana (Frahm 2013) with this species.
Bryum philonotula Müll.Hal. is a synonym of Pohlia philonotula (Müll.Hal.) Broth., a little-known African species, and not to be confused with Bryum philonotulum Hampe, listed here as a synonym of Bryum kikuyense.
Cinclidotus pachylomoides Bizot is a mainly Asian species; European records have not been confirmed and it is considered very doubtful that this species occurs in Europe.
Drepanocladus longifolius (Mitt.) Paris is an exclusively Southern Hemisphere species; Saługa et al. (2018) showed that European records of this species should be referred to Drepanocladus capillifolius.
Lindbergia brachyptera (Mitt.) Kindb. occurs only in North America (Ignatova et al.
2010).
Sanionia georgicouncinata (Müll.Hal.) Ochyra & Hedenäs is a Southern Hemisphere species distinct from S. nivalis (Hedenäs 2012).
Sphagnum lescurii Sull. is a North American species that has been reported from Europe in the past (e.g. by Corley et al. 1981). European records refer to Sphagnum auriculatum and Sphagnum inundatum.
Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. has been shown to be confined to southern South America (Hassel et al. 2018).
Tortella arctica (Arnell) Crundw. & Nyholm has not been reliably reported from Europe; see note on T. x cuspidatissima above.