The verb KNOW

Number of occurrences 22 - 0,10%

The Sensers of BELIEVE: Pronouns/generic and specific participants

General Pronouns: you, I, we

Generic and Specific participants: women who; men; she (a high class call girl);

this gorgeous woman (who loves an armed robber) 93 per cent of women, half (who took part in a Gallup survey from She); they (men who believe in sex myths)

Number of occurrences 68 - 0, 33%

The Sensers of THINK: Pronouns, generic and specific participants Pronouns: you, I, we, anyone

Generic/Specific participants:

many people; she (a female friend who criticized an actress’ looks);

they (readers who write in with a moan); they (several readers who wrote complaining letters); he (a guest at a party who complained about women’s magazines); the only bloke who

Table 5.2 - Sensers of believe/-s/-ed/-ing and of think/-s/-ing/thought

telling readers that they should KNOW about the aspects mentioned; if not, they will probably feel somehow excluded from the discourse community. Thus, if readers wish to remain part of this community they had better accept these generalizations, or at least try to understand them, see them as a natural tendency. Telling readers that everyone knows, every woman knows or we all know, as the examples above show, the editors are in fact naturalizing some aspects of knowledge, making them seem as unquestionable truths.

KNOW also functions as 'to be acquainted with', with Phenomenon being most men, these two women, many women, many people, lots of people. one person, people and women who the editors (I or we) know:

much you love'em. I hug most men I know and like - well, as many as I can get my hands on - and what they went through. But as I know and like these two women, I was interested and moved recipe for success. Many women I know who married the textbook Mr. Right -- similar kgroun matter to you. But in many women I know, I've noticed a kind of sexual wistfulness and, in some to January 1994. For many people I know, and many I don't, last year was ‘the worst’. So much Ros Miles's piece on page 115. I know lots of people who are living with or married to partne S0 1992 IS FINALLY OVER, and Idon't know one person who isn't glad to see the back of it. From section starting on page 82. I do know women who've bought the myth of One Great Love. They've the look of curvy, rounded women. ‘I know women who are size 14, 16 who look so attractive in

In the cases above, the editors are telling readers about people they know whose actions or behaviors will somehow be part of the topics covered in the issues. The Phenomenon most men, many women, many people also appear as a form of generalization.

The two occurrences of KNOW below, used with the negative form don't, create a kind of an interpersonal denial, that is, 'denials in the interaction between writer and reader' (Pagano, 1994:260). The editors are somehow anticipating the readers' reactions to what they (the editors) are about to say:

I don't know of any thirtysomething who doesn't feel smarter, more confident and better looking than she did five years ago. (ed 32)

some cautionary tales. Now, I don't know about you, but I'm a bit of a potato addict. (ed 77)

I don't know about your house, but ours is currently groaning under the strain of holiday brochures.

(ed 80)

These cases constitute a form of modality: the truth of the propositions is smoothed out by means of the negative; the editors are offering apparent autonomy for readers to hold different opinions, as a form of respect for readers.

Another use of KNOW as a mental process refers to editors' communication with readers by means of letters.

feeling here at Woman's Weekly. We know from your letters that all our pages are as relevant a h guide ever'. From your letters, we know you value our candid, sensitive and sensual writing about as they do in their cases?) Sadly, I know from your letters I'm not the only one to make e on page 10, and write and let me know what you think. Terry - Terry Tavner, Editor (Chat - 8 Au to call them that soon), do let us know. David - David Durman, Editor (Woman - April 25, 1994)

Editors know about subjects from readers' letters, and they want to know readers' opinions. As expected, mainly the positive aspects are known by the editors, as the first two examples from the concordancing above illustrate. Editors tell readers that they know readers like the magazines.

With the Sensers I and we, editors seem to convey the idea that they understand different situations, such as:

s our cover somewhat boldly. Yes, I know we're living awful economic times and I'm sure there's It's a highly charged piece which we know will rattle a lot of cages. But something has to be done th my new son and young daughter I know exactly what hard work 'not going to work' can be.

n to all women in the UK -- and I know there are millions of you out there -- whose juggling a exercised just 15 minutes a day. I know it's possible because one of my best friends has done 12

The following Phenomenon of KNOW are clauses starting with you. The editors are telling readers that they know readers will love and be fascinated by the issues and stories developed in the issues.

osmo selection on page 68 and yes, I know you'll write in with some sensational women we left off it's absolutely heartbreaking. I know you'll love your September issue of Company magazin intimate and sensitive of subjects. I know you'll love it! Mandi - Mandi Norwood, Editor (Company get on with their own lives, and I know you'll be fascinated by them too. There are some delic f Women of Violence (page 24). I know you'll find their stories fascinating, but if you're worst of '93 as our News report. I know you'll tell me all the events and people and trends e married to a top sports star. I know you'd get all the glitz and glamour, but imagine if yo earch into the text - after all, we know you look to us for the most up-to-date information and

In these examples and in the previous ones, I know is a projecting clause expressing modality. The knowing is an authoritarian statement, implying that the editors know more and can, therefore, impose their views. At the same time, however, the synthetic personalization achieved through the use of ‘you’ mitigates and somehow hides this authoritarian stance.

In the three occurrences of KNOW below, this mental process is used as part of advice given by the editors which readers should know about, reflecting once more the fact that editors possess more knowledge than readers and can give sound advice. In example 1, readers should know Why men cheat, which is the title of an article in

Cosmopolitan. The second example is a form of encouragement given by the editors to readers: they will always be supportive of readers' careers, independently of readers' love statuses. The third occurrence emphasizes that readers know as much as possible about how fertile they are.

He's just telling how it is for men. Page 88. Read it. You should know all this. And don't despair!

(ed 28)

Men we love on page 122. You know that whether you're in love or out of love we'll always encourage you in your career (ed 26)

of how fertile you -- and your partner --are. The more you know, the less you'll have to rely on crossing your fingers. Or, worse still, crossing your legs... (ed 105)

It seems the verb KNOW in these cases functions to give confidence to women: readers KNOW they can trust the magazine. On the whole, it can be said that the use of this mental process in EWM may help to activate women's schemata to view and ultimately accept what is stated as known as if it were common sense knowledge, as a natural fact of life.

Number of occurrences 81 - 0,39%

The Sensers of KNOW: Pronouns, generic and specific participants

Pronouns: you, I(editor or a contributor); we; we all; anyone; everyone;

Generic and specific participants

many people; every woman; women; men; anyone with kids; any woman out there; anyone who has ever wanted to change the way they look; old hands; your man;

they (people from the island of Korcula); the people on the island; a young mother (protagonist of a story);

Table 5.3 – Sensers of know/-s/-ing/knew