iNtrODUctiON
Although the Brazilian Amazon has been subject to scientific study for many decades, due to its large expanse, it is still considered under studied by ornithologists (Oren
& Albuquerque 1991). For example, the region between the lower and middle Tapajós River in Pará State has been visited and studied for over 100 years by Brazilian and foreign ornithologists (Snethlage 1908; Oren & Parker 1997; Pacheco & Olmos 2005; Santos et al. 2011; Lees et al. 2013a). It is estimated that more than 2,000 specimens have been collected from the lower and middle Tapajós River, the area that contains Amazonia National Park (Parque Nacional da Amazônia) and Amana National Forest (Floresta Nacional do Amana). The study of birds in this region over the past 100 years has resulted in the description of 16 new species and records for over 400 bird species in the area between the city of Itaituba and the southern boundary of Amazonia National Park (Oren &
Parker 1997). Even recently, new bird species have been described to the interfluve of the Madeira and Tapajós Rivers, the most recent ones being the Bald Parrot (Pyrilia aurantiocephala); Roosevelt Stipple-throated Antwren
a preliminary survey and rapid ecological assessment of the avifauna of amana National Forest (itaituba and
Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil)
edson Guilherme1
1 Universidade Federal do Acre, Museu Universitário, Laboratório de Ornitologia. Campus Universitário - BR 364, Km 04, Distrito industrial, Rio Branco - Acre, Brazil. CEP: 69.920-900. E-mail: guilherme@ufac.br
Received 23 November 2012. Accepted 2 February 2014.
aBstract: Amana National Forest (FLONA Amana) is located on the left bank of the middle Tapajós River, in the interfluve of the Tapajós and Madeira Rivers, state of Pará, Brazil. I performed a “Rapid Ecological Assessment” (REA) on the bird communities of the park to identify important areas for avian conservation and areas where activities could impact bird communities. Field surveys were carried out at the end of the rainy season and at the beginning of the dry season. Nine points distributed among five sites were sampled within Amana or very close to its borders. Three approaches were used to survey the avifauna of each point: (a) a quantitative approach using mist nets, (b) a qualitative approach using field observations with binoculars, and (c) interviews with local residents. With a sampling effort of 3,320 net hours, interviews with local residents, and approximately 60 additional hours of visual observations, 247 species of birds were recorded belonging to 51 families. Eight taxa are considered endemic to the interfluve of the Tapajós/Madeira Rivers. Two species are on IUCN’s Red List of endangered birds (Penelope pileata and Guaruba guarouba), and the known distribution of two species (Topaza pella and Discosura longicaudus) is extended by our surveys. Two activities within Amana were detected to have possible negative impacts on avifauna, specifically hunting and gold and cassiterite mining.
KeywOrDs: birds, Amana National Forest, Amazon, conservation.
(Epinecrophylla dentei); Alta Floresta Antpitta (Hylopezus whittakeri); Chico’s Tyrannulet (Zimmerius chicomendesi);
and Sucunduri Yellow-margined Flycatcher (Tolmomyias sucunduri) (Gaban-Lima et al. 2002; Whitney et al.
2013a; Carneiro et al. 2012; Whitney et al. 2013b;
Whitney et al. 2013c).
Amana National Forest was created by the Brazilian Government by an unnumbered decree on 13 February 2006, and has an area of 540,417.17 ha (DOU 2009).
Amana was created to promote sustainable multiple- use management of forest resources; maintain and protect water resources and biodiversity; and support development of methods for the sustainable use of natural resources (DOU 2009).
The goal of this study was to conduct a preliminary survey of the local avifauna to identify potential anthropogenic impacts on and important areas for conservation of bird communities within Amana. I performed a “Rapid Ecological Assessment” (REA;
Sayre et al. 2003) of Amana. The REA is an integrated methodology used to direct the efforts of conservation planning sites and contributes to the inventories of biodiversity (Sayre et al. 2003). Together with information
from other taxa, this survey will enable the creation of a management plan for Amana National Forest.
MetHODs
location of sites and sampling Period
Field surveys were performed at the end of the rainy season, from 24 April to 6 May 2008 and at the
beginning of the dry season from 21 July to 8 August 2008. Nine points distributed among five sites were sampled within Amana (Table 1, Figure 1). Four sampled sites were visited during both sampling periods, and one (Site 5 - Igarapé Preto) during only the second sampling period (Table 1). Two additional locations along the Transamazonian Highway were also partially sampled during the sampling period (Sites 6 and 7; Table 1, Figure 1). General information is shown in Table 1, including habitat present at every studied point.
FiGUre 1. Location of the Amana National Forest and sampling sites. 1 - Igarapé Montanha (Montanha stream); 2 - JML Gold Mining; 3 – Maranhense Landing Strip; 4 - São Pedro Landing Strip; 5 – Igarapé Preto (Preto stream); 6 - Amana surrounding area (Km 180); 7 - Amana surrounding area (Km 275, Rabelo).
species survey
Three approaches were used to survey the avifauna of each point: (a) quantitative, with mist nets, (b) qualitative, through field observations with binoculars, and (c) interviews with local residents. Scientific nomenclature is in accordance with the Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO 2014).
(a) Mist-net surveys: Eighteen mist nets were used, 12 x 2 m in length with 36-mm mesh (Rosaminas®).
The nets were placed in pre-existing transects at each point where they remained on average for two days.
The opening of nets took place soon after sunrise, from 0530 to approximately 1600 h in order to maximize catches. Individuals were identified, photographed, and released. To monitor recaptures during each campaign,
site Point coordinates
sampling Days Habitat
w s
1 - Montanha Stream 01 56°58'10.1"W 04°52'58,7"S 25-27 April 2008 Plateau of terra-firme forest
02 56°58'07.0"W 04°52'55.9"S 22-24 July 2008 Lowland alluvial forest
2 - JML Gold Mining 03 57°32'14.9"W 05°06'35.7"S 29-30 April 2008 Terra-firme forest with palm trees
04 57°32'07.8"W 05°06'28.3"S 30 July to 01 August 2008
Secondary forest with bamboo
3 - Maranhense 05 57°28'32.0"W 05°21'10.7S 01-03 May 2008 Terra-firme forest with palm trees
06 57°28'27.0"W 05°21'04.7S 02-04 August 2008 Submontane forest with palm trees
4 - São Pedro 07 57°28'24.7"W 04°46'41.1"S 05-06 May 2008 Vegetation on white sand soil (campina)
08 57°28'28.4"W 04°46'43.4"S 26-29 April 2008 Edge of floodplain forest, sandy beaches, and campina 5 - Southern Portion of
FLONA (Igarapé Preto)
09 57°42'29,1"W 05°54'31,9"S 06-08 August 2008 Edge of terra-firme forest
6 - FLONA Surrounding
56°55'29.0" 04°58'32.7 24 April 2008 and 21 July 2008
Km 180 - anthropogenically influenced area (open area) 7 - FLONA
Surrounding
57°18'10.8" 05°35'07.1" 05 August 2008 Km 275 – Rabelo - anthropogenically influenced area
(open area)
taBle 1. Sites and points of observation and collection of birds during the two campaigns of Rapid Ecological Assessment in Amana National Forest, Pará, Brazil.
individuals released were marked by cutting the tip of two rectrices. Some individuals were collected and prepared as specimens to document occurrence at the study area.
Voucher specimens were taken with the permission of Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis-IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources). All collected specimens are currently deposited for further studies at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará.
(b) Observations: Observations were performed daily with binoculars (Eagle Optics, 8 x 42) from 0600- 0900 h. Trails inside the forest, roads, and open areas around the main localities were censused. Occasionally, I made boat trips along rivers and streams near the sites to maximize the observation of riverside species. Since I did not use recording devices, I was unable to identify all vocalizations heard during censuses. I report our observations of the portion of the avain community I was able to positively identify.
(c) interviews: Some local residents, mostly miners, were interviewed about which bird species are best known in the region. In order to minimize the confusion generated by common bird names (which vary from one region to another), books containing photos of Amazonian birds with their species names were shown.
This methodology allowed us to check in loco whether the species mentioned in the interviews were expected to occur in this region of study.
Data analysis
Aiming to understand the degree of similarity among bird communities at different sites surveyed in this study, similarity analysis was performed. A Jaccard
index was calculated based on the presence and absence of species at each site (Magurran 1988). Cluster analysis was performed using the MVSP 3.1 software package (Kovach 2003).
resUlts
Two hundred forty-seven species of birds belonging to 51 families were recorded (Appendix). The capture effort consisted of 3,320 hours/net and approximately 60 additional hours of visual observation. The most representative families were Thraupidae, Thamnophilidae, Tyrannidae and Psittacidae, with 21, 20, 18, and 14 species, respectively (Appendix). More than 300 individuals were captured by mist net and 130 specimens were collected for further study.
similarity analysis among sampling sites All sites located within the FLONA had an average similarity above 0.3 (30%), making them more similar to each other when compared to sites located outside the National Forest (Table 2, Figure 2). The dendrogram (Figure 2) resulting from hierarchical cluster analysis showed the formation of two distinct groups: the first group was formed by sites 6 and 7, and the second one by the other sites.
endemic species
We recorded eight interfluve endemics taxa (Cracraft 1985) in Amana, including Red-throated Piping- Guan (Aburria cujubi nattereri), Bar-breasted Piculet (Picumnus aurifrons borbae), Hoffmanns’s Woodcreeper
FiGUre 2. Hierarchical clustering analysis for avian survey sites in Amana National Forest using Jaccard similarity distances.
(Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi), Ferruginous-backed Antbird (Myrmoderus ferrugineus elatus), Long-winged Antwren (Myrmotherula longipennis ochrogyna), White-eyed Antwren (Epinecrophylla leucophthalma phaeonota), Harlequin Antbird (Rhegmatorhina berlepschi), and Pale- faced Antbird (Phlegopsis borbae).
Threatened species
Among the species observed within the FLONA, at least two deserve special attention because they are on red lists of threatened birds.
White-crested Guan (Penelope pileata): Although this species is not included by IBAMA on the list of threatened birds in Brazil, White-crested Guan is on the IUCN’s Red List in the Vulnerable category (Birdlife International 2014a). Due to the prospects of future deforestation in the Amazon region, where this species occurs, and its sensitivity to hunting and fragmentation, the conservation status of this species has received considerable attention. This species, as well as other cracids, is used as a source of protein by traditional residents (Brooks et al. 2006). During the survey, a single individual of P. pileata (Appendix) was observed and photographed on 31 July 2008 (Guilherme 2008).
Golden Parakeet (Guaruba guarouba): This psittacid has been recently reclassified as Vulnerable by Birdlife International (2014b). The threat to this species lies mainly in its habitat loss and offspring capture by illegal bird traders (Oren & Novaes 1986; Laranjeiras & Cohn- Haft 2009). In Amana, I observed several flocks of 18 to 22 individuals, flying daily over the camps of sites 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Fortunately, residents raising individuals of this species as pets were not detected in Amana or its surroundings. Therefore, in a preliminary assessment, it seems that populations of this species are in good condition within Amana.
species of regional relevance
During this Rapid Ecological Assessment of Amana National Forest, three important records were made:
Bald Parrot (Pyrilia aurantiocephala), Crimson Topaz (Topaza pella), and Racket-tailed Coquette (Discosura longicaudus). Crimson Topaz and Racket-tailed records represent an extension of their known geographic ranges;
Bald Parrot was only recently described and is poorly known.
Bald Parrot (Pyrilia aurantiocephala): These parrots with a bare and orange head were for many years considered to be the young of the Vulturine Parrot (Pyrilia vulturina; Sick 1997). Now recognized as its own species (Gaban-Lima et al. 2002), it is endemic to the Brazilian Amazon, with its entire geographical distribution restricted to a narrow band of the southeastern Amazon within interfluves of the Madeira, Tapajós, and Xingu Rivers (InfoNatura 2007; del Hoyo et al. 2013). Because it was only described a few years ago, virtually nothing is known about its biology. It is highly recommended that a study be made on its populations including preferential habitat, feeding, and reproductive biology. Gaban-Lima et al. (2002) suggest that the preferential habitat of this species is “campinarana.” Based on our observations in Amana National Forest, the species seems to occur in the canopy of the floodplain forests, where an individual was collected at site 2 (Figure 4; Appendix). This habitat has been one of the most impacted by mining in Amana National Forest. As this species occurs only in a very restricted area that has been suffering intense anthropogenic pressure, the Bald Parrot was recently included on the IUCN’s Red List in the Near Threatened category (Birdlife International 2014c).
Crimson Topaz (Topaza pella): This magnificent hummingbird is well known from the northeastern Amazon (from Guyana to the region around Belém, Brazil; Schuchmann 1999). Until recently, only two
site 1 site 2 site 3 site 4 site 5 site 6 site 7
Site 1 1
Site 2 0.427 1
Site 3 0.373 0.427 1
Site 4 0.391 0.408 0.356 1
Site 5 0.357 0.415 0.39 0.374 1
Site 6 0.184 0.279 0.252 0.262 0.351 1
Site 7 0.193 0.254 0.237 0.25 0.388 0.66 1
taBle 2. Similarity matrix of Jaccard coefficients among sites surveyed in Amana National Forest.
records of Crimson Topaz had been made in the southern basin of the middle and lower Amazon River, between the cities of Parintins in Amazonas and Santarém in Pará (Hu et al. 2000). Davis & Olmstead (2010) reported a compilation of scattered records of this species made in the southern basin of the Amazon River, including the states of Pará, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, and Rondônia.
The few records of this species from the southern bank of the Amazon River indicate that it appears to be rare at least in this region. The female specimen of Crimson Topaz collected during this study in Site 3 (Appendix) extends this species’ distribution a few kilometers west of the “Trairão” locality, the previous southernmost record of this species from state of Pará (Pacheco & Olmos 2005).
Racket-tailed Coquette (Discosura longicaudus):
In Amazonia, the occurrence of this species is restricted to a portion of the northeastern basin and the mouth of the Amazon River (Venezuela, Guyana, states of Amazonas, Amapá, and Pará, in Brazil; Schuchmann 1999; Daffonseca 2010). There are also a few records of this species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Schuchmann 1999, InfoNatura 2007, Albano 2012). During the first field campaign at Site 3, one individual of this species was photographed at the forest edge (Figure 5). We observed the species and collected one individual in the same place three months later (Appendix). These records considerably extend the geographical distribution of this species, so that it reaches the southern Brazilian Amazon.
Surely, this species must be quite rare in the region, which would explain the fact that no record of it has been made until now.
Black-bellied Thorntail (Discosura langsdorffi): This little hummingbird was known only from the western Amazon (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil) and the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Schuchmann 1999).
The first records of this species in the southern portion of the eastern Amazon were made in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso (Zimmer et al. 1997). More recently the Black- bellied Thorntail was recorded in the Carajás region (Pacheco et al. 2007) and Parauapebas, southeastern Pará (Endrigo 2011). It seems to be a rare species whose populations in the Atlantic Forest (states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro) are endangered, mainly due to deforestation (IBAMA 2003; Olmos 2005). There is no information on the conservation status of this species in the eastern portion of the Amazon, a region that has suffered enormous anthropogenic pressures (Capobianco et al. 2001). There is urgent need to carry out a study on the distribution and abundance of this taxon within Amana National Forest. During the two field campaigns, this species was only seen and photographed (Figure 3) at forest edge in Site 3 (Maranhese; Appendix, Figure 3). Further study of this species should work to identify its preferred habitats in the region, so that they can be protected within Amana.
FiGUre 3. Black-bellied Thorntail (Discosura langsdorffi). Species recorded in secondary forest edge within Amana National Forest. Besides being a species of interest for conservation, this record extends its known geographical distribution in the Brazilian Amazon.
FiGUre 4. Bald Parrot (Pyrilia aurantiocephala). Species present in Amana National Forest; still little known regarding its geographical distribution and ecological requirements. This record adds important information for this species.
FiGUre 5. Racket-tailed Coquette (Discosura longicaudus). The record of this species in Amana National Forest extends its distribution in the Brazilian Amazon.
species associated with specific Habitats Besides terra-firme and floodplain forests, in Amana National Forest there is a vegetation type known as campina, which is found on white sand soil. Campina vegetation has a low height, with a high density of small and thin trees, and scarcity of emergent trees. Campina shelters a number of species that are closely associated with this habitat (Oren 1981; Borges 2004; Guilherme & Borges 2011). Even after obtaining information by local residents regarding the presence of several spots of campina and campinarana in Amana National Forest, it was only possible to inventory a small portion of this habitat at site 4.
Below are comments on some recorded species associated with this vegetation type:
Red-shouldered Tanager (Tachyphonus phoenicius):
This species is associated with campina and campinarana throughout the Amazon (Oren 1981; Borges 2004). One individual was collected in April 2008 (Appendix) during the first field campaign.
Flame-crowned Manakin (Heterocercus linteatus):
This is an uncommon species associated with sandy soil vegetation, mostly near black water rivers and streams
(Polleto & Aleixo 2005). It was observed on the banks of Igarapé Porquinho at Site 3 and Igarapé Preto at Site 5.
One individual was collected in a campina spot at Site 4 (Appendix).
White-bearded Manakin (Manacus manacus):
Although this species is found in many types of environments within the Amazon, including terra-firme forest and secondary vegetation, referred to as capoeira, (Sick 1997), its abundance seems to increase significantly in campina (pers. obs.). Throughout the field campaign, 12 individuals of White-bearded Manakin were captured.
All observed and captured individuals were along the stretch of campina at Site 4.
environmental impacts
Two types of impacts on the environment of Amana were identified: one that affects the ecosystem as a whole (mining), and another that directly affects the populations of game birds (hunting).
Mining - Environmental changes caused by mining, either gold or cassiterite, were detected at all sites (Figure 6) except for Site 1.
FiGUre 6. Washing soil to extract gold within Amana National Forest. Note the crater formed in the woods due to soil leaching.
evidence of Hunting - Bird hunting activity, especially for food, was detected at all surveyed points within Amana, except Site 1, which had no homes
nearby. The bird families most affected appear to be Cracidae (Curassows and Guans) and Anatidae (Table 3;
Figure 7).
location Hunted species evidence
Site 2 (JML Gold Mining) Crestless Curassow (Pauxi tuberosa) feathers
Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) feathers
Site 3 (Maranhense) Crestless Curassow (Pauxi tuberosa) feathers Red-throated Piping-Guan (Aburria cujubi) carcass Site 4 (São Pedro) Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) carcass
Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) carcass (Figure 7)
Site 5 (Igarapé Preto) Gray Tinamou (Tinamus tao) Witnessed eggs collected for consumption taBle 3. Evidence of hunting at surveyed sites.
FiGUre 7. Black-bellied Whistling-duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) hunted by a local resident.
DiscUssiON
The number of species reported during this study is about 45% less than the number of expected species for the total area of Amana National Forest. Oren & Parker (1997) recorded 448 bird species in Amazonia National Park. As Amazonia National Park is limited to the south
by Amana National Forest, it is plausible that many species found in this park are also present within Amana.
Because the sampling effort of this Rapid Ecological Assessment was much smaller than the effort used in Amazonia National Park (Oren & Parker 1997), many species will be added to this preliminary list (Appendix) as more surveys are accomplished in Amana.
similarity analysis among sampling sites The two distinct groups shown in the dendrogram (Figure 2) were expected. The separation of Sites 6 (Km 180) and 7 (Km 275; Figure 2) were expected since these sites were located in an open area and quite anthropogenically influenced. At these sites, most bird species are associated with open environments and/or forest edges, differentiating these communities from ones located in sites within Amana. The second group formed by sites 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 have in common the fact that they are located in a predominantly forest-based habitat of Amana. Three subdivisions within this group can be noted. The first subdivision includes Sites 5 (southern portion of Amana) and 3 (Maranhense), in which the relative proximity and likeness among explored habitats explain similarities among their avian communities. The second subdivision groups Sites 1 (Montanha stream) and 2 (JML Gold Mining), which are highly similar to each other (Table 2). This resemblance can be explained due to the presence of terra-firme forest with plateaus and well- marked shallows. The third subdivision is formed only by Site 4 (São Pedro), located at an intermediate position between the first and second groups of sites (Figure 2).
The most plausible explanation for this separation seems to be the presence of two types of environments within
the site, which were not sampled at other points. The first habitat type refers to the floodplain forest and sandy beaches along the Amana River passing through this site.
The presence of this medium-sized river with a range of micro-aquatic habitats allowed observation of some species that were not detected at other sites (Appendix). However, the largest contributor to the separation of this site from the others was the presence of the white-sand “campina”
forest (sensu, Anderson 1981; Guilherme & Borges 2011).
I dedicated special attention to the campina spot in Site 4, and recorded some species typical of campina that were not found at other sampled sites (Appendix).
endemic species
According to Cracraft (1985), 21 taxa are considered endemic to the interfluve of the Tapajós and Madeira Rivers. Eight (38.0%) of these taxa were recorded in Amana. White-crested Guan (Penelope pileata), Crimson- bellied Parakeet (Pyrrhura perlata) and Snow-capped Manakin (Lepidothrix nattereri) are cited in the list by Cracraft (1985) as endemic in this interfluve and were recorded in this work (Appendix). However, later studies showed that White-crested Guan occur in almost the entire southern bank of the middle and lower Amazon River (InfoNatura 2007, Brooks et al. 2006) and Crimson-bellied Parakeet and Snow-capped Manakin have been recorded out of the interfluve of the Tapajos/
Madeira Rivers in Rondônia and Mato Grosso States (Cordasso 2014; Lees et al. 2013b; Zanon 2013).
species associated with specific Habitats The detection of species closely associated with campina and species with higher abundance in this habitat is a clear indication of its importance for the maintenance of local biodiversity. It is necessary to find strategies for preserving this ecosystem against anthropogenic alteration. It is important that biological studies be undertaken at these campinas, which likely hold other rare or geographically restricted species whose survival depends solely on maintaining this habitat intact.
Despite not being as rich in species as other Amazonian environments (Oren 1981; Borges 2004), they contribute significantly to the increase of α (local) and β (regional) diversity because some species are restricted only to this habitat (Oren 1981; Stotz et. al. 1996; Guilherme &
Borges 2011). In the case of Amana National Forest, it was only possible to sample a small portion of campina located at Site 4. It is essential that the other areas of campina within Amana be identified, studied, and preserved. It is important not only to preserve the campinas intact, but also to maintain the matrix of trees around them. This maintenance may contribute significantly to the health of the environment.
environmental impacts
Mining -- When gold mining is performed manually, the impacts are minimal. Mechanized operation, on other hand, causes huge changes in the environment. The problem lies in the fact that miners dissolve the forest floor with water jets as they search for small fragments of gold mixed with underground argillaceous rock (Figure 6). As a result of this procedure, damage is caused to fauna and flora on various levels: the first and most harmful is forest destruction (in general, the floodplain forest) in the operation area (Figure 6); the second is the transport of large amounts of sediment into rivers and streams, forming craters without vegetation at places of operation (Figure 6); third is the use of chemicals (e.g., mercury and diesel), the waste of which often remains in the area and is not disposed of properly. Mining, besides destroying the main habitats of shorebird species, can also cause the death of the birds, due to harmful, but commonly used, chemicals being released into the environment through seepage or accidents.
Hunting – Hunting, even for subsistence, may reduce the abundance of game species in the Amazon forest (Thiollay 2005). Avian species hunted as game are often naturally rare in tropical forests (Pizo 2001), exacerbating hunting’s effects on their populations. If hunting is associated with deforestation or any other type human- caused habitat modification, populations of these species can be drastically reduced and become extinct at certain sites within a few years. Hunting in the FLONA is not yet considered as serious a problem as mining. However, it is necessary to conduct an awareness campaign with local residents. A good awareness campaign could prevent populations of the most persecuted species from being reduced to unsustainable levels. In combination, habitat management tactics like selective logging are essential to ensure persistence of game species’ populations. An investigation into the combined effects of this type of forest management as well as hunting pressures on populations of game birds is recommended to understand how best to maintain game species’ populations in the long term.
Final considerations
Although I remained only four days (on average) at each point, and census methods did not sample the entire avian community, our results are useful. More than half (54.9%) of the expected species for the study area were detected, considering all 448 species recorded in Amazonia National Park and its vicinity (Oren & Parker, 1997). These data were sufficient for performing a Rapid Ecological Assessment (Sayre et al. 2003). The survey conducted was preliminary — just enough to compile the REA and identify important areas for biodiversity
conservation in Amana National Forest. Detection of bird species in the Amazon demands an enormous effort of fieldwork. However, this effort is not normally used in rapid studies aimed at implementing Management Plans (Vasconcelos 2006).
Despite problems related to mining and hunting, the general state of Amana National Forest conservation is still satisfactory. The complications seem to be concentrated along major rivers and streams in Amana, which somehow has protected the terra-firme (upland) forests in interfluves. The terra-firme forests that are distant from areas where mining is more intense are well preserved and meet all the conditions to maintain viable populations of large birds, such as the Razor- billed Curassow (Pauxi tuberosa), as well as large birds of prey. In fact, several curassow flocks within Amana were observed, indicating no significant hunting activity in areas where there is no mining. Additionally, local residents have confirmed the presence of Harpy Eagle at almost all sampling points. The presence of the above listed species, coupled with the occurrence of other cracids such as the Red-throated Piping-Guan (Aburria cujubi) and guans (Penelope sp.), trumpeters (Psophia viridis), large Psittacidae (parrots), and Ramphastidae (toucans), indicate good environmental health of much of Amana.
acKNOwleDGMeNts
Special thanks to Sérgio Morato and Michela Cavilha, representatives of STCP - Engenharia de Projetos Ltda. (Engineering Projects Ltd.), for inviting me to join the wildlife survey team for the preparation of a management plan of Amana National Forest. Thanks to the renowned technician in taxidermy, Mr. Manoel Santa Brígida, for patience during the preparation of specimens in the field. I also thank Alexandre Aleixo and Fátima Lima of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi for receiving, cataloging, and housing the collected specimens.
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Associate Editor: Alexander C. Lees
Family and species english Name Habitat records type sites TINAMIDAE
Tinamus tao Gray Tinamou TF V, Recorded evidence
(egg) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Tinamus major Great Tinamou TF I1 2, 3, 4
Crypturellus cinereus Cinereous Tinamou TF O, V 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou TF O, V 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Crypturellus variegatus Variegated Tinamou TF S (MPEG 65102) 1
ANATIDAE
Dendrocygna autumnalis Black-bellied Whistling-Duck R O 1, 4
Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck R O 1, 5
CRACIDAE
Pauxi tuberosa Razor-billed Curassow TF O, I1, Recorded evidence
(feathers) 1, 2, 3, 4
Penelope pileata White-crested Guan TF O, P(WA436254)
Aburria cujubi Red-throated Piping-Guan TF O, S (MPEG 65593) 1, 3
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax brasilianus Neotropic Cormorant R O 4
ANHINGIDAE
Anhinga anhinga Anhinga R O 1, 4
ARDEIDAE R
Tigrisoma lineatum Rufescent Tiger-Heron R O 1, 4
Cochlearius cochlearius Boat-billed Heron R I1 4
Butorides striata Striated Heron R O 1, 3, 4, 5
Pilherodius pileatus Capped Heron R O 1, 5
Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret O, Pa O, S (MPEG 65103) 3, 4
Ardea alba Great Egret R O 2, 4
Egretta thula Snowy Egret R O 2, 4
Ardea cocoi Cocoi Heron R O 1, 4
CATHARTIDAE
Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture ETF, O O 2, 3, 4, 6
aPPeNDix:
list of bird species recorded in amana National Forest and its surroundings, with information on habitat. sites:
1 - Right bank of Montanha Stream; 2 - JMS Gold Mining, right bank of Porquinho Stream; 3 - Maranhense; 4 - São Pedro, on the right bank of Amana River; 5 – Igarapé Preto, Southern FLONA point; 6 - FLONA surrounding area, km 180, at the banks of Transamazon Highway; and 7 - FLONA surrounding area, km 275, Rabelo Location. record type: I – interview, O - observation, P - photo published on WikiAves (www.wikiaves.org), S - specimen collected and deposited in the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, V - recognized vocalization. Habitats: A - anthropogenic area; AE - aerial environment, ETF - edge of terra-firme rainforest; EFR - edge of floodplain rainforest, ESR - edge of second-growth forest, FR - floodplain rainforest, O - open area, R – banks of rivers and lakes, P - ponds of water along roads and highways, Pa – pasture, S - sandy soil vegetation, TF – terra-firme rainforest.
Family and species english Name Habitat records type sites
Cathartes burrovianus Lesser Yellow-headed Vulture ETF, O O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Coragyps atratus Black Vulture O O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Sarcoramphus papa King Vulture TF, O O 1, 3
ACCIPITRIDAE
Elanoides forficatus Swallow-tailed Kite TF, O O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
Ictinia plumbea Plumbeous Kite EFR O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Geranospiza caerulescens Crane Hawk TF O 4
Urubitinga urubitinga Great Black-Hawk EFR O 4
Rupornis magnirostris Roadside Hawk ETF,FR, O O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Buteo nitidus Gray Hawk EFR, O O 4
Buteo brachyurus Short-tailed Hawk O O 6
Harpia harpyja Harpy Eagle TF O 4
Spizaetus tyrannus Black Hawk-Eagle EFR O 2
Spizaetus ornatus Ornate Hawk-Eagle TF I1 4
PSOPHIIDAE
Psophia viridis Green-winged Trumpeter TF O 1, 3, 4
RALLIDAE
Aramides cajaneus Gray-necked Wood-Rail TF O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
EURYPYGIDAE
Eurypyga helias Sunbittern R I1 1, 2, 4, 5
CHARADRIIDAE
Vanellus cayanus Pied Lapwing R O, S (MPEG 65595) 4
Vanellus chilensis Southern Lapwing O O 4, 6, 5
Charadrius collaris Collared Plover P O 6
JACANIDAE
Jacana jacana Wattled Jacana R O 4, 5
STERNIDAE
Sternula superciliaris Yellow-billed Tern R O 4
COLUMBIDAE
Columbina passerina Common Ground-Dove O O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Columba livia Rock Pigeon A O 6
Patagioenas speciosa Scaled Pigeon ETF O 3, 4, 5
Patagioenas cayennensis Pale-vented Pigeon TF O 2, 3, 4, 5
Leptotila verreauxi White-tipped Dove TF S (MPEG 65596) 4, 5
Leptotila rufaxilla Gray-fronted Dove TF O 2, 3
Geotrygon montana Ruddy Quail-Dove TF S (MPEG 65597) 1, 4, 5
OPISTHOCOMIDAE
Opisthocomus hoazin Hoatzin R O 1, 2, 4
Family and species english Name Habitat records type sites
CUCULIDAE
Piaya cayana Squirrel Cuckoo TF O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Crotophaga major Greater Ani R O 1, 2, 4
Crotophaga ani Smooth-billed Ani ESR, O O 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Neomorphus squamiger Scaled Ground-Cuckoo TF O 1
STRIGIDAE
Megascops choliba Tropical Screech-Owl ETF V, O 1, 3
Athene cunicularia Burrowing Owl O O 7
NYCTIBIIDAE
Nyctibius griseus Common Potoo TF V, O 1, 5
CAPRIMULGIDAE
Chordeiles nacunda Nacunda Nighthawk O O 6
Hydropsalis albicollis Pauraque ETF V, O 1,2,3,4,6,5,7
Hydropsalis nigrescens Blackish Nightjar S S (MPEG 65600) 4
Hydropsalis torquata Scissor-tailed Nightjar R S (MPEG 65106) 2
APODIDAE
Chaetura brachyura Short-tailed Swift AE O 2, 3
Tachornis squamata Fork-tailed Palm-Swift AE O 2, 3, 4, 5
Cypseloides senex Great Dusky Swift AE O 4
TROCHILIDAE
Threnetes leucurus Pale-tailed Barbthroat TF S (MPEG 65604) 3
Phaethornis ruber Reddish Hermit TF O, V 2, 5
Phaethornis philippii Needle-billed Hermit S, TF, ETF S (MPEG 65104, 65605, 65606, 65607, 65110) 1, 2, 4, 5
Phaethornis superciliosus Long-tailed Hermit TF S (65609, 65610) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Phaethornis malaris Great-billed Hermit TF S (MPEG 65111) 3
Campylopterus largipennis Gray-breasted Sabrewing ESR S (MPEG 65112) 3
Florisuga mellivora White-necked Jacobin ESR O 3, 5
Anthracothorax nigricollis Black-throated Mango ETF O 4
Topaza pella Crimson Topaz TF S (MPEG 65603) 3
Discosura langsdorffi Black-bellied Thorntail ESR O, P(WA784190) 3
Discosura longicaudus Racket-tailed Coquette ESR S (MPEG 65602),
P(WA784194) 3
Thalurania furcata Fork-tailed Woodnymph TF S (MPEG 65611, 65612) 1, 2, 3, 5
Hylocharis sapphirina Rufous-throated Sapphire ESR S (MPEG 65601)
P(WA453732) 3
Heliothryx auritus Black-eared Fairy ETF S (MPEG 65608) 5
TROGONIDAE
Trogon viridis White-tailed Trogon EFR O 2
Trogon curucui Blue-crowned Trogon EFR O 1, 2
Family and species english Name Habitat records type sites
Trogon violaceus Violaceous Trogon TF O 1, 4
Trogon collaris Collared Trogon TF O 3
Trogon rufus Black-throated Trogon TF O 2
Trogon melanurus Black-tailed Trogon TF O 1
ALCEDINIDAE
Megaceryle torquata Ringed Kingfisher R O 1, 2, 4
Chloroceryle amazona Amazon Kingfisher R O 1, 2, 4
Chloroceryle aenea American Pygmy Kingfisher R O 1, 2, 4
Chloroceryle americana Green Kingfisher R O 1, 2, 4
Chloroceryle inda Green-and-rufous Kingfisher TF O 1
MOMOTIDAE
Electron platyrhynchum Broad-billed Motmot EFR O 1
Baryphthengus martii Rufous Motmot TF S (MPEG 65594) 1, 3, 5
Momotus momota Amazonian Motmot TF O 1
GALBULIDAE
Galbula dea Paradise Jacamar FR O 1, 2
BUCCONIDAE
Bucco tamatia Spotted Puffbird TF O, P (WA785084) 1
Malacoptila rufa Rufous-necked Puffbird TF S (MPEG 65613) 1, 2, 5
Monasa nigrifrons Black-fronted Nunbird TF, FR O 1, 2, 3, 4
Monasa morphoeus White-fronted Nunbird ETF O 1, 3
Chelidoptera tenebrosa Swallow-winged Puffbird EFR O 1, 2, 4, 6, 5, 7
RAMPHASTIDAE
Ramphastos tucanus White-throated Toucan TF O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Ramphastos vitellinus Channel-billed Toucan TF O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Pteroglossus inscriptus Lettered Aracari EFR O 4
Pteroglossus aracari Black-necked Aracari TF O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
PICIDAE
Picumnus aurifrons Bar-breasted Piculet TF S (MPEG 65113) 3
Melanerpes cruentatus Yellow-tufted Woodpecker ETF O 1, 2, 3, 4
Piculus flavigula Yellow-throated Woodpecker TF O 1
Celeus grammicus Scaly-breasted Woodpecker EFR O 1
Dryocopus lineatus Lineated Woodpecker EFR O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Campephilus rubricollis Red-necked Woodpecker ETF O 2
FALCONIDAE
Daptrius ater Black Caracara ETF, FR O 2, 4, 6
Ibycter americanus Red-throated Caracara EFR O 1, 4
Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara ETF, O O 1
Family and species english Name Habitat records type sites
Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon ETF, O O 1, 3, 4, 5
Falco rufigularis Bat Falcon EFR O 1, 4, 5
PSITTACIDAE
Ara ararauna Blue-and-yellow Macaw TF I1 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Ara macao Scarlet Macaw TF O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Ara chloropterus Red-and-green Macaw TF I1 4
Orthopsittaca manilatus Red-bellied Macaw TF O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Guaruba guarouba Golden Parakeet TF, FR O 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Psittacara leucophthalmus White-eyed Parakeet TF, FR O 6, 5
Pyrrhura perlata Crimson-bellied Parakeet EFR O 1, 4
Brotogeris versicolurus Canary-winged Parakeet EFR O 1, 4
Brotogeris chrysoptera Golden-winged Parakeet ETF O 1, 4, 5
Pyrilia aurantiocephala Bald Parrot EFR S (MPEG 65599) 2
Amazona ochrocephala Yellow-crowned Parrot EFR O 4
Amazona kawalli Kawall’s Parrot EFR O 4
Amazona amazonica Orange-winged Parrot ESR O 1, 4, 6, 5, 7
Deroptyus accipitrinus Red-fan Parrot EFR I1 4
THAMNOPHILIDAE
Epinecrophylla leucophthalma White-eyed Antwren FR S (MPEG 65127, 65128) 1
Myrmotherula multostriata Amazonian Streaked-Antwren TF O, S (MPEG 65135) 2, 3
Myrmotherula axillaris White-flanked Antwren TF S (MPEG 65625) 3
Myrmotherula longipennis Long-winged Antwren TF S (MPEG 65622) 3
Isleria hauxwelli Plain-throated Antwren FR O 1
Thamnomanes saturninus Saturnine Antshrike TF O, S (MPEG 65125,
65126) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Thamnomanes caesius Cinereous Antshrike TF O, S (MPEG 65124) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Thamnophilus doliatus Barred Antshrike ESR O 2, 5
Thamnophilus schistaceus Plain-winged Antshrike TF S (MPEG 65123) 2
Thamnophilus aethiops White-shouldered Antshrike TF O 3
Thamnophilus stictocephalus Natterer’s Slaty-Antshrike TF O 1
Thamnophilus amazonicus Amazonian Antshrike TF S (MPEG 65626) 1
Myrmoderus ferrugineus Ferruginous-backed Antbird TF O, S (MPEG 65130) 1, 2, 5
Hylophylax naevius Spot-backed Antbird FR O 1
Myrmoborus myotherinus Black-faced Antbird TF O, S (MPEG 65129) 1, 2
Hypocnemis striata Spix’s Warbling-Antbird TF O, S (MPEG 65628) 1, 3, 5
Willisornis poecilinotus Scale-backed Antbird TF S (MPEG 65132) 1, 2, 3, 5
Phlegopsis nigromaculata Black-spotted Bare-eye TF O, S (MPEG 65133) 1, 2, 3, 5
Phlegopsis borbae Pale-faced Antbird TF S (MPEG 65631, 65632) 3
Rhegmatorhina berlepschi Harlequin Antbird TF S (MPEG 65131, 65134) 1, 2, 3, 5
Family and species english Name Habitat records type sites
FORMICARIIDAE
Formicarius analis Black-faced Antthrush TF O 1, 2, 3, 5
DENDROCOLAPTIDAE
Dendrocincla fuliginosa Plain-brown Woodcreeper TF S (MPEG 65115, 65116,
65615) 1, 4
Dendrocincla merula White-chinned Woodcreeper TF S (MPEG 65614) 3
Deconychura longicauda Long-tailed Woodcreeper TF S (MPEG 65616) 1
Certhiasomus stictolaemus Spot-throated Woodcreeper TF S (MPEG 65617) 1, 3
Glyphorynchus spirurus Wedge-billed Woodcreeper TF S (MPEG 65121) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi Hoffmanns’s Woodcreeper TF S (MPEG 65117) 1, 3
Xiphorhynchus ocellatus Ocellated Woodcreeper FR S (MPEG 65119) 1
Xiphorhynchus elegans Elegant Woodcreeper TF S (MPEG 65120) 1, 2
Xiphorhynchus guttatus Buff-throated Woodcreeper FR S (MPEG 65118) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
XENOPIDAE
Xenops tenuirostris Slender-billed Xenops FR O 1
Xenops minutus Plain Xenops FR O 1
FURNARIIDAE
Philydor pyrrhodes Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-gleaner FR S (MPEG 65122) 1, 2
Philydor erythropterum Chestnut-winged Foliage-gleaner FR O 1
Automolus paraensis Para Foliage-gleaner FR S (MPEG 65620) 1, 2, 3
Automolus ochrolaemus Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner FR O 2
Synallaxis gujanensis Plain-crowned Spinetail EFR S (MPEG 65621) 4
PIPRIDAE
Pipra fasciicauda Band-tailed Manakin FR S (MPEG 65152) 2, 3
Ceratopipra rubrocapilla Red-headed Manakin FR O, S (MPEG 65645,
65153) 1, 2, 3, 4
Lepidothrix nattereri Snow-capped Manakin FR S (MPEG 65149, 65150,
65151) 1, 3, 4
Manacus manacus White-bearded Manakin S, S (MPEG 65148) 4
Heterocercus linteatus Flame-crowned Manakin FR, S O, S (MPEG 65158),
P(WA784186) 2, 4, 6
Chiroxiphia pareola Blue-backed Manakin FR S (MPEG 65644) 1
ONYCHORHYNCHIDAE
Onychorhynchus coronatus Royal Flycatcher FR O 2, 5
Myiobius barbatus Whiskered Flycatcher FR S (MPEG 65634) 3, 4
TITYRIDAE
Laniocera hypopyrra Cinereous Mourner FR S (MPEG 65154) 4
Tityra inquisitor Black-crowned Tityra S S (MPEG 65642) 4
Tityra cayana Black-tailed Tityra TF, S O, S (MPEG 65641) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5. 7
Tityra semifasciata Masked Tityra EFR O 4
Family and species english Name Habitat records type sites
COTINGIDAE
Lipaugus vociferans Screaming Piha TF,FR O, V 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Xipholena lamellipennis White-tailed Cotinga FR O 3
Gymnoderus foetidus Bare-necked Fruitcrow FR O 2
TYRANNIDAE
Mionectes oleagineus Ochre-bellied Flycatcher FR O, S (MPEG 65146) 1, 2, 3, 4
Mionectes macconnelli McConnell’s Flycatcher S S (MPEG 65638, 65639) 4
Hemitriccus minor Snethlage’s Tody-Tyrant FR S (MPEG 65145) 1
Myiopagis gaimardii Forest Elaenia ESR S (MPEG 65635) 3, 5
Elaenia parvirostris Small-billed Elaenia EFR S (MPEG 65139) 4
Elaenia spectabilis Large Elaenia ESR S (MPEG 65142) 3
Tolmomyias flaviventris Yellow-breasted Flycatcher ESR S (MPEG 65636, 65637,
65140, 65141) 3, 4
Tolmomyias poliocephalus Gray-crowned Flycatcher ESR S (MPEG 65633) 3
Lathrotriccus euleri Euler’s Flycatcher ESR O 6
Legatus leucophaius Piratic Flycatcher ESR O, S (MPEG 65144) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Myiozetetes cayanensis Rusty-margined Flycatcher ETF O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee ETF O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Myiodynastes maculatus Streaked Flycatcher ETF O 2, 6
Megarynchus pitangua Boat-billed Flycatcher EFR O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Empidonomus varius Variegated Flycatcher EFR O, P(WA454249) 3, 6
Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird EFR O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Myiarchus ferox Short-crested Flycatcher EFR O, S (MPEG 65640) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Attila spadiceus Bright-rumped Attila FR O, S (MPEG 65137) 2, 3
VIREONIDAE
Cyclarhis gujanensis Rufous-browed Peppershrike EFR O, V 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo ESR S (MPEG 65647) 6
Hylophilus semicinereus Gray-chested Greenlet ESR S (MPEG 65648) 6
Hylophilus ochraceiceps Tawny-crowned Greenlet FR S (MPEG 65160) 1
HIRUNDINIDAE
Tachycineta albiventer White-winged Swallow R O 1, 2, 4
Progne tapera Brown-chested Martin O O 4, 6
Progne chalybea Gray-breasted Martin O, A O 4, 6, 5, 7
Atticora fasciata White-banded Swallow R O, S (MPEG 65162) 1, 2, 4, 5
TROGLODYTIDAE
Microcerculus marginatus Scaly-breasted Wren TF S (MPEG 65155) 1
Troglodytes musculus Southern House Wren A, O O 2, 6
Campylorhynchus turdinus Thrush-like Wren EFR O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Pheugopedius genibarbis Moustached Wren ESR O, S (MPEG 65156) 2, 5
Family and species english Name Habitat records type sites
Cantorchilus leucotis Buff-breasted Wren S S (MPEG 65157) 4
TURDIDAE
Turdus fumigatus Cocoa Thrush EFR S (MPEG 65654) 1, 4
Turdus lawrencii Lawrence’s Thrush FR O, V 1
Turdus albicollis White-necked Thrush TF S (MPEG 65655) 3, 5
PASSERELLIDAE
Ammodramus aurifrons Yellow-browed Sparrow O O 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Arremon taciturnus Pectoral Sparrow S S (MPEG 65168, 65656) 3, 4
PARULIDAE
Myiothlypis rivularis Neotropical River Warbler FR S (MPEG 65161) 1
ICTERIDAE
Psarocolius viridis Green Oropendola EFR, FR O 3, 4
Icterus cayanensis Epaulet Oriole EFR, FR O 5
Cacicus cela Yellow-rumped Cacique EFR O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Molothrus oryzivorus Bobolink R O 4
Molothrus bonariensis Shiny Cowbird EFR S (MPEG 65662) 2, 4
Sturnella militaris Red-breasted Blackbird O S (MPEG 65169) 4, 5, 7
THRAUPIDAE
Saltator grossus Slate-colored Grosbeak ESR O 2
Saltator maximus Buff-throated Saltator EFR O 2, 3, 4
Habia rubica Red-crowned Ant-Tanager TF S (MPEG 65657) 1
Lanio cristatus Flame-crested Tanager TF S (MPEG 65653) 1
Lanio surinamus Fulvous-crested Tanager EFR O 3
Tachyphonus rufus White-lined Tanager EFR O, S (MPEG 65164,
65165, 65166) 2, 4, 6, 5, 7
Tachyphonus phoenicius Red-shouldered Tanager S S (MPEG 65159) 4
Ramphocelus carbo Silver-beaked Tanager EFR O, S (MPEG 65658) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Tangara episcopus Blue-gray Tanager EFR O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Tangara palmarum Palm Tanager EFR O 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7
Tangara chilensis Paradise Tanager TF O 3
Tangara schrankii Green-and-gold Tanager FR O, P(WA784182) 2
Dacnis lineata Black-faced Dacnis TF, ESR S (MPEG 65178, 65179) 3
Dacnis cayana Blue Dacnis TF, ESR S (MPEG 65177) 3
Cyanerpes nitidus Short-billed Honeycreeper TF, ESR S (MPEG 65170, 65171, 65172, 65173, 65174) 3
Cyanerpes caeruleus Purple Honeycreeper TF, ESR S (MPEG 65175, 65176) 3
Volatinia jacarina Blue-black Grassquit ESR O 4, 6, 5, 7
Sporophila americana Wing-barred Seedeater O S (MPEG 65167, 65663),
P(WA453727) 4
Family and species english Name Habitat records type sites Sporophila nigricollis Yellow-bellied Seedeater ESR O, S (MPEG 65664,
65666) 3, 6
Sporophila castaneiventris Chestnut-bellied Seedeater O O 4, 6, 5, 7
Sporophila angolensis Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch O O, S (MPEG 65665) 2, 3 , 4
Paroaria gularis Red-capped Cardinal R O 1, 2, 4, 5
CARDINALIDAE
Caryothraustes canadensis Yellow-green Grosbeak S S (MPEG 65660) 4
Cyanoloxia rothschildii Rothschild’s Blue Grosbeak TF O 1, 3, 4
FRINGILIDAE
Euphonia xanthogaster Orange-bellied Euphonia TF S (MPEG 65667) 3
1 - Refers to interviews with local residents (at each sampling point) on the occurrence of some bird species in the Amana National Forest.
