• Nenhum resultado encontrado

Capítulo 8 – Conclusões e Trabalho futuro

8.2 Trabalhos Futuros

De seguida, e tendo em vista o melhoramento do trabalho, abordar-se-ão os trabalhos futuros:

• Ambiciona-se estudar outras faixas etárias, por exemplo, idades inferiores e superiores, e/ou um número maior de elementos presentes na amostra.

• Pretende-se realizar os devidos aperfeiçoamentos quanto à modelação da ortótese em Inventor usando a distribuição de pressões plantares.

• Testar a possibilidade de utilização de gel de nanocelulose com memória de forma nas zonas de maior pressão plantar.

• Completar a caracterização do gel de nanocelulose obtido, através de técnicas de difração de Raios-X, FTIR, ensaios de dureza, determinação de viscosidade, ensaios de resiliências e resistência ao rasgo.

• Efetuar um novo protótipo, com os tipos de gel mais adequados (II e IV) e planear qual o material mais adequado para o revestimento do mesmo.

• Testar a ortótese obtida nas crianças presentes na amostra, bem como investigar qual a influência do seu uso na postura e bem-estar na realização das tarefas diárias.

[1] C. S. D. Tábuas, “Análise da Pressão Plantar para fins de Diagnóstico,” Monografia de Mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto., 2011.

[2] A. N. Onodera, I. C. N. Sacco, E. H. Morioka, P. S. Souza, M. R. de Sá, and A. C. Amadio, “What is the best method for child longitudinal plantar arch assessment and when does arch maturation occur?,” Foot, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 142–149, 2008.

[3] E. Jiménez-ormeño, X. Aguado, L. Delgado-abellán, L. Mecerreyes, and L. M. Alegre, “Foot morphology in normal-weight , overweight , and obese schoolchildren,” 2013. [4] D. J. Magee, Avaliação Musculoesquelética. São Paulo: Editora Manole, 2002.

[5] E. M. Henning and D. Rosembaum, “Pressure distribution pattern under the feet of children in comparison with adults,” Foot Ankle, vol. 11, pp. 306–11, 1995.

[6] R. Donatelli and S. L. Wolf, “The Biomechanics of the foot and ankle,” Philadelphia F. A. Davis Co., p. 284 p, 1990.

[7] F. Forriol and J. Pascual, “Footprint analysis between three and seventeen years of age.,” Foot Ankle, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 101–4, Oct. 1990.

[8] A. H. Franco, “Pes cavus and pes planus - analysis and treatment,” Phys Ther, vol. 67, pp. 688–94, 1987.

[9] H. W. Chang, H. F. Chieh, C. J. Lin, F. C. Su, and M. J. Tsai, “The relationships between foot arch volumes and dynamic plantar pressure during midstance of walking in preschool children,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1–7, 2014.

[10] R. T. Lewinson, J. T. Worobets, and D. J. Stefanyshyn, “Control conditions for footwear insole and orthotic research,” Gait Posture, vol. 48, pp. 99–105, 2016.

[11] J. W. Brodsky, J. Brajtbord, S. C. Coleman, S. Raut, and F. E. Polo, “Effect of Heating on the Mechanical Proerties of Insole Materials,” Foot Ankle Int., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 772– 778, 2012.

[12] P. S. Branco, L. S. Medeiros, R. Tomás, S. Cláudio, S. Almeida, and T. E. Carvalho, “Temas de Reabilitação ortóteses e outras ajudas técnicas,” Servier, 2008.

[13] J. N. Zhai, Y. S. Qiu, and J. Wang, “Effects of orthotic insoles on adults with flexible flatfoot under different walking conditions,” J. Phys. Ther. Sci., vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 3078–3083, 2016.

[14] U. H. Tang, R. Zügner, V. Lisovskaja, J. Karlsson, K. Hagberg, and R. Tranberg, “Comparison of plantar pressure in three types of insole given to patients with diabetes at risk of developing foot ulcers - A two-year, randomized trial,” J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol., vol. 1, pp. 121–132, 2014.

prevention and treatment of low back pain : a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials,” BioMed Cent. Musculosketetal Disord., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2014.

[16] M. Tenten-diepenmaat et al., “In-shoe plantar pressure measurements for the evaluation and adaptation of foot orthoses in patients with rheumatoid arthritis : A proof of concept study,” Gait Posture, vol. 45, pp. 45–50, 2016.

[17] H. P. Neto et al., “Immediate Effect of Postural Insoles on Gait Performance of Children with Cerebral Palsy : Preliminary Randomized Controlled Double-blind Clinical Trial,” J. Phys. Ther. Sci., vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 1003–1007, 2014.

[18] M. Jorfi and E. J. Foster, “Recent advances in nanocellulose for biomedical applications,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 132, no. 14, pp. 1–19, 2015.

[19] N. Lin and A. Dufresne, “Nanocellulose in biomedicine: Current status and future prospect,” Eur. Polym. J., vol. 59, pp. 302–325, 2014.

[20] C. Salas, T. Nypelö, C. Rodriguez-Abreu, C. Carrillo, and O. J. Rojas, “Nanocellulose properties and applications in colloids and interfaces,” Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 383–396, 2014.

[21] A. Dufresne, “Nanocellulose: A new ageless bionanomaterial,” Mater. Today, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 220–227, 2013.

[22] M. Dalila Sampaio da Silva, “Da Ideia ao Mercado: Conceção e Produção de Ortóteses para Membro Inferior,” Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto, 2014.

[23] S. J. Hall, Biomecânica básica. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2005.

[24] R. R. Seeley, T. D. Stephens, and P. Tate, “Anatomia e Fisiologia.” Lusociência, pp. 173–323, 2003.

[25] L. A. de P. [UNESP] Azevedo, “Analise dos pés através da baropodometria e da classificação plantar em escolares de Guaratinguetá,” Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica. Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá. Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2006.

[26] R. J. Abboud, “Mini-Symposium:The Elective Foot (i) Relevant foot biomechanics,” Curr. Orthopardics, vol. 16, pp. 165–179, 2002.

[27] G. de B. V. Junior, “Tornozelo e Pé.” [Online]. Available: http://www.cpaqv.org/cinesiologia/tornozeloepe.pdf. [Accessed: 10-Sep-2016].

[30] J. O. L. Santos, “Aspectos cinemáticos e cinéticos do movimento de eversão do calcanhar durante a marcha,” Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano. Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte - CEFID. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC., 2008.

[31] B. Minghelli et al., “Desenvolvimento do arco plantar na infância e adolescência: análise plantar em escolas públicas,” Saúde e Tecnol., vol. 5, pp. 5–11, 2011.

[32] M. E. Nikolaidou and K. D. Boudolos, “A footprint-based approach for the rational classification of foot types in young schoolchildren,” Foot, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 82–90, 2006.

[33] J. L. Mccrory, M. J. Young, A. J. M. Boulton, and R. Cavanagh, “Arch index as a predictor of arch height,” Foot, vol. 7, pp. 79–81, 1997.

[34] P. R. Cavanagh and M. M. Rodgers, “The arch index: A useful measure from footprints,” J. Biomech., vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 547–551, Jan. 1987.

[35] J. S. Lee, K. B. Kim, J. O. Jeong, N. Y. Kwon, and S. M. Jeong, “Correlation of foot posture index with plantar pressure and radiographic measurements in pediatric flatfoot,” Ann. Rehabil. Med., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 10–17, 2015.

[36] F. Halabchi, R. Mazaheri, M. Mirshahi, and L. Abbasian, “Pediatric Flexible Flatfoot; Clinical Aspects and Algorithmic Approach,” Iran J Pediatr Iran. J. Pediatr., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 247–260, 2013.

[37] M. Walther, D. Herold, A. Sinderhauf, and R. Morrison, “Children sport shoes-A systematic review of current literature,” Foot Ankle Surg., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 180–189, 2008.

[38] B. Almeida, M. Barradas, and C. Silva, “Portal da Diabetes.” [Online]. Available: http://www.apdp.pt/diabetes/complicacoes. [Accessed: 27-Nov-2016].

[39] K. Ochoa-Vigo and A. Emilia Pace, “Pé diabético: estratégias para prevenção,” Acta Paul Enferm, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 100–9, 2005.

[40] L. Correia et al., Diabetes: Factos e Numeros-Portugal 2014- Relatório Anual do Observatório Nacional da Diabetes. Letra Solúvel, 2014.

[41] “Instituto Português da Reumatologia,” 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.ipr.pt/index.aspx?p=MenuPage&MenuId=154. [Accessed: 27-Nov-2016]. [42] J. Burns, J. Crosbie, A. Hunt, and R. Ouvrier, “The effect of pes cavus on foot pain and

plantar pressure,” Clin. Biomech., vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 877–882, 2005.

[43] P. A. O. Pezzan, I. C. N. Sacco, and S. M. A. João, “Postura do pé e classificação do arco plantar de adolescentes usuárias e não usuárias de calçados de salto alto,” Rev. Bras. Fisioter., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 398–404, 2009.

[44] C. J. Lin, K. A. Lai, T. S. Kuan, and Y. L. Chou, “Correlating factors and clinical significance of flexible flatfoot in preschool children.,” J. Pediatr. Orthop., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 378–82.

[45] J. C. D’Amico, “Developmental flatfoot.,” Clin. Podiatry, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 535–46, Dec. 1984.

[46] J. Crosbie and J. Burns, “Are in-shoe pressure characteristics in symptomatic idiopathic pes cavus related to the location of foot pain?,” Gait Posture, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 16–22, 2008.

[47] D. A. Brewerton, P. H. Sandifer, and D. R. Sweetnam, “‘Idiopathic’ Pes Cavus: an Investigation Into Its Aetiology.,” Br. Med. J., vol. 2, no. 5358, pp. 659–61, 1963. [48] M. Walker and H. J. Fan, “Relationship between foot pressure pattern and foot type,”

Foot Ankle Int., vol. 19, pp. 379–468, 1998.

[49] T. K. Statler and B. L. Tullis, “Pes cavus,” J. Am. Pod. Med. Assoc., vol. 95, pp. 45–52, 2005.

[50] E. Atleta, “Pé cavo e pé chato: descubra a diferença entre os tipos de pisada,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://globoesporte.globo.com/eu-atleta/saude/guia/pe-cavo-e-pe- chato-descubra-diferenca-entre-os-tipos-de-pisada.html. [Accessed: 16-Dec-2017]. [51] “3B Scientific,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.3bscientific.es/serie-de-pes-

medart-pe-normal-pe-chato-pe-torto-mam33-3b-scientific,p_681_398.html. [Accessed: 16-Dec-2016].

[52] T. F. and A. Clinic, “Flat Foot.” [Online]. Available: http://www.thefootandankleclinic.com/article107section13.htm. [Accessed: 20-Dec- 2016].

[53] J. Phethean and C. Nester, “The influence of body weight, body mass index and gender on plantar pressures: Results of a cross-sectional study of healthy children’s feet,” Gait Posture, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 287–290, 2012.

[54] V. Sofia and O. Deodato, “Estudo longitudinal da alteração da distribuição do pico de pressão plantar durante a marcha em adolescentes,” Dissertação de Mestrado em Exercício e Saúde. Faculdade de Motricidade Humana. Universidade de Lisboa., 2014. [55] C. Tábuas, “Análise da Pressão Plantar para fins de Diagnóstico,” Dissertação de

Mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto., 2012.

[56] Y. C. Lai, H. S. Lin, H. F. Pan, W. N. Chang, C. J. Hsu, and J. H. Renn, “Impact of foot progression angle on the distribution of plantar pressure in normal children,” Clin.

loading characteristics in gait for children aged 1 to 12 years,” PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2016.

[58] S. H. Yan, K. Zhang, G. Q. Tan, J. Yang, and Z. C. Liu, “Effects of obesity on dynamic plantar pressure distribution in Chinese prepubescent children during walking,” Gait Posture, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 37–42, 2013.

[59] S. D. Cousins, S. C. Morrison, and W. I. Drechsler, “Foot loading patterns in normal weight, overweight and obese children aged 7 to 11 years.,” J. Foot Ankle Res., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 36, 2013.

[60] A. M. Dowling, J. R. Steele, and L. A. Baur, “What are the effects of obesity in children on plantar pressure distributions?,” Int. J. Obes., vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1514–1519, Nov. 2004.

[61] D. Riddiford-Harland, J. Steele, and L. Storlien, “Does obesity infuence foot structure in prepubescent children?,” Int. J. Obes., vol. 24, pp. 541–544, 2000.

[62] D. L. Riddiford-Harland et al., “Lower activity levels are related to higher plantar pressures in overweight children,” Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 357–362, Feb. 2015.

[63] K. J. Mickle, D. P. Cliff, B. J. Munro, A. D. Okely, and J. R. Steele, “Relationship between plantar pressures, physical activity and sedentariness among preschool children,” J. Sci. Med. Sport, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 36–41, Jan. 2011.

[64] M. Pau, B. Leban, F. Corona, S. Gioi, and M. A. Nussbaum, “School-based screening of plantar pressures during level walking with a backpack among overweight and obese schoolchildren,” Ergonomics, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 697–703, 2016.

[65] R. L. Jones, “The Human Foot. An experimetal study of its mechanics and the role of its muscles and ligaments in the support of the arch.,” Am. J. Anat, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1–39, 1941.

[66] E. S. Burger, “The measurement of the static forces at the weight bearing points of the feet with reference to critical heel heights and ‘“split heel”’ factors.,” Chir Rec, vol. 35, no. 5, p. 1-, 1952.

[67] L. M. Fernández-Seguín, J. A. D. Mancha, R. S. Rodríguez, E. E. Martínez, B. G. Martín, and J. R. Ortega, “Comparison of plantar pressures and contact area between normal and cavus foot,” Gait Posture, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 789–792, 2014.

[68] A. Martínez, J. C. Cuevas, J. Pascual, and R. Sánchez, “BioFoot in-shoe system: normal values and assessment of the reliability and repeatability.,” Foot, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 190– 6, 2007.

[69] D. Rosenbaum, S. Hautmann, M. Gold, and L. Claes, “Effects of walking speed on plantar pressure patterns and hindfoot angular motion,” Gait Posture, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 191–197, Sep. 1994.

[70] P. R. Cavanagh, E. Morag, A. J. M. Boulton, M. J. Young, K. T. Deffner, and S. E. Pammer, “The relationship of static foot structure to dynamic foot function,” J. Biomech., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 243–250, Mar. 1997.

[71] D. Metaxiotis, W. Accles, A. Pappas, and L. Doederlein, “Dynamic pedobarography (DPB) in operative management of cavovarus foot deformity.,” Foot ankle Int., vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 935–47, Nov. 2000.

[72] H. Elftman, “A cinematic study of the distribution of pressure in the human foot,” Anat. Rec., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 481–491, 1934.

[73] “Foot pressure diabetic foot ulcer smart insole.” [Online]. Available: https://footpressurediabeticfootulcersmartinsole.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/diabetic- foot-pressure-smart-insole-measure-foot-pressure.jpg?w=1400. [Accessed: 28-Dec- 2016].

[74] A. H. Abdul Razak, A. Zayegh, R. K. Begg, and Y. Wahab, “Foot plantar pressure measurement system: A review,” Sensors, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 9884–9912, 2012.

[75] Novel, “Pedar sensole system.” [Online]. Available: http://www.novel.de/novelcontent/pedar. [Accessed: 02-Dec-2016].

[76] Tekscan, “F-Scan System.” [Online]. Available: https://www.tekscan.com/products- solutions/systems/f-scan-system. [Accessed: 02-Dec-2016].

[77] G. NAMROL, “NAMROL PODO.” [Online]. Available:

http://www.namrol.com/productos/analisis/podoprint. [Accessed: 15-Jul-2016].

[78] Namrol, “Podoprint.” [Online]. Available:

http://www.namrol.com/assets/images/productos/analisis/podoprint-cabecera.jpg. [Accessed: 26-Nov-2016].

[79] Namrol, “Manual de uso - Podoprint Software by Manral.” .

[80] D. F. Matos, “Dispositivos Protésicos Exteriores: Estudo, Desenvolvimento, Produção, Ensaio e Certificação,” Dissertação de Mestrado em Design Industrial. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto., 2009.

[81] A. Healy, D. N. Dunning, and N. Chockalingam, “Materials used for footwear orthoses: a review,” Footwear Sci., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 93–110, 2010.

[82] J. D. Hsu, J. W. Michael, and R. John, AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008.

[83] J. Silva, “Avaliação e Certificação de dispositivos Protéticos e Ortéticos para o Membro Inferior,” Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 2014.

Plantar Pressure Distribution in a Work Environment: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” Clin. Med. Res., vol. 14, no. 2, p. 67, 2016.

[85] D. G. Shurr and T. M. Cook, Methods, materials, and mechanics. Prosthetics & Orthotics. USA: Prentice Hall, 1990.

[86] G. Campbell, E. Newell, and M. McLure, “Compression testing of foamed plastics and rubbers for use as orthotic shoe insoles.,” Prosthetics Orthot. Int., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 48– 52, 1982.

[87] M. Ibrahim, R. El Hilaly, M. Taher, and A. Morsy, “A pilot study to assess the effectiveness of orthotic insoles on the reduction of plantar soft tissue strain,” Clin. Biomech., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 68–72, 2013.

[88] H. R. Ashry, L. A. Lavery, D. P. Murdoch, M. Frolich, and D. C. Lavery, “Effectiveness of diabetic insoles to reduce foot pressures,” J. Foot Ankle Surg., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 268– 271, 1997.

[89] A. P. Oliveira, “Avaliação e seleção de materiais para ortóteses plantares,” Universidade do Minho, 2013.

[90] Caselli MA, “Orthoses, Materials, and Foot Function,” Pod. Manag., vol. 23, no. September, pp. 131–8, 2004.

[91] A. C. Redmond, K. B. Landorf, and A.-M. Keenan, “Contoured, prefabricated foot orthoses demonstrate comparable mechanical properties to contoured, customised foot orthoses: a plantar pressure study.,” J. Foot Ankle Res., vol. 2, p. 20, 2009.

[92] H. B. Menz, J. J. Allan, D. R. Bonanno, K. B. Landorf, and G. S. Murley, “Custom-made foot orthoses: an analysis of prescription characteristics from an Australian commercial orthotic laboratory,” J. Foot Ankle Res., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 23, 2017.

[93] C. S. Nicolopoulos, J. Black, and E. G. Anderson, “Foot orthoses materials,” Foot, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–3, 2000.

[94] J. Burns, J. Crosbie, R. Ouvrier, and A. Hunt, “Effective Orthotic Therapy for the Painful Cavus Foot – A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, vol. 96, no. 3. pp. 205–211, 2011.

[95] B. Najafi, J. S. Wrobel, and J. Burns, “Mechanism of orthotic therapy for the painful cavus foot deformity,” J. Foot Ankle Res., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1–9, 2014.

[96] M. Lord and R. Hosein, “Pressure redistribution by molded inserts in diabetic footwear: A pilot study,” J. Rehabil. Res. Dev., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 214–221, 1994.

[97] T. M. Owings, J. L. Woerner, J. D. Frampton, P. R. Cavanagh, and G. Botek, “Custom therapeutic insoles based on both foot shape and plantar pressure measurement provide enhanced pressure relief,” Diabetes Care, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 839–844, 2008.

[98] K. Rogers, S. Otter, and I. Birch, “The effect of PORON and Plastazote insoles on forefoot plantar pressures,” Br. J. Pod., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 111–114, 2006.

[99] H. B. Menz, “Chronic foot pain in older people,” Maturitas, vol. 91, no. May, pp. 110– 114, 2016.

[100] D. Mulford, H. M. Taggart, A. Nivens, and C. Payrie, “Arch support use for improving balance and reducing pain in older adults,” Appl. Nurs. Res., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 153–158, Aug. 2008.

[101] C. de Morais Barbosa, M. Barros Bé rtolo, J. Francisco Marques Neto, I. Bellini Coimbra, M. Davitt, and E. de Paiva Magalhã es, “The effect of foot orthoses on balance, foot pain and disability in elderly women with osteoporosis: a randomized clinical trial,” Rheumatology, vol. 52, pp. 515–522, 2013.

[102] J. Halstead et al., “Foot orthoses in the treatment of symptomatic midfoot osteoarthritis using clinical and biomechanical outcomes: a randomised feasibility study,” Clin Rheumatol, vol. 35, pp. 987–996, 2016.

[103] Statista, “Global plastic production from 1950 to 2014,” 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950/. [Accessed: 23-Jul-2017].

[104] R. U. Halden, “Plastics and Health Risks,” Annu. Rev. Public Health, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 179–194, 2010.

[105] M. M. Reddy, S. Vivekanandhan, M. Misra, S. K. Bhatia, and A. K. Mohanty, “Biobased plastics and bionanocomposites: Current status and future opportunities,” Prog. Polym. Sci., vol. 38, no. 10–11, pp. 1653–1689, 2013.

[106] R. J. Moon, A. Martini, J. Nairn, J. Simonsen, and J. Youngblood, “Cellulose nanomaterials review: structure, properties and nanocomposites,” Chem. Soc. Rev. Chem. Soc. Rev, vol. 40, no. 40, pp. 3941–3994, 2011.

[107] K. Oksman et al., “Review of the recent developments in cellulose nanocomposite processing,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 83, pp. 2–18, 2016.

[108] C. Álvarez, F. M. Reyes-Sosa, and B. Díez, “Enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass from wood,” Microb. Biotechnol., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 149–156, 2016.

[109] A. F. B. Figueiredo, “Produção de celulose microcristalina a partir de pasta sulfito ácido,” Universidade de Aveiro, 2008.

[110] T. F. G. Nunes, “Produção , Caracterização e Aplicação de Nanofibras de Celulose,” Universidade de Coimbra, 2014.

[112] R. J. Moon, “Nanomaterials in the forest products industry,” in McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology 2008, McGraw-Hill, 2008, pp. 226–229.

[113] Y. Peng, D. J. Gardner, Y. Han, A. Kiziltas, Z. Cai, and M. A. Tshabalala, “Influence of drying method on the material properties of nanocellulose I: Thermostability and crystallinity,” Cellulose, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 2379–2392, 2013.

[114] Y. Peng, D. J. Gardner, Y. Han, A. Kiziltas, Z. Cai, and M. A. Tshabalala, “Influence of drying method on the material properties of nanocellulose I: Thermostability and crystallinity,” Cellulose, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 2379–2392, 2013.

[115] R. J. Moon, G. T. Schueneman, and J. Simonsen, “Overview of Cellulose Nanomaterials, Their Capabilities and Applications,” Jom, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 2383–2394, 2016.

[116] Pixabay, “-,” 2017. [Online]. Available: https://pixabay.com/p-1318872/?no_redirect. [Accessed: 07-Jan-2017].

[117] KETR, “-.” [Online]. Available:

http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/ketr/files/201411/Cotton_0.jpg. [Accessed: 08- Jan-2017].

[118] F. de Biologia, Club D’Immersió Biologia, “-,” 2005. [Online]. Available: http://www.cibsub.cat/rcs_gene/Halocynthia_papillosa00.jpg. [Accessed: 08-Jan-2017]. [119] Danintranet, “-.” [Online]. Available: http://www.danintranet.org/storymedia/5109.jpg.

[Accessed: 08-Jan-2017].

[120] Fineartamerica, “-.” [Online]. Available:

http://images.fineartamerica.com/images/artworkimages/mediumlarge/1/gluconacetoba cter-bacteria-sem-scimat.jpg. [Accessed: 09-Jan-2017].

[121] 123rf, “-.” [Online]. Available:

https://previews.123rf.com/images/dushi82/dushi821602/dushi82160200027/54628080 -Boergesenia-forbesii-es-una-especie-de-algas-verdes-marinas-de-la-familia-

siphonocladaceae-y-es-com--Foto-de-archivo.jpg. [Accessed: 08-Jan-2017].

[122] M. Börjesson and G. Westman, “Crystalline Nanocellulose - Preparation, Modification and Properties,” in Cellulose - Fundamental Aspects and Current Trends, INTECH, 2015, pp. 159–191.

[123] X. Wu, R. J. Moon, and A. Martini, “Crystalline cellulose elastic modulus predicted by atomistic models of uniform deformation and nanoscale indentation,” Cellulose, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 43–55, 2013.

[124] F. L. Dri, L. G. Hector, R. J. Moon, and P. D. Zavattieri, “Anisotropy of the elastic properties of crystalline cellulose Iβ from first principles density functional theory with Van der Waals interactions,” Cellulose, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 2703–2718, 2013.

nanocellulose as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 105, pp. 15–27, 2014.

[126] D. Sun, L. Zhou, Q. Wu, and S. Yang, “Preliminary research on structure and properties of nano-cellulose,” J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mater. Sci. Ed., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 677–680, 2007.

[127] T. Miyamoto, S. ‐ i Takahashi, H. Ito, H. Inagaki, and Y. Noishiki, “Tissue biocompatibility of cellulose and its derivatives,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 125–133, Jan. 1989.

[128] B. Jia et al., “Effect of microcrystal cellulose and cellulose whisker on biocompatibility of cellulose-based electrospun scaffolds,” Cellulose, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1911–1923, 2013. [129] F. K. Andrade et al., “Studies on the biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose,” J. Bioact.

Compat. Polym., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 97–112, Jan. 2013.

[130] A. Shimotoyodome, J. Suzuki, Y. Kumamoto, T. Hase, and A. Isogai, “Regulation of Postprandial Blood Metabolic Variables by TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 12, pp. 3812–3818, 2011.

[131] K. Kümmerer, J. Menz, T. Schubert, and W. Thielemans, “Biodegradability of organic nanoparticles in the aqueous environment,” Chemosph. , vol. 82, pp. 1387–92, 2010. [132] H. Norppa, “Nanofibrillated cellulose : results of in vitro and in vivo toxicological assays

.,” SUNPAP Work., 2012.

[133] M. M. Pereira et al., “Cytotoxicity and expression of genes involved in the cellular stress response and apoptosis in mammalian fibroblast exposed to cotton cellulose nanofibers.,” Nanotechnology, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1–8, 2013.

[134] L. Alexandrescu et al., “Cytotoxicity tests of cellulose nanofibril-based structures,” Cellulose, vol. 20, pp. 1765–1775, 2013.

[135] S. Eyley and W. Thielemans, “Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals,” Nanoscale, no. 6, pp. 7764–7779, 2014.

[136] L. Petersson, I. Kvien, and K. Oksman, “Structure and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid)/cellulose whiskers nanocomposite materials,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 67, no. 11–12, pp. 2535–2544, Sep. 2007.

[137] D. J. Gardner, G. S. Oporto, R. Mills, and M. A. S. A. Samir, “Adhesion and Surface Issues in Cellulose and Nanocellulose,” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., vol. 22, no. 5–6, pp. 545–567, Jan. 2008.

[139] M. R. and and ‡ William T. Winter*, “Effect of Sulfate Groups from Sulfuric Acid Hydrolysis on the Thermal Degradation Behavior of Bacterial Cellulose,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1671–1677, 2004.

[140] P. Rämänen, P. A. Penttilä, K. Svedström, S. L. Maunu, and R. Serimaa, “The effect of drying method on the properties and nanoscale structure of cellulose whiskers,” Cellulose, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 901–912, Jun. 2012.

[141] M. A. Mohamed et al., “Physicochemical characterization of cellulose nanocrystal and nanoporous self-assembled CNC membrane derived from Ceiba pentandra,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 157, pp. 1892–1902, 2017.

[142] B. Medronho, A. Romano, M. G. Miguel, L. Stigsson, and B. Lindman, “Rationalizing cellulose (in)solubility: Reviewing basic physicochemical aspects and role of hydrophobic interactions,” Cellulose, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 581–587, 2012.

[143] T. Hatakeyama and H. Hatakeyama, Thermal Properties of Green Polymers. 2004. [144] K. Nakamura, T. Hatakeyama, and H. Hatakeyama, “Studies on Bound Water of

Cellulose by Differential Scanning Calorimetry,” Textile Research Journal, vol. 51, no. 9. Sage PublicationsSage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 607–613, 02-Sep-1981.

[145] A. Espert, F. Vilaplana, and S. Karlsson, “Comparison of water absorption in natural cellulosic fibres from wood and one-year crops in polypropylene composites and its influence on their mechanical properties,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1267–1276, Nov. 2004.

[146] P. Samyn, “Wetting and hydrophobic modification of cellulose surfaces for paper applications,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 48, no. 19, pp. 6455–6498, 2013.

[147] T. Bechtold et al., “Ion-interactions as driving force in polysaccharide assembly,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 93, pp. 316–323, 2013.

[148] M.-C. Li, Q. Wu, K. Song, S. Lee, Y. Qing, and Y. Wu, “Cellulose Nanoparticles: Structure–Morphology–Rheology Relationships,” ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 821–832, May 2015.

[149] M. Bhattacharya et al., “Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel promotes three-dimensional liver cell culture,” J. Control. Release, vol. 164, pp. 291–298, 2012.

[150] X. He et al., “Uniaxially Aligned Electrospun All-Cellulose Nanocomposite Nanofibers Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals: Scaffold for Tissue Engineering,” Biomacromolecules, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 618–627, Feb. 2014.

[151] N. Tazi et al., “Hydroxyapatite bioactivated bacterial cellulose promotes osteoblast