PMT 2200 - Escola Politécnica da USP
Baseada na metodologia do prof. Ashby, University of Cambridge, UK
Profs. Cesar Azevedo e Antonio Carlos Vieira Coelho –
Grande parte das transparências desta aula utilizaram recursos pedagógicos
de autoria do Prof. M.F. Ashby
Colocar algo de histórico
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Annual world materials consumption
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 3
Material production
Concern 1 : Resource consumption, dependence
96% of all material Usage 20% of Global energy
OBS.: Natural fibers: cotton, silk, wool, jute Man-made fibers: polyester, nylon, acrylic, cellulosics M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources 4
Concern 2 : Energy consumption, CO
2emission
20% of all carbon to atmosphere
Carbon to atmosphere
5 M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
Landfill Combust
Resources
Emissions and waste
Life cycle assessment (LCA )
Product life-cycle
M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources 6
Life-cycle assessment (LCA)
7 M.F.Ashby - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 8
What is embodied energy of a material?
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 9
What is embodied energy of a product?
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 10
Production energy of materials per kg
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 11
Production energy of materials per m 3
Carta de desempenho
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 12
Carta de desempenho
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Typical LCA output Aluminum cans, per 1000 units
•
Bauxite 59 kg•
Oil fuels 148 MJ•
Electricity 1572 MJ•
Energy in feedstock 512 MJ•
Water use 1149 kg•
Emissions: CO2 211 kg•
Emissions: CO 0.2 kg•
Emissions: NOx 1.1 kg•
Emissions: SOx 1.8 kg•
Particulates 2.47 kg•
Ozone depletion potential 0.2 X 10-9•
Global warming potential 1.1 X 10-9•
Acidification potential 0.8 X 10-9•
Human toxicity potential 0.3 X 10-9Roll up into an
“eco-indicator” ?
Full LCA expensive, and requires great detail and skill – and even then is subject to uncertainty
How can a designer used these data?
Resource consumption
Emissions inventory
Impact assessment ISO 14040 series
Life-cycle assessment (LCA)
M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources 14
Product specification Concept
Embodiment
Detail Market need Problem statement
Alternative schemes Layout and
materials CAD, FE analysis, optimization, costing
Production Life cycle assessment Eco – audit
ability
Design guidance vs. Product assessment
LCA in the context of eco-
design
15 M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
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Strategies for guiding eco-design
(ou consumo de água = “pegada hídrica”)
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design
17 M.F.Ashby - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 18
Energy consumption of products
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Strategies
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Strategies
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 21
Eco-evaluation
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 22
Embodied energy
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 23
Use energy and disposal
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 24
Disposal / Recycling – the
problems
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Disposal / Recycling
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 26
Energy breakdown for PET
bottle
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 27
Embodied energy for unity of function
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 28
Cars
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What is eco-design?
Jamie O’Hare, University of Bath - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
Need: Fast Eco-audit with sufficient precision to guide decision-making
Distinguish life-phases
1 resource – energy
(oil equivalent)1 emission – CO
2 equivalent600
400
300
200
100
0
-100
E n e rg y ( M J )
Material
Manufacture Transport
Use
Disposal EoLcredit
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2
C 0
2e q u iv ( k g )
Material
Manufacture
Transport Use
Disposal EoLcredit
This is the life-energy and life-CO
2(as prescribed in ISO 14040 and PAS 2050)
These are potential benefits
(could be recovered at end of life)
Eco-audit design
M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources 30
Fast eco-audit
The steps
Analyse results, identify
priorities
Explore options with
“What if..”s
600
400
300
200
100
0
-100
E n e rg y ( M J )
Material
Manufacture Transport
Use
Disposal EoLcredit Initial design
600
400
300
200
100
0
-100
E n e rg y ( M J )
Material Manufacture
Transport Use
Disposal EoLcredit What if ..
Different material?
31 M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
Eco-aware design: the strategy (1)
Fast eco-audit
The steps
Analyse results, identify
priorities
Explore options with
“What if..”s
600
400
300
200
100
0
-100
E n e rg y ( M J )
Material
Manufacture Transport
Use
Disposal EoLcredit
Use eco-audit to indentify design objective
Minimize:
•material in part
•embodied energy
•CO2 / kg
Material
Minimize:
•process energy
•CO2/kg
Manufacture
Minimize:
•mass
•distance
•transport type
Transport
Minimize:
• mass
• thermal loss
• electrical loss
Use
Select:
•non-toxic materials
•recyclable materials
End of life Look at the first three steps
M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources 32
Eco-aware design: the strategy (2)
From: Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials, engineering, science, processing and design 33
The main points
User interface Bill of materials Manufacturing process Transport needs Duty cycle End of life choice
User interface Bill of materials Manufacturing process Transport needs Duty cycle End of life choice
User inputs
Eco database Embodied energies Process energies CO
2footprints Unit transport energies Recycling / combustion
Eco database Embodied energies Process energies CO
2footprints Unit transport energies Recycling / combustion
Data from CES
Eco audit model Eco audit
model
Outputs
(including tabular data)
The CES Eco-audit tool
M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
2 kW jug kettle
Made SE Asia
Air freight to UK
Life: 3 years
6 minutes per day 300 days per year 3 yearsUse
12,000 km, air freight 250 km 14 tonne truckTransport
Bill of materials and processes
Jug kettle
M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
What do we learn?
Little gained by change of material for its own sake
Much gained by insulation – double wall with foam or vacuum Or make hot water on the fly – only as much as needed
Eco-audit: jug kettle
M.F.Ashby, 2011 - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
Susteinability
Em português: desenvolvimento sustentável Em francês: développement durable
Jamie O’Hare, University of Bath - www.grantadesign.com/education/resources 37
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(...Lee, vendido no UK...)
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Referências
Ashby, M.F.; Shercliff, H.; Cebon, D. – Materials: Engineering, Science, Processing and Design. Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier.
Amsterdam. 2007 .
Ashby, M.F. – Materials and the Environment. Butterworth- Heinemann/Elsevier. Amsterdam. 200 9.
Kazazian, T. – Haverá a Idade das Coisas Leves. 2ª ed. Editora SENAC. São Paulo. 2005.
www.grantadesign.com/education/resources
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