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106

APPENDIX 1

Loads and Volume of Urine,

Faeces and Grey ^Water

Seite _{Leer /}

Blank _leaf

URINE-DATACOMPILATIONSANDREFERENCEVALUES Ciba-Geigy(1977) AverageSDDatarange [mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d]

Colombo(1994) [mmol/p/d]

IKC(1997) [mmol/p/d]

Welzl(1985)Haug(1996)Pschyrembel(1994)Sundberg(1995) [mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d] Totalnitrogen820 Totalammonia43 Urea340 Phosphorus

- Calcium5.8 Magnesium4.9 Sodium150 Potassium70 Bicarbonate0 Totalsulphur41 Inorganicsulphate37 Chloride140 Citricacid3.2 Oxalicacid0.28 PH[-]6.2 TOC[gC/p/d]

- COD[g02/p/d]

- BOD5[mg02/p/d]

- TS[g/p/d]

- Volume[1]1.3

160 14 70 1.3 2.1 2.5 0.08 0.5 0.6

26-65 100-310 40-100 39-47 33-41 80-270 0.2-8.8 0.09-0.52 50-72 0.5-2.7

20-100 170-580 23-58 3-10 2.5-6.9 120-280 30-90 10-37 120-240 2.2-4.4 0.04-0.49 5.0-6.0 49-91 1.0-1.5

330-580 13-42 <7.5 3.0-5.0 80-250 35-90 100-250 1.6-4.5 <0.5 5.0-7.5

700-1200 37 420-580 35 5 15 150 50 20 150 6.0-7.0 1.2-2.0

870 26

35 200-600 20-45 2.5-5.0 1-10 60-200 30-100 0-50 120-240 20 1.0-1.5

790 32 64 60 1.0

TO o a » a ft. 5" 3 to S' TO

21

TO TO TOCo ft a ft. •3

URINE-MEASUREMENTREPORTS HesseandBach(1982)Naudascher(2001)HellströmandKärrman(1996)Udertetal.(2003c) AverageSDAverageSDAverageSD [mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d] Totalnitrogen

--770150930210- Totalammonia--4114-34 Urea--30060-390 Phosphorus304307321323 Calcium5.02.1---5.2 Magnesium5.01.7---6.2 Sodium17050

---200 Potassium75386615-72 Bicarbonate-----<0.5 Totalsulphur

------ Inorganicsulphate196---18 Chloride17050160--180 Citricacid2.61.4---- Oxalicacid0.350.2---- pH[-]6.10.2---6.0 TOC

------ COD[gOz/p/d]

--135-12 BOD5[g02/p/d]

--6.12.2-- TS[g/p/d]

------ Volume[1]1.30.51.60.601.50.5-

Appendix^{1 Nutrient}Loads and Volumeof^{Urine,Faecesand}Grey^Water

URINE^-REFERENCE VALUES USED IN SIMULATIONS

Average ^SD Data range

Total ammonia

[moll'1

^{0.034 0.010 -}

Urea [mol-1" ^{" 0.27 0.05 -}

Phosphorus

[mol-1"1

^{0.024 0.003 -}

Calcium [moll" ^{0.0046 0.0010 -}

Magnesium

[mol-1"1

^{0.0039 0.0008 -}

Sodium [mol-1" ^{0.12 - 0.076-0.25}

Potassium [mol-1' ^{0.056 - 0.032-0.080}

Bicarbonate

[mol-1"1

^{0 - -}

Sulphate

[mol-1"1

^{0.016 0.005 -}

Chloride [mol-1" ^{0.11 - 0.064-0.22}

Oxalic acid [moll" ^{2.3E-04 0.6E-04 -}

Citric acid [mol-1" ^{0.0026 0.0010 -}

pH [-] ^{6.2 0.5 -}

Totalacidity^' [mol-1" ^{0.0748 - -}

Ionicstrength^' [moll" ^{0.206 - -}

Volume [1] ^{1.25 0.61 -}

1Estimated withAquasim

References

Mostvalues fromCiba-Geigy (1977) Phosphorus ^{Hesseand Bach}( 1982)

Assuming^allphosphorus^isphosphate (Ciba-Geigy 1977)

Bicarbonate zeroassumed,because bicarbonate isnormally negligibleⁱⁿ

urine(Ciba-Geigy 1977) Sulphate ^{Hesseand Bach}( 1982)

COMMENTSON THE LITERATURE DATA FOR URINE

All values for

healthy

^{adults. 24h}

samples

^ifnot stated otherwise. All loads rounded to two

digits.

^Nodifferentiation betweenmenandwomen.

No differentiation between total

phosphorus

^and

phosphate:

95-100% of the

phosphorus

ⁱⁿ

urine is

inorganic phosphate (Ciba-Geigy 1977).

The concentration of

heavy

^{metals is} very low and thereforenotmentioned. A

good

^overview

is

given

ⁱⁿ

Ciba-Geigy (1977).

Ciba-Geigy (1977)

A lot of additional information on the influence of nutrition and illness on the urine

composition

^canbe found in

Ciba-Geigy (1977)

Total

phosphorus:

^95-100%as

phosphate

About 50-80% of nutrient

phosphates

^{occurin urine.}

Total ammonia:

only

^men

About60%of

protons produced

^{in the}

body

^are fixed in ammonium.

Potassium: calculated value

assuming

^{90% of}

potassium

is exrectedwith theurine

Magnesium:

averageofvalues formenandwomen

About 30%is excreted via urine.

Sodium: calculated value

assuming

^90-95%of sodium isexcretedwith the urine Chloride: calculatedvalue

assuming

^80% of chlorideis excreted with the urine Citricacid: _averagecalculated fromtwovalues formenand _women,

respectively

Oxalic acid: _averagecalculated fromthreeliterature values

Biarbonate: zero assumed because bicarbonate is

usually negligible

^{in urine}

Volume: averagecalculated fromtwovalues formenand_women,

respectively

Hesse and Bach

(1982)

Healthy people,

⁸women, 7_men, 1400ml

drinking

^waterper

day,

individual nutrition

Naudascher

(2001)

19 _persons, age 23 ^to

53,

^mostofthembetween 24 and

30,

^aboutasmany^{men aswomen}

Hellström and Kärrman

(1996)

15 _women, 15 _men, 23 to 62_yearsold

Udert et al.

(2003c)

No24h

sample.

¹ woman,5 _{man, age} 25-34

Urine collected

during working

^hoursfor

ureolysis experiment

Loads calculated

assuming daily

^{volumeof 1.25}

1/p/d

Haug (1996)

TOC doesnot contain carbon fromurea

112

FAECES Ciba-Geigy(1977) AverageSDDatarange [mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d]

Haug(1996)Sundberg(1995)Webb(1964) [mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d]

Gotaas(1956)Naudascher(2001) AverageSD [mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d] Totalnitrogen130 Phosphorus Potassium11 TOC[gC/p/d] Totalweight[g/p/d]120 TS[g/p/d]28 Watercontent[%]77

10 40 17 5

60-200 10-25 40-220 70-86

110 19 17

110 16 26 35

110 16-23 7-12 27

140-270 66-80

120 22 14 1.3 150 77

70 Allvaluesforhealthyadults. Naudascher(2001):Loadscalculatedfromaveragevaluesofthefaecescontent,thewatercontentandthetotalweight. Ciba-Geigy(1977):Valueoftotalweightformen(balancedEuropeannutrition) GREYWATER Haug(1996)Sundberg(1995) [mmol/p/d][mmol/p/d] Totalnitrogen1471 Phosphorus294.8-32 Potassium-13 TOC[gC/p/d]15- TS[g/p/d]-80

Greywateristhewastewaterfromkitchen,cleaningandbathroom.Dataforthecontentofgrey wateraresparse.Theloadsmayvarywidelydependingonthecompositionofdetergents andthewastemanagementpatterns. Haug(1996):valuesrepresentativeforGermany Sundberg(1995):4.8mmol/p/dwithoutphosphorusindetergentsforwashingandcleaning 19mmol/p/daverageuseofphosphoruscontainingdetergentsinSweden(1992) 32mmol/p/donlyphosphoruscontainingdetergents

TO

1=

TO a t> o » ft a ft. a' TO TO TO 8 o a ft. -"!

Se'te _{Leer /}

ß|ank _leaf

APPENDIX 2

Precipitation ^{Potential Model}

The CD-ROM attached to the inside back cover ofthis thesis contains the

AQUASIM-file 'Precipitation

Potential Model' and anEXCEL-file with the stoichiometric

matrix,

^thekinetic

processes anda

description

of all variables. Iused this model for the calculations discussed in

Chapter

^2.

Asecond EXCEL-file includes the main_processes andvariables which were

supplemented

^to

the

'Precipitation

Potential Model' for the simulations

presented

ⁱⁿ

Chapter

^3.

To use the model

successfully

^{one should be}

experienced

ⁱⁿ

simulating

^with

AQUASIM.

Further information on

AQUASIM

^{can be found at}

www.aquasim.eawag.ch

^or in Reichert

(1994)

and Reichert

(1998).

Seite _Leer Blank

116

No documento phosphorus in source-separated urine (páginas 119-133)