Detection of Environmental Impact on Variations in Dissolved Nutrients and Chl-a in the Conceição Lagoon, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
INTRODUCTION
The Conceição Lagoon (Santa Catarina, Brazil, 27°34'S 48°27'W, although one of the most beautiful and richest ecosystems of Santa Catarina Island, is not free of the predatory occupation, real state exploitation, and lack of rules defined by the public authorities concerning the occupation of new areas, and sewage systems inefficiency, as observed all over the world ., 1996).
As one of the factors that regulate the phytoplankton growth are availability of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds (
1998), we have chosen to evaluate the variation of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a as indicators of trophic disturbance.
The effect of human activities and the absence of the local authorities have caused visible damage to the lagoon. Since the last decade, it has been verified the presence of algae blooms, especially in the South area. The identified opportunistic macro
algae genera were and , which can be
considered as bioindicators of local organic pollution ( pers. com.). In addition, the unpleasant odor is particularly detectable during the late spring and summer. The local authorities have been hiding the problematic situation through the mechanical removal of tons of this algal biomass in decomposition that accumulates on the lagoon shores. The domestic sewage inputs in the lagoon can be confirmed by the elevated total and fecal coliform values detected within the more inhabited areas (South, Central-South, and Central-North regions) (FATMA, 2001; 2002).
The problem of the Conceição Lagoon is not only an ecological or environmental concern, but also a public health.
The lagoon is a recreational area, and many diseases such as:
hepatitis, gastroenteritis e skin diseases are frequent in those who bath in the lagoon water. Intoxication caused by toxins of toxic algae can not be discarded.
The biological cycles in the marine aquatic ecosystems are related to the concentration of nutrients in particular N and P
compounds ., 1990; ., 1996).
The study of the trophic condition of lagoon ecosystems have been conducted mostly with observation and measurement of
basic variables such as: transparency, smell, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, presence of cyanobacteria, chlorophyll-a concentration, among others ., 1981;
., 1992). The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of intense tourism in the water body of Conceição Lagoon.
Measurements of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus, physical-chemical parameters (DO, H S, pH, temperature and salinity), chlorophyll-a were conducted, before and after the Carnival holiday (02/21/2003 to 03/14/2003).
The Conceição Lagoon hydrographic basin is located between latitude 27 30' 17'' and 27 37'36''S, and between longitude 48 25'30'' and 48 29'54''W, in the state of Santa Catarina. Previous studies proposed a subdivision of the lagoon in three subsystems (South, Central, and North), regarding their different properties such as physical chemical characteristics, seston, nutrients' concentration, or its morphology
., 1981; ., 1984;
.,1987; ., 1989). The lagoon
has a total area of 80.23 km , with maximum and mean depth of
8.7 m and 1.7 m, respectively ( .,
1989; , 1993). It is connected to the open sea through one channel in the central area, called “Canal da Barra”.
The seawater that enters the lagoon through the channel contributes with only 4% of the water renovation rate
., 1993). The predominant and the strongest winds are Northern and Southern quarter winds, respectively
( ., 1989). The intense winds upon
the Conceição Lagoon in a two day period can break the stratification and mix the entire system ., 1984).
The lagoon receives freshwater runoff from precipitation, groundwater, and small creeks, including the João Gualberto River, on the North area, which makes part of a micro- watershed with a superficial area of 4 km .
The total population on the surrounding area of the lagoon has shown an increasing annual rate of 4.77% (IBGE, 1996 ABES, 2000). In 2000, total population in the lagoon area was of 33.337 inhabitants (among residents and tourists) (ABES, (VOLLENWEIDER, 1990; NEHRING, 1992; CASTEL
VOLLENWEIDER, 1990; HEALEY, 1975; HECKY& KILMHAM,
GARCIA, 1999; HORTA,
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M. L. S. Fontes†, R. Cavellucci†, A. Laurenti‡, E. C. Machado , M. G. Camargo§ and N. Brandini § §
† Department of Environmental Engineer
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil luaondas@yahoo.com.br
FONTES, M. L. S.; CAVELLUCCI, R.; LAURENTI, A.; MACHADO, E. C.; CAMARGO, M. G. and BRANDINI, N., 2006. Detection of environmental impact on variations in dissolved nutrients and chl-a in the Conceição Lagoon, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 39 (Proceedings of the 8 Iternational Coastal Symposium), 1407 - 1412. Itajaí, SC, Brazil, ISSN 0749-0208.
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The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of intense tourism before and after Carnival holiday of 2003 in the water body of Conceição Lagoon, located on the Santa Catarina Island (27º34'S - 48º27'W). The study was undertaken on a short-time interval, 30 days, 15 days prior to and 15 days following Carnival holiday. Six sub- surface water samples were randomly collected per day, during three days before (21 , 24 , 26 February) and three days after Carnival 2003 (07 , 11 , 14 March). To evaluate the impact the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were determined, as chlorophyll , sulfide, and N:P ratios. Ammonium, N:P ratios, and sulfide levels increased after impact, while dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll decreased. The results indicate that the lagoon can be considered sensible to changes during a short-time period, 30 day-interval. To estimate the nutritional limitation to phytoplankton, a bioassay is necessary to understand the nutrient turnover, and algae assimilation.
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ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS:Nutrients, coastal lagoon, impact.
ABSTRACT
‡ Departament of Patology Centro de Ciências da Saúde
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis
88040-900, Brazil laurenti@ccs.ufsc.br
§ Centro de Estudos do Mar Universidade Federal do Paraná, Pontal do Paraná
83255-000, Brazil eunice@cem.ufpr.br
2000). There is a single, small, and inefficient wastewater treatment plant that collects and treats only sewage from 4,200 inhabitants, while most of domestic effluent is discharged
in small creeks or directly in the lagoon. Furthermore, the secondary treated effluent is discharged into the dunes of Joaquina that surrounds the east coast of the lagoon.
in natura
METHODS
RESULTS
The experimental design used on this study was based on the CELESC (Companhia de Energia Elétrica de Santa Catarina) data, considering the most inhabited areas around the lagoon (Central and South subsystems), so the extreme north region was extracted from the design. The study was undertaken on a short-time interval, 30 days, 15 days before Carnival and 15 day after, according to the water exchange inside the lagoon, 11 days
( ., 1984).
Six subsurface water samples were randomly taken per day, during three days before (21 , 24 , 26 February) and threedaysafter Carnival 2003 (and 07 , 11 , 14 March), between 08:30 and 11:00 a.m, total of 36 samples spatial and temporal distributed, according to figure 1 and table 1.
Samples were collected from a van Dorn bottle and stored in 1.5 L acid-cleaned polyethylene bottles. Water temperature was taken with an Hg-in glass thermometer. Samples were transported to laboratory (UFSC) for determination of pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, and filtration (within 2 hours of sampling) in coolers with constant temperature (4 C). The chemical analyses were performed in Laboratory of Chemistry (UFSC), and in the Laboratory of Biogeochemistry (UFPR).
Oxygen concentrations were found with the method of Winkler titration and salinity, the Mohr titration, after the transformation of the clorinity values ., 1983). pH was determined with the pHmeter (model WTW 330 i).
Samples for the determination of ammonium (NH ) were fixed on board and measured using the method of
(1976). Concentrations of total sulfide (free plus acid volatile) were measured using the methylene blue method 1969;
detection limit 1 uM). Filtration of 1.5 L of water was performed in laboratory in a glass filtering system through a rinsed Whatman GF/C filter, 0.45 um (vacuum < 10 cm Hg).
Filters and filtrates were immediately frozen in acid pre-cleaned flasks for later analyses of soluble reactive phosphorus SRP (PO ), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) , 1983). Chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations were determined by 90% acetone extraction of the material retained on the filter &
1972). Absorbance was measured on a UV-visible spectrophotometer HITACHI U-3000.
Air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind direction, and its intensity were measured at São José Meteorological Station and supplied by CHIMERH, SC (Centro Integrado de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos de Santa Catarina), with a station near the lagoon.
We used one-way ANOVA (before x after) to compare difference of environmental variables means calculated for South, Central South and Central North sectors.
Maximum precipitation value registered for the month of February was 23.4 mm, two days before the first sampling day, 1B, and the highest value registered in March was, again, two days prior to the sampling campaign 2A, 32 mm. Except for these values, the precipitation during the study period was very low for time of the year (summer) compared to previous years.
The mean variable values can be observed on Table 2. Water minimum temperature was 22.5 C found on the third day before Carnival, 3B, while the maximum value was found on the second day before, 2B, (29 C). After Carnival, the water temperature showed little variation, oscillating from 27 to 28.8 C.
The Central-South (CS) and Central-north (CN) area showed the highest mean salinity values (28.40 %o, 28.02 %o), and South area, the lowest (24.69 %o). The lowest value was found before Carnival (22.32 %o). The highest salinity registered during the study was 30.41%o after Carnival in the Central- South area. Data presented in Table 2 summarizes the spatial and temporal variations of the principal environmental variables analyzed in the study.
The dissolved oxygen concentration presented a similar trend to that of chlorophyll-a in the three sectors. The highest mean concentration found during the study was detected before Carnival, in sector CS (8.37 mgL ), while the highest mean value observed after Carnival was only 6.60 mgL , in sector S.
There was a statistically difference between before and after periods (p<0.001) in the Central-South sector (from 8.37 to 6.16 mgL ), while the lowest variation was observed in the South region (from 6.69 to 6.60 mgL ).
Sulfide showed a reverse trend, as predicted. Sulfide concentrations increased significantly (p<0.05) in the three sectors, with mean concentrations ranging between 1.20 (CS region) before Carnival and 1.51 uM (South (S) region) after potential disturbance, with the minimum value found before (1.06 uM), and maximum after holiday (1.87 uM).
The nutrients determined through the research were the ammonium ions (NH ), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), organic nitrogen forms (DON); soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), organic and total phosphorus forms (DOP, TDP).
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Figure 1. Sampling locations in the water body of Conceição Lagoon, Florianópolis, SC.
Table 1.Spatial (S, CN, CS) and temporal (B and A) sampling distribution, three days (1,2,3) and 6 times (1-6), in the Conceição Lagoon.
Spatial distribution Temporal distribution
Before (B) After (A)
SOUTH (S) 1B4
2B5 2B6 3B4
CENTRAL-NORTH 1B2
1B3 2B2 2B3 3B1 3B2 3B3
CENTRAL-SOUTH 1B1
1B6 2B4 2B1 3B6 3B5
1A6 2A6 3A6 1A1
(CN) 1A2
2A2 3A1
1A3 3A2
(CS) 1B5 1A4 3A3
1A5 3A4
2A1 3A5
2A3 2A4 2A5
The DON and ammonium ions presented a reverse trend.
While ammonium concentrations (NH ) in the water were lower before Carnival (mean values between 2.75 and 3.27 uM), DON had the highest concentrations (from 5.3 to 6.21 uM).
In the Southern region, the behavior of the ammonium and the DON was opposite to the behavior registered on the CN and CS regions. The highest concentration of NH was detected in the CN region (after Carnival - 6.15 uM), and the lowest concentration in the S region (after Carnival - = 0 uM).
Ammonium increased significantly in CS and CN sectors after Carnival, while in Southern area displayed an opposite pattern, with higher concentrations before holidays (Fig.2).
Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) varied from a minimum of 0.05 to a maximum of 0.10 uM, with a mean value of 0.12 uM before Carnival, and from 0.16 to 0.47 uM, with mean of 0.23 uM after Carnival. The highest SRP concentrations were found in the South region before Carnival, and the lowest values were detected in the CS sector after disturbance. SRP levels had a little decrease (not significant) in the three sectors (Fig.2).
Before Carnival, about 56.10% of the total dissolved phosphorus in the South region was inorganic soluble phosphorus, while 43.90% was organic phosphorus. With respect to nitrogen, about 62.43% of the total dissolved nitrogen was organic fraction, and 37.57% was present as dissolved inorganic nitrogen. In the CS area, the organic form of total dissolved phosphorus and dissolved nitrogen was predominant, 56.82% of total phosphorus and 69.31% of total nitrogen. In the CN area, organic fraction was also predominant, 58.82% and 62.41% of the total phosphorus and total nitrogen, respectively.
After Carnival, 62.07% of the total dissolved phosphorus in the South region was also inorganic soluble phosphorus and 37.93%, organic fraction. Total dissolved nitrogen was
composed by 70.31% of organic, and 29.69% as inorganic nitrogen. In the Central-South (CS), total phosphorus was found in similar portions, 51.35% in the organic form and 48.65% in the inorganic part. Nitrogen showed a similar trend, 55.92% and 44.08% as organic and inorganic forms, respectively. In the Central-North sector, most of the phosphorus was found in the organic fraction (62.50%), while 62.87% of total nitrogen was detected as inorganic N.
N:P ratio increased significantly only in the CN sector, from 20.67:1 to 51.41:1. In CS and South sectors, N:P ratio also presented an increase in the mean values, but it was not significant.
Chlorophyll-a showed a similar trend in the three sectors, with the highest mean and maximum values found before Carnival, in sector CN (5.20 ugL and 13.45 ugL , respectively). The lowest mean concentration was found after Carnival, also in sector CN (2.83 ugL ). The highest temporal variation was measured in the CN area (5.20 ugL Before to 2.83 ugL After), and the lowest variations were presented in the South area (from 4.32 Before to 3.53 ugL After holidays).
No significant difference was observed between before and after periods.
The dissolved oxygen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a diminished after Carnival, while sulfide, ammonium and N:P ratio displayed the highest mean values (Fig.2).
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DISCUSSIONS
Temperature showed a significant variation during the sampling period because, usually, higher temperatures are detected in February than in March in Santa Catarina. The spatial differences in temperature reflected the differentiated Table 2. Mean values ( SE; n = 6) of some environmental variables in the water column of Conceição Lagoon on a 3 sampling days Before carnival (1B, 2B, 3B), and on 3 sampling days After (1A, 2A, 3A) at the three lagoon sectors (S = South, CS = Central-South, CN = Central- North). The environmental variables are: salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonium (NH ), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), dissolved inorganic nitrogen to soluble reactive phosphorus concentration ratio (N:P), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and total sulfide (H S).
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2
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Variables Time
S Before S After CS Before CS After CN Before CN After
Salinity (%o) 24,69 2,36
(23,16-28,21) (22,65-24,18) (22,32-28,43) (27,07-30,41) (25,03-27,53) (26,90-29,45) Temperature (°C) 28,3 0,87
(27,2-29) 28,2-28,8 (26,5-28,9) (27,2-28,2) (22,5-28) (27-27,9)
pH 8,09 0,31
(7,63-8,32) (7,92-8,07) (7,77-8,38) (7,45-8,37) (8,05-8,27) (7,95-8,07)
DO (mg L ) 6,69 1,35
(4,83-7,89) (6,03-6,89) (7,57-9,08) (3,68-7,43) (1,37-8,29) (3,74-6,43)
NH (uM) 3,19 0,22
(2,93-3,46) (0,00-5,80) (2,39-3,59) (2,95-5,03) (2,37-4,54) (3,23-6,15)
SRP (uM) 0,23 0,15
(0,10-0,38) (0,09-0,29) (0,07-0,47) (0,05-0,44) (0,10-0,44) (0,07-0,16)
N:P 21,44 15,03
(8,12-37,00) (1,28-72,61) (7,10-37,72) (7,89-76,96) (9,18-36,67)
Chl-a (ug L ) 4,32 1,88
(1,88-6,34) (3,22-4,12) (0,20-12,09) (2,26-4,70) (1,55-13,45) (2,05-4,01)
H S (uM) 1,20 0,07
(1,15-1,31) (1,39-1,63) (1,06-1,34) (1,28-1,87) (1,11-1,31) (1,34-1,75)
± 23,20 0,85 26,46 2,11 28,40 1,23 26,12 1,15 28,02 1,08
28,4 0,35 27,37 0,81 27,87 0,26 25,77 2,38 27,62 0,42
7,98 0,08 8,18 0,20 8,11 0,25 8,21 0,08 8,00 0,05
6,60 0,50 8,37 0,68 6,16 1,12 6,25 2,36 5,00 1,24
2,91 2,90 2,75 0,42 3,72 0,62 3,27 0,86 5,35 1,42
0,18 0,10 0,19 0,13 0,18 0,11 0,21 0,13 0,12 0,04
28,39 38,63 21,17 9,73 30,79 19,64 20,67 10,43 51,41 27,02 (28,24-90,45)
3,53 0,51 4,34 3,69 2,92 0,74 5,20 4,20 2,83 0,83
1,51 0,12 1,20 0,09 1,51 0,17 1,22 0,07 1,50 0,18
± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ±
-1
+
-1 4
2
Figure 2. Spatial and temporal variation (mean ± sd) in N:P, nutrients, oxygen, and chl-a in the three sectors (S, CS and CN).
hydrodynamics of the regions CN, CS, and South. The dry The period associated with higher solar radiation and elevated
temperatures would also be contributing to greater algae biomass in February (higher Chl-a before Carnival).
The higher salinity of the central portions (CN and CS) represents the proximity to the connection with the open sea, and the lowest values in the South region can be explained by the short water exchange between the salty and Southern waters.
The highest NH values were found in the CN area after Carnival. Furthermore, mean levels of total dissolved phosphorus seem to have increased in the Conceição Lagoon since the first sampling, before Carnival. Ammonium ions may be coming from: sewage, organic matter decomposition, denitrification, and/or algae blooms (secondary organic pollution). The lowest concentrations of chlorophyll-a, and D.O., and the highest ammonium and sulfide values after Carnival (fig.2) may suggest that decomposition and remineralization of autochthonous (phytoplankton) and allochthonous (sewage discharge) matter are occurring.
The results showed that the concentrations of dissolved organic fractions of phosphorus and nitrogen increased after Carnival. The increase in dissolved inorganic nitrogen and the little variation on the phosphate concentrations in a short period of time were highlighted here as in previous studies
1984; 1990; ., 2000; and
., 2002). There are several biogeochemical processes that can selectively remove or enrich nutrients and create deviation from mean dissolved nutrient concentrations (e.g.
denitrification, N fixation, P adsorption, cultural eutrophication, etc.) and remove the biologically active elements from surface waters by nutrient uptake or
sedimentation 1990; 1998;
., 2000; 2002). (2003),
(1993), (2003), (1998) found
high concentrations of available inorganic phosphorus in sediment of the Conceição Lagoon, indicating that equilibrium between sediment and the adjacent water column may be responsible for little oscillation in SRP levels.
“ideal” concentrations of ammonium and phosphate for phytoplankton growth are shown as NP ratio, varying between
10 ( , 1979) and 16 1958).
(1975) suggested that phosphate may be a limiting factor when the NP ratio becomes greater than 10. The increased NP ratio after Carnival (fig. 2) may be explained by the raise in ammonium concentrations in the water column with a respective decrease in phosphate (SRP) amounts after Carnival.
Different groups of plants, on the same period of the year, can make use of different nutrients concentrations, and growth in short periods of time. The fact is that, in this study, the chlorophyll-a decreased when the availability of phosphate was lower and ammonium was higher in the water column.
Further studies of environmental impact assessment will have to consider a greater number of samples, in order to diminish the standard deviations observed within this study.
In order to verify the mass balance of a specific compound, it would be necessary to realize bioassays which will enable us to determine flux of nitrogen and phosphorus derived compounds, and the amount of biomass produced. Even though, it would be necessary to identify the predominant algal organisms in each of the subsystems that were studied.
This work has shown that significant increases in sulfide, dissolved ammonium, N:P ratio and decreases in chlorophyll-a, phosphate and dissolved oxygen concentrations have occurred in Conceição Lagoon waters after the potential disturbance 2003). The results indicate that the lagoon can be considered sensible to changes during a short-time period, 30 day-interval.
Carnival holiday of 2003 was one of the external factors that may modify the equilibrium of the lagoon because the increase in total population during holidays indirectly raises inflows to the lagoon and consequently, altering its water mass balance. To estimate the nutritional limitation to phytoplankton growth, a bioassay is necessary to understand the nutrient turnover, and algae assimilation rates.
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PERSICH, BENDO FONSECA
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CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LITERATURE CITED
We wish to thank the Chemistry Laboratoty, in particular Dr.
Bruno Spoganicz for the facility and instrumentation, Environmental Police, and Firework Department of Florianópolis for their logistic support during the filed trips.
ASSOCIAÇ Ã O BRASILEIRA DE ENGENHARIA SANITÁ RIA E AMBIENTAL
ASSUMPÇ Ã O, D. T.; TOLEDO, A. P. P.; AQUINO
BRESCIANI,
CASTEL, J.; CAUMETTE, P.; HERBERT,
CRUZ,
DIAZ, NEUBAUER, SCHAFFNER, PIHL, BADEN,
UNDAÇ Ã O DO MEIO AMBIENTE DE SANTA
CATARINA
FONSECA, A. L.; BRAGA, E.; EICHLER,
FUENTES, V. A.; ESPINO, G.DELAL.,
GARCIA,
GRASSHOFF, K; EHRHARDT, M.; KREMLING
HEALEY,
HECKY, KILMHAM,
KNOPPERS, OPITZ, DESOUZA MIGUEZ,
LEAN, PICK,
MUEHE, CARUSOGOMES JR.
NEHRING,
ODEBRECHT, CARUSO GOMES JR.
PERSICH,
PORTO-FILHO
PANITZ, PORTO-FILHO KOCH,
REDFIELD,
STRICKLAND, PARSONS,
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