Interdisciplinary Programmes
Academic year 2019-2020 European Security
IA101 - Autumn - 6ECTS Sept. 27 9.30 – 1.30 Oct. 11 9.30 – 1.30 Oct. 25 9.30 – 1.30 Nov. 1 9.30 – 1.30 Nov. 15 9.30 – 1.30 Nov. 29 9.30 – 1.30 Dec. 13 9.30 – 1.30 Course Description
This course deals with European security with a strong focus on the role of the EU. After a brief overview of key historical developments since the end of WW2, it will discuss the main theoretical approaches dealing with European security. The course will then focus on specific issues and policy domains pertaining to European security.
It first interrogates †œwho governs†• European security, by shedding light on governing actors within the EU and by looking at inter-organizational cooperation in the field (EU-NATO cooperation). It then analyzes different policy domains ranging from the most traditional definitions of security to more comprehensive ones: the EU†™s Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and its dedicated Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), with its operational and industrial components, internal security, migration policy and the development-security nexus will be of particular interest.
PROFESSOR Catherine Hoeffler Office hours
ASSISTANT
Adam Patryk Strobejko Office hours
Syllabus
European security has long been and for some still is associated with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alone. The end of two World Wars and the rise of multilateralism in the context of the Cold War have led to the strengthening of transatlantic ties in the realm of security through this international organization. The European Economic Community and subsequently
the European Union have been known for their unprecedented successes in economic integration. This market-oriented focus has oftentimes been opposed to security-oriented cooperation: according to the conventional wisdom, the EU is said to be, in the now famous words of former Belgian Foreign Minister Mark Eyskens an “economic giant, a political dwarf, and a military worm”, for better or for worse. This conceptualization has been mainstream in both political, media but also academic discourses. This has changed a lot in the last two decades:
new conceptualizations of what security is actually about, renewed scholarly interest in the EU’s security-related policies, and recent empirical developments in this field justify looking at European Security through a lens including European governments and the European Union.
This course explores some core questions such as: What does the EU do in the field of security and does it matter? If so in which policies? Who governs CSDP? How to account best for the advances and limits of cooperation in this field?
To address these questions, the course is divided in two sections. After a first session providing with some historical background, the first session deals with various theoretical approaches to European security. Its aim is to give clear analytical frameworks to students and show how these make sense of some important questions (such as for example the existence of some European strategic culture or normative convergence of some sort). The second section deals with substantial issues pertaining to various facets of European security. It first addresses the traditional “who governs” question applied to European security: it looks at the actors and institutional framework of the EU and the larger environment, which CSDP is embedded in. Both internal dynamics (actors and institutional features) and external ones (inter-organizational cooperation, such as between the EU and NATO) will be discussed. Various policy domains are then analyzed, ranging from traditional to broader definitions of security.
The pedagogical objectives of the course are manifold: (1) it offers empirical knowledge about various dimensions of European security, such as its historical evolutions, its main actors, etc; (2) it provides students with analytical skills to better understand European Security and shed light on its developments from various theoretical perspectives; (3) it helps students to link analytical skills with current political debates; and (4) it encourages students to engage with current political debates related to the EU and more generally to security governance beyond the nation-state, its organization, problem-solving capacity and legitimacy.
This course is based on the active participation of students in class. This requires students to engage seriously with weekly readings, ie. understand their empirical content but also reflect on their perspective (their question, their theoretical approach, their methodology and data). This is necessary at Masters’ level, and is a prerequisite to the development of analytical skills.
Requirements
Students will be evaluated based on the following elements:
1) Active class participation (20% of the final grade): this includes participating in the collective discussion of weekly readings and the discussion with EU officials (tbc).
2) A presentation of one weekly reading (40%)
Each student will present one assigned reading (10-15 min). The oral presentation should include : the (1) the research question, (2) the theoretical approach adopted and how the author(s) justify it (especially in relation to other competing theoretical approaches/authors), (3) the main thesis and its subcomponents (results), (4) the methodology, (5) the article’s structure/main steps in the demonstration and eventually, a (5) critical analysis of the paper (strengths and weaknesses).
Given that there will be different presentations per session, presenting students will also have to discuss with their peers, compare and discuss the merits of the various readings.
Next to the oral presentation, students will provide the instructor with a written version of their analysis. Students must send their paper to the instructor two days prior to the class presentation:
students should send them by email by Wednesday 10 pm before our Friday class. Not sending the paper on time will lead to a lowering of the grade by each day of delay (-0,25 per day).
3) A final paper (40%): 4500 words (+/- 10%, bibliography excluded)
Students write a final paper on one dimension of European security. The final paper should be based on a theoretical approach and should be empirically grounded. The various theories or policy domains analyzed in class constitute a particularly rich source of information that students are encouraged to make use of, but they can also choose for another question/empirical case/etc.
Students have to choose their topic (broadly defined) by November 1 and send it to the instructor.
Final papers will be discussed collectively on sessions 11 & 12 (Nov. 29): students should therefore prepare a preparatory paper, which includes their topic, research question, sources, possibly theoretical approach and in in any case preliminary bibliography. This is not a binding document (i.e. students can still change it a lot later on), but it will be taken into account for the final evaluation.
All final papers should respect some formal requirements: the student’s name should appear at the top of the first page and in the file name (e.g. “[name]_paper.docx”); the word count should be included after the title; the text should be 1,5-spaced and justified; the document should be sent in MS word format (you can use other (free) softwares but save your document in .docx); it should use of footnotes (as opposed to endnotes) and have the bibliography at the end. Papers should conform to one (and only one, so students should pay attention to harmonization) major referencing style (Harvard, Chicago, etc). The final paper is due December 20 2019, 10pm (CET).
Not sending the paper on time will lead to a lowering of the grade by each day of delay (-0,25 per day).
Intellectual dishonesty and plagiarism: Academic writing is hard and it can sometimes be difficult to draw a line between being inspired by, quoting and plagiarizing an author. But intellectual dishonesty and plagiarizing has serious consequences. Students are encouraged to seek
guidance and can find information here:
http://libguides.graduateinstitute.ch/academic_writing/plagiarism.
Readings
This document contains references of all weekly (compulsory) readings and of other optional ones. All compulsory readings will be available to students at the beginning of the semester in electronic format on Moodle. Reading is essential and time-consuming: students should make sure they have the time to read and have some critical understanding the papers prior to class (by this I mean think about the links between the various readings, not “criticize” necessarily).
Complementary to weekly readings, textbooks can help students who need an overview of the sessions’ themes. (NB: I nonetheless insist that at the Masters’ level textbooks are useful but not sufficient. They provide a basis, but do not replace the weekly readings.)
On the EU: For this class, some general knowledge about the EU is welcome but not necessary. Here are some references to very useful handbooks for beginners in EU studies:
Hodson, D., Peterson, J. (Eds.), 2017. The institutions of the European Union, 4th edition. ed, New European Union series (neu). Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Jones, E., Menon, A., Weatherill, S. (Eds.), 2012. The Oxford handbook of the European Union, 1st ed. ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Saurugger, S., 2010. Théories et concepts de l’intégration européenne, Références Gouvernances. Presses de Sciences Po, Paris.
Wallace, H., Pollack, M.A., Young, A.R. (Eds.), 2015. Policy-making in the European Union, 7.
ed. ed, The new European Union series. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
On European Security: Some useful handbooks to have a general overview on the topic.
I recommend these ones but the list is not exhaustive.
Biscop, S., Whitman, R.G. (Eds.), 2013. The Routledge handbook of European security, Routledge handbooks. Routledge, London ; New York.
Cladi, L., Locatelli, A. (Eds.), 2015. International Relations Theory and European Security: We Thought We Knew, 1st ed. Routledge.
Dijkstra, H., 2013. Policy-making in EU security and defense: an institutional perspective, European administrative governance series. Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire.
Fiott, D., 2019. Yearbook of European Security 2019. European Union Institute for Security Studies.
Fiott, D., 2019. Defence industrial cooperation in the European Union: the state, the firm and Europe, Routledge studies in European security and strategy. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London ; New York.
Galbreath, D.J., Chappell, L., Mawdsley, J., 2019. Contemporary European security, Routledge.
ed. London.
Howorth, J., 2014. Security and defence policy in the European Union, 2. ed. ed, The European Union series. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
Howorth, J., Menon, A. (Eds.), 1997. The European Union and national defence policy, The State and the European Union series. Routledge, London ; New York.
Kurowska, X., Breuer, F. (Eds.), 2012. Explaining the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy:
theory in action. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke Hampshire ; New York, NY.
Krotz, U., Maher, R., 2011. International Relations Theory and the Rise of European Foreign and Security Policy. World Politics 63, 548–579.
Mérand, F., 2008. European defence policy: beyond the nation state. Oxford University Press, New York.
Merlingen, M., Ostrauskaite, R., 2010. European Security and Defence Policy. An Implementation Perspective. Routledge.
Missiroli, A. (Ed.), 2016. The EU and the world: players and policies post-Lisbon. A handbook, EU Institute for Security Studies (Paris, France).
Smith, K.E., 2014. European Union foreign policy in a changing world, 3rd edition. ed. Polity, Cambridge Malden.
Schilde, K.E., 2017. The political economy of European security. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Smith, M.E., 2017. Europe’s common security and defence policy: capacity-building, experiential learning, and institutional change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York.
Class schedule
The course usually takes place on Friday morning every other week. There can be variation:
Students are kindly asked to check their calendar.
Semester Calendar
Sessions
Week 1: Sept. 27. 9.30-11.15 am: #1 Introduction
12-1.30 pm: #2 European security in historical perspective. A brief overview
Week 2 No course Part 1. Explaining European Security Week 3: Oct. 11.
Realist and Liberal theoretical frameworks
9.30-11.15 am: #3 Power politics and Realist(ic) expectations
12-1.30 pm: #4 Liberal-intergovernmentalist and neoliberal institutionalist explanations
Week 4 No course
Week 5: Oct. 25.
Constructivist perspectives and critical voices
9.30-11.15 am: #5 Constructivist approaches:
Socialization, shared representations and strategic culture(s)
12-1.30 pm: #6 Critical voices Part 2. European (in)securities
Week 6: Nov. 1.
Who governs European
Security?
9.30-11.15 am: #7 Who governs CSDP? Actors and institutions
12-1.30 pm: #8 The (dense) institutional environment of European security. A focus on EU-NATO cooperation
Week 7 No course
Week 8: Nov. 15 Security as External Military power
9.30-11.15 am: #9 CSDP (1): Operations
12-1.30 pm: #10 CSDP (2): EU military capabilities and defence industry
Week 9 No course
Week 10: Nov. 29.
Traditional
accounts of security beyond CSDP
9.30-11.15 am: #11 Beyond CSDP: European Security through the lens of other EU policies
12-1.30 pm: #12 Deconstructing internal-external divides: the territories of European security
Week 11 No course
Week 12: Dec. 13 Current dynamics in European Security
9.30-11.15 am: #13 Security beyond the EU: The EU’s role in Global politics [visit of EU delegation to the UN]
12-1.30 pm: #14 Future scenarii for European Security.
Conclusions
Week 14 No course
Course presentation W1#1 Introduction
W1#2 European security in historical perspective. A brief overview Optional readings:
Galbreath, D.J., Mawdsley, J., Chappell, L. (Eds.), 2019. Contemporary European Security.
Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, London ; New York, NY. Chapter 2.
Menon, A., 2011. European Defence Policy from Lisbon to Libya. Survival 53, 75–90.
Part 1. Explaining European Security
W3#3 Power politics and Realist(ic) expectations
Compulsory readings:
Cladi, L., Locatelli, A., 2012. Bandwagoning, Not Balancing: Why Europe Confounds Realism.
Contemporary Security Policy 33, 264–288.
Hyde-Price, A., 2012. Neorealism: A Structural Approach to CSDP, in: Kurowska, X., Breuer, F.
(Eds.), Explaining the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, pp. 16–40.
Mearsheimer, J.J., 2010. Why is Europe Peaceful Today? European Political Science 9, 387–
397.
Optional readings:
Gegout, C., 2017. Why Europe intervenes in Africa: security, prestige and the legacy of colonialism. Hurst & Company, London.
Rosato, S., 2011. Europe’s Troubles: Power Politics and the State of the European Project.
International Security 35, 45–86.
Rynning, S., 2011. Realism and the Common Security and Defence Policy. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 49, 23–42.
W3#4 Liberal-intergovernmentalist and rational institutionalist explanations Compulsory readings:
Meunier, S., Vachudova, M.A., 2018. Liberal Intergovernmentalism, Illiberalism and the Potential Superpower of the European Union. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 56, 1631–1647.
Moravcsik, A., 2017. Europe is Still a Superpower. Foreign Policy.
Pohl, B., van Willigen, N., van Vonno, C.M.C., 2015. Governmental interest, new Liberalism and the CSDP, in: Cladi, L., Locatelli, A. (Eds.), International Relations Theory and European Security:
We Thought We Knew. Routledge, London.
Optional readings:
Birchfield, V.L., Krige, J., Young, A.R., 2017. European integration as a peace project. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19, 3–12.
Pohl, B., 2013. Neither Bandwagoning nor Balancing: Explaining Europe’s Security Policy.
Contemporary Security Policy 34, 353–373.
Richter, F., 2015. The emergence and evolution of CSDP: a Liberal approach, in: Cladi, L., Locatelli, A. (Eds.), International Relations Theory and European Security: We Thought We Knew.
Routledge, pp. 48–64.
W5#5 Constructivist approaches: Socialization, shared representations and strategic culture(s)
Compulsory readings:
Berenskoetter, F., 2013. Jumping off the Bandwagon. Contemporary Security Policy 34, 382–
386.
Kurowska, X., Kratochwil, F., 2012. The Social Constructivist Sensibility and CSDP Research, in:
Kurowska, X., Breuer, F. (Eds.), Explaining the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy.
Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, pp. 86–110.
Mérand, F., 2010. Pierre Bourdieu and the Birth of European Defense. Security Studies 19, 342–
374.
Optional readings:
Adler, E., 2008. The Spread of Security Communities: Communities of Practice, Self-Restraint, and NATO’s Post—Cold War Transformation. European Journal of International Relations 14, 195–230.
Biava, A., Drent, M., Herd, G.P., 2011. Characterizing the European Union’s Strategic Culture:
An Analytical Framework. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 49, 1227–124
Meyer, C.O., Strickmann, E., 2011. Solidifying Constructivism: How Material and Ideational Factors Interact in European Defence. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 49, 61–81.
W5#6 Critical voices to CFSP/CSDP Compulsory readings:
Aarstad, sne K., 2015. 8 Critical Approaches to European Foreign Policy, in: The SAGE Handbook of European Foreign Policy: Two Volume Set. SAGE Publications, pp. 121–136.
Merlingen, M., 2011. From Governance to Governmentality in CSDP: Towards a Foucauldian Research Agenda: JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 49, 149–169.
Stern, M., 2011. Gender and race in the European security strategy: Europe as a ‘force for good’?
Journal of International Relations and Development 14, 28–59.
Optional readings:
Keukeleire, S., Lecocq, S., 2018. Operationalising the decentring agenda: Analysing European foreign policy in a non-European and post-western world. Cooperation and Conflict 001083671876639.
Kronsell, A., 2016. Sexed Bodies and Military Masculinities: Gender Path Dependence in EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy. Men and Masculinities 19, 311–336.
Oikonomou, I., 2012. A Historical Materialist Approach to CSDP, in: Kurowska, X., Breuer, F.
(Eds.), Explaining the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London, pp. 162–187.
Part 2: European (in)securities: CFSP/CSDP and beyond W6#7 Who governs CSDP? Actors and institutions Compulsory readings:
Howorth, J., 2012. Decision-making in security and defense policy: Towards supranational inter- governmentalism? Cooperation and Conflict 47, 433–453.
Riddervold, M., 2016. (Not) in the Hands of the Member States: How the European Commission Influences EU Security and Defence Policies: (Not) in the hands of the member states. JCMS:
Journal of Common Market Studies 54, 353–369.
Rosén, G., 2015. EU Confidential: The European Parliament’s Involvement in EU Security and Defence Policy: EU confidential. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 53, 383–398.
Optional readings:
Gegout, C., 2002. The Quint: Acknowledging the Existence of a BigFour–US Directoire at the Heart of the EuropeanUnion’s Foreign Policy Decision-Making Process. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 40, 331–344.
Juncos, A.E., Pomorska, K., 2014. Manufacturing “Esprit de Corps” : The Case of the European External Action Service. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52, 302–319.
Smith, M., 2004. Toward a theory of EU foreign policy-making: multi-level governance, domestic politics, and national adaptation to Europe’s common foreign and security policy. Journal of European Public Policy 11, 740–758.
W6#8 The (dense) institutional environment of European security. A focus on EU-NATO cooperation
Compulsory readings:
Græger, N., 2017. Grasping the everyday and extraordinary in EU–NATO relations: the added value of practice approaches. European Security 26, 340–358.
Hofmann, S.C., 2011. Why Institutional Overlap Matters: CSDP in the European Security Architecture. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 49, 101–120.
Mayer, S., 2017. The EU and NATO in Georgia: complementary and overlapping security strategies in a precarious environment. European Security 26, 435–453.
Optional readings:
Dijkstra, H., Mahr, E., Petrov, P., Đokić, K., Zartsdahl, P.H., 2018. The EU’s partners in crisis response and peacebuilding: complementarities and synergies with the UN and OSCE. Global Affairs 4, 185–196.
Howorth, J. 2017. Strategic autonomy and EU-NATO Cooperation: squaring the circle, Security Policy Brief, Egmont, Royal Institute for International Relations, May 2017.
Joachim, J., Schneiker, A., Jenichen, A., 2017. External networks and institutional idiosyncrasies:
the Common Security and Defence Policy and UNSCR 1325 on women, peace and security.
Cambridge Review of International Affairs 30, 105–124.
W8#9 CSDP (1): CSDP (1): Operations Compulsory readings:
Mérand, F., Rayroux, A., 2016. The practice of burden sharing in European crisis management operations. European Security 25, 442–460.
Palm, T., 2017. The changing character of EUFOR Althea: power politics or learning? Cambridge Review of International Affairs 30, 67–86.
Pohl, B., 2014. To what ends? Governmental interests and European Union (non-) intervention in Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Cooperation and Conflict 49, 191–211.
Optional readings:
Gegout, C., 2009. The West, Realism and Intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo (1996–2006). International Peacekeeping 16, 231–244.
Nováky, N.I.M., 2015. Why so Soft? The European Union in Ukraine. Contemporary Security Policy 36, 244–266.
Pohl, B., 2013. The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations. European Security 22, 307–325.
W8#10 CSDP (2): EU military capabilities and defence industry Compulsory readings:
Hoeffler, C., 2012. European armament co-operation and the renewal of industrial policy motives.
Journal of European Public Policy 19, 435–451.
Martins, B.O., Küsters, C., 2019. Hidden Security: EU Public Research Funds and the Development of European Drones. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 57, 278–297.
Mawdsley, J., 2013. The A400M Project: From Flagship Project to Warning for European Defence Cooperation. Defence Studies 13, 14–32.
Optional readings:
Bátora, J., 2009. European Defence Agency: A Flashpoint of Institutional Logics. West European Politics 32, 1075–1098
Calvo Rufanges, J., 2016. The Arms Industry Lobby in Europe. American Behavioral Scientist 60, 305–320.
DeVore, M.R., 2012. Organizing international armaments cooperation: institutional design and path dependencies in Europe. European Security 21, 432–458.
Fiott, D., 2017. The EU, NATO and the European defence market: do institutional responses to defence globalisation matter? European Security 26, 398–414.
W10#11 Beyond CSDP: European Security through the lens of other EU policies Reminder: bring the preliminary note on your final paper today!
Compulsory readings:
Hofmann, S.C., Staeger, U., 2019. Frame contestation and collective securitisation: the case of EU energy policy. West European Politics 42, 323–345.
Keukeleire, S., Raube, K., 2013. The security–development nexus and securitization in the EU’s policies towards developing countries 26, 556–572.
Riddervold, M., 2018. A humanitarian mission in line with human rights? Assessing Sophia, the EU’s naval response to the migration crisis. European Security 27, 158–174.
Optional readings:
Bagoyoko, N., Gibert, M.V., 2009. The Linkage between Security, Governance and Development:
the European Union in Africa. The Journal of Development Studies 45, 789–814.
Kaunert, C., Léonard, S., 2019. The collective securitisation of terrorism in the European Union.
West European Politics 42, 261–277.
Moreno-Lax, V., 2018. The EU Humanitarian Border and the Securitization of Human Rights: The
‘Rescue-Through-Interdiction/Rescue-Without-Protection’ Paradigm. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 56, 119–140.
W10#12 Deconstructing internal-external divides: the territories of European security Compulsory readings:
Baird, T., 2018. Interest groups and strategic constructivism: business actors and border security policies in the European Union. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, 118–136.
Kaunert, C., Léonard, S., 2019. The collective securitisation of terrorism in the European Union.
West European Politics 42, 261–277.
Lavenex, S., 2016. Multilevelling EU external governance: the role of international organizations in the diffusion of EU migration policies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42, 554–570.
Optional readings:
Andersson, R., 2016. Hardwiring the frontier? The politics of security technology in Europe’s ‘fight against illegal migration.’ Security Dialogue 47, 22–39.
Boswell, C., 2007. Migration Control in Europe After 9/11: Explaining the Absence of Securitization.
JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 45, 589–610.
Christou, G., 2010. European Union security logics to the east: the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Eastern Partnership. European Security 19, 413–430.
Csernatoni, R., 2018. Constructing the EU’s high-tech borders: FRONTEX and dual-use drones for border management. European Security 27, 175–200.
Huysmans, J., 2000. The European Union and the Securitization of Migration. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 38, 751–777.
W12#13 The EU’s role in Global politics: A Recap/Discussion Compulsory readings:
Manners, I., Diez, T., 2007. Reflecting on Normative Power Europe, in: Berenskoetter, F., Williams, M.J. (Eds.), Power in World Politics. Routledge, New York, pp. 173–188.
Novotná, T., 2017. The EU as a Global Actor: United We Stand, Divided We Fall: The EU as a Global Actor. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 55, 177–191.
Orenstein, M.A., Kelemen, R.D., 2017. Trojan Horses in EU Foreign Policy: Europe’s Hybrid Foreign Policy. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 55, 87–102.
Optional readings:
Carta, C., 2013. The EU in Geneva: The Diplomatic Representation of a System of Governance. Journal of Contemporary European Research 9.
Chappell, L., Mawdsley, J., Petrov, P., 2018. Uncovering EU strategy in its security policy. An (in)coherent actor?, in: The EU, Strategy and Security Policy: Regional and Strategic Challenges. New York, pp. 202–216.
Del Sarto, R.A., 2016. Normative Empire Europe: The European Union, its Borderlands, and the ‘Arab Spring’: Normative Empire Europe. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 54, 215–232.
Skleparis, D., 2016. (In)securitization and illiberal practices on the fringe of the EU. European Security 25, 92–111.
W13#14 Future scenarii for European Security. Conclusions Compulsory readings (tbc):
Howorth, J., 2017. EU–NATO cooperation: the key to Europe’s security future. European Security 26, 454–459.
Rees, W., 2017. America, Brexit and the security of Europe. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19, 558–572.
Whitman, R.G., 2016. Epilogue: European security and defence in the shadow of Brexit. Global Affairs 2, 521–525.
