❈❍❘■❙❚■❆◆ ❏❖❘●❊ ❉❊▲●❆❉❖ P❖▲❆❘
❯▼ P❘❖❚❖❈❖▲❖ P❆❘❆ ❈❖◆❚❘❆❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆●❊◆❚❊❙
❊▼ ●❘❯P❖❙ ❉❊ ▲❆❘●❆ ❊❙❈❆▲❆
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✕■❈❊①✕❯❋▼● ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❯▼ P❘❖❚❖❈❖▲❖ P❆❘❆ ❈❖◆❚❘❆❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆●❊◆❚❊❙
❊▼ ●❘❯P❖❙ ❉❊ ▲❆❘●❆ ❊❙❈❆▲❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡✲ ♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✕■❈❊①✕ ❯❋▼● ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❈❍❘■❙❚■❆◆ ❏❖❘●❊ ❉❊▲●❆❉❖ P❖▲❆❘
❘❡s✉♠♦
❙✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ ár❡❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛r ❞♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ à r♦❜ót✐❝❛ ♠ó✈❡❧✳ ◆❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛r ❝♦♦♣❡r❛r ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ é ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛r ♦✉tr♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❖s ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s sã♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡rá ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❛ ♦✉✲ tr♦✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♠❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛rá ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠❛ss✐✈❛✱ t❡♠ s✉r❣✐❞♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❡♠ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s✳ ◆❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s s✇❛r♠s✳ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r três ❡t❛♣❛s✿ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥tr❛t❛❞♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛çã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ é ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ é ♣❛❣♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ◆♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐❛r❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧❡✐❧õ❡s s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛r ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❢♦✐ t❡st❛❞♦ ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ t✐♠❡s ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣❛✲ ♥❤✐❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛r ♠❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ é r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r❡t♦✕❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❡ ❥✉st♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♠♦str♦✉✲s❡ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♥í✈❡✐s ❜❛✐①♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐♥❞♦ ♣♦✉❝♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s❡♥❞♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✇❛r♠s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
▼✉❧t✐✲❆❣❡♥t ❙②st❡♠s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✜❡❧❞s✱ r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ t♦ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ r♦❜♦t✐❝s✳ ■♥ t❤❡s❡ s②st❡♠s✱ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❛❣❡♥ts ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❢✉❧✜❧❧ t❤❡✐r ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr❛❝ts✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♥ ❛❣❡♥t ♠❛② ❝♦♥tr❛❝t ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛t❡❞ ♦♥❡ t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❡ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ t❛s❦✳ ❈♦♥tr❛❝ts ❛r❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✇❤❡♥ ❛❣❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱ ❛ ❛❣❡♥t ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t ❛♥♦t❤❡r ♦♥❡ t❤❛t✱ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s✱ ✇✐❧❧ ❡①❡❝✉t❡ t❤❡ t❛s❦ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❛②♠❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❛t✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s t❤❛t ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ✈❡r② ❧❛r❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ❛❣❡♥ts✳ ■♥ t❤❡s❡ s②st❡♠s✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❝❛❧❧❡❞ s✇❛r♠s✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✐♥❣ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❛ s❝❛❧❛❜❧❡ ✇❛②✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ s❝❛❧❛❜❧❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❧❛r❣❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ♦❢ s❡❧❢✲✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ❛❣❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❤❛s t❤r❡❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♣❤❛s❡s✿ ❛ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ♣❤❛s❡ t❤❛t s❡❛r❝❤❡s ❢♦r ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❛❣❡♥ts ❢♦r ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✐♥❣✱ ❛ ♥❡❣♦t✐❛t✐♦♥ ♣❤❛s❡✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✐♥❣ ♣r✐❝❡ ✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♣❤❛s❡✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❛s❦s ❛r❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❡♥ts r❡❝❡✐✈❡ t❤❡✐r ♣❛②♠❡♥t ❛❢t❡r t❛s❦ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡s ❛❣❡♥t ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ❛♥❞ ❛ ♠✐① ♦❢ t✇♦ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ❛✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛❧❧♦✇s ❛❣❡♥ts t♦ ♥❡❣♦t✐❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s t♦ ❜❡ ♣❛✐❞ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✇❛s t❡st❡❞ ✐♥ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✇❤❡r❡ t❡❛♠s ♦❢ r♦❜♦t✐❝ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡s ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ♠✉st tr❛♥s♣♦rt ✐t❡♠s ❢r♦♠ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ t❛r❣❡ts✳ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐s r❛t✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r❡t♦✕❡✣❝✐❡♥t✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❢❛✐r✱ ❞❡s✐r❛❜❧❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ✐♥ ❛♥② ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐s s❝❛❧❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡s ❧♦✇ ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✐t ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❢♦r s✇❛r♠s✳
P❛r❛ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✿ ❏✉❛♥ ❡ ▼❛rí❛ ❆♥t♦♥✐❡t❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ▼❛rí❛ ❆♥t♦♥✐❡t❛ P♦❧❛r ❙✐❧✈❛ ❡ ❏✉❛♥ ❏♦r❣❡ ❉❡❧❣❛❞♦ ❖rt✐③✱ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ✈✐❞❛ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r t❡r✲♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❤❡r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛ ❢é✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❉r✳ ▲✉✐③ ❈❤❛✐♠♦✇✐❝③✱ ♣❡ç❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡st❛❞✐❛ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✳ ❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❉r✳ ▼ár✐♦ ❈❛♠♣♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✉ ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r♦✳
❆♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✭PP●❈❈✴❯❋▼●✮ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①❝❡❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
❆♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭❈◆Pq✮ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♣r❡st❛❞♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝✉rs♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❡st❡♥❞♦ ♠❡✉s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡✱ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✺
✷✳✶ ❙✇❛r♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t ◆❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ■♥t❡r❡ss❡s Pró♣r✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❙✇❛r♠s ✷✸
✸✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❙✇❛r♠s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✸ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❈♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✹ ❉❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✺ ◆❡❣♦❝✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✻ ❖ P❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ ❈❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✼ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♠✐❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✼✳✶ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✼✳✷ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ✭▲❡❛r♥❡❞ ❚❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✼✳✸ ❘❡❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♠✐❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✽ ❉❡❝✐sõ❡s ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✽✳✶ ▲❡✐❧õ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✽✳✷ ▲✐♠✐❛r❡s ●❧♦❜❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✽✳✸ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✾ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✹✵ ✹✳✶ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✶✳✶ ▼✉❘♦❙ ✕ ❯♠ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ▼✉❧t✐✕❘♦❜ô ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✳✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❈❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✳✸ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ●✉❧♦s❛ ❞❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✷ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❊s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❆❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✸✳✸ P❛r❡t♦✲❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✸✳✹ ❘❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✸✳✺ ❙✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❋✉t✉r❛s ✻✷
✺✳✶ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✻✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❯♠ ❝❛r❞✉♠❡ ❞❡ ♣❡✐①❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ✶✵ r♦❜ôs ❊❘✶ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ✉♠❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛
❧❡tr❛ P✳ ❬❈❤❛✐♠♦✇✐❝③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✸ ✶✵✵ r♦❜ôs ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❈❡♥t✐❜♦ts✳ ❬❑♦♥♦❧✐❣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t ◆❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✸✳✶ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ s✇❛r♠s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✷ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❡♠ s✇❛r♠s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✸ ▲✐♠✐❛r❡s ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ P❈❙ ♥♦ ▼✉❘♦❙ ✕ ✺✵ r♦❜ôs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ P❈❙ ♥♦ ▼✉❘♦❙ ✕ ✽✵✵ r♦❜ôs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✸ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❘♦❜ôs ♥❛ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✹ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ✺✵ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✺ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ✶✺✵ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✻ ●❛♥❤♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✼ ●❛♥❤♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✶✺✵ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✽ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ✽✵ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✾ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ✶✻✵ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✶✵ ●❛♥❤♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✽✵ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✶ ●❛♥❤♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✶✻✵ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✷ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✶✸ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛✲
❝✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶✹ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧❡❛r♥❡❞ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✶✺ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ✵✳✵✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✶✻ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛✲
❝✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✶✼ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧❡❛r♥❡❞ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ❝♦♠ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ✵✳✵✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✶✽ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ♣❛r❡t♦✲❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ P❈❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✶✾ ❈♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❏✉st❛ ♥♦ P❈❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✷✵ ❈♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❏✉st❛ ♥♦ P❈❙ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ |E|/|Θ|= 0.5✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✹✳✷✶ ❈♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❏✉st❛ ♥♦ P❈❙ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ |E|/|Θ|= 1.0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✹✳✷✷ ❈♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❏✉st❛ ♥♦ P❈❙ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ |E|/|Θ|= 2.0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✹✳✷✸ ❆❧✉❣✉❡❧ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❡ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
◆♦t❛çã♦
• en,l ✭❛❣❡♥t❡✮✿ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ t✐♠❡ l✳ ❊①✳ ❱❡í❝✉❧♦ ❆✉tô♥♦♠♦✳
• E✿ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
• SM A✿ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡✳
• Ek ✭t✐♠❡✮✿ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ à ♠❡s♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✳ ❊①✳ ❱❡í❝✉❧♦s ❆✉tô♥♦♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♠❡r✲ ❝❛❞♦r✐❛✳
• L={l1, ..., lk}✭s✇❛r♠✮✿ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❯♠ s✇❛r♠ é ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s t✐♠❡s ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s lk✳ ❊①✳ ❈♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡
♠❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛✳
• θi,l,c✭t❛r❡❢❛✮✿ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ ✭❝♦♥tr❛t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡①t❡r♥♦✮ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t✐♠❡ l✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ c ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❊①✳ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r ♦r✐❣❡♠
❛ ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡st✐♥♦✳
• Θ✿ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
• c ✭❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛✮✿ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s
❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❯♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡rá t❡r ✉♠❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❊①✳ ❯♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡ s❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♠♦s ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛♠ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛s ❡♠ q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡s✳ ❊♥tã♦ ❝❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ q✉❡ ❡stá ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r❛♥t❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛ ❡ss❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✳
• Θc✿ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ c✳
• Θl,c✿ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡c ❞♦ t✐♠❡l✳
• Cap(en,l, θm,p,c)→[0,1]✭❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✮✿ ◗✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡en,l❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ à ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ θm,p,c ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡c✳ ❊①✳ Pr♦①✐♠✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ à ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳
• Cus(en,l, θm,p,c) ✭❝✉st♦ ❞❛ ❚❛r❡❢❛✮✿ ❝✉st♦ ✐♥❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ θm,p,c ♥♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ en,l✳ ❖ ❈✉st♦ é ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡✿ Cus(en,l, θm,p,c) =
Cl∗(1−Cap(en,l, θm,p,c))♦♥❞❡Clé ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❝✉st♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t✐♠❡l✳ ❊①✳ ❈♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✳
• CusM E(Cap(en,l, θm,p,c), θm,p,c) ✭❝✉st♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✮✿ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ θm,p,c ♥✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
Cap(en,l, θm,p,c)✳
• P ag(θm,l,c)✭♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦✮✿ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠ t✐♠❡l❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ❡①t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ θm,l,c✳ ❊①✳ P❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡
❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛✳
• Al(en,p, θm,l,c)✭❛❧✉❣✉❡❧✮✿ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠ t✐♠❡p♣♦r ❛❧✉❣❛r ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡en,p♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛θm,l,c❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ t✐♠❡l✳ ❊①✳ ❆❧✉❣✉❡❧ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛✳
• Cont(en,p, θm,l,c) ✭❝♦♥tr❛t♦✮✿ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ θm,l,c ❡ ❛❧✉❣✉❡❧ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡en,p✳ ❊①✳ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛✳
• Gl(θm,p,c) ✭❣❛♥❤♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦✮✿ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠ t✐♠❡ p ♣♦r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ θm,p,c ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛❧✉❣✉é✐s✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❛❧✉❣✉❡❧ ♣❛❣♦✳ ❊①✳ P❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✉❣✉❡❧ ❞♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦✳
• P❈❙▼❆●❊✿ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼✉❧t✐✲❆❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧❛✳
• P❈❙✿ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✇❛r♠s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐✲ ♦♥❛✐s tê♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❡r❛ ♠❛ss✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡✱ ♥✉♠ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦✱ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ♦♥❞❡✿ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ✉♥s ❛♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ✈✐❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✉s♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❞♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❡st❡❥❛♠ r❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ♦r❞❡♥s ❞♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❝♦♥❡❝✲ t❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛❞♦s út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♥✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✉❛r ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❡①tr❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s s❡rã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❡r❛ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠❛ss✐✈❛ à q✉❡ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡stá ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡ ✭❙▼❆✮✱ q✉❡ tê♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ❛❣♦r❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❝❡♥t❡✲ ♥❛s ♦✉ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❙▼❆s ❛té ❛❣♦r❛ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❙▼❆ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s✱ ❡stá ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s✳
❈♦♠♦ s❡rá ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ♥❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s s❡çõ❡s✱ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✳
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿ ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✶✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✷ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ✜♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s✉♠ár✐♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❈❡♥ár✐♦s ♦♥❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ r♦❜ôs✱ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s ♥✉♠ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐st❛♥t❡✳ ❬❙❝❡rr✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮❀ ■s❤✐❞❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮❀ ❳✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺❜✮❪✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐✲ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ✭s✐st❡♠❛s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛t✉❛r ♥❡❧❡✮ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ♦✉ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ❣r✉♣♦s tê♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥♦♠❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ▲❛r❣❡ ❙❝❛❧❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❆❣❡♥t ❙②st❡♠s ✖ ▲❙▼❆❙✱ ▼❛ss✐✈❡❧② ▼✉❧t✐✲❆❣❡♥t ❙②st❡♠s ✖ ▼▼❆❙ ♦✉ ❙✇❛r♠s✶✳
❊♠ t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦♠♦✿ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ ❞❡s❛str❡s✱ r❡s❣❛t❡✱ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s✱ ❧✐♠♣❡③❛✱ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s✱ ❡t❝✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ só ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ é út✐❧ ❡ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡❧❡s ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡ss❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❡❢❡t✐✈♦✳
❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡ tê♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✳ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛r s❡ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ✭❡①✳ r♦❜ôs ❝❛rr❡❣❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❛✐①❛✮✳ ❯♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦✳ ❖s ❙▼❆s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♦✉ t✐♠❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ✭❡①✳ ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♠ ♣♦r ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✮✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ✭s❡❧❢✕ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞✮ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡✳ ❙▼❆s ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ s❡✉ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ s❡ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ s❡✉ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦✳ ◆♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♠❛♥tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ❝❡rt❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡r s❡♠ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ✭❊①✳ ❝✉st♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ❡t❝✮✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✭❡①✳ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✮✳
❊①✐st❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t❡r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❝♦♦♣❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s✳ ◆❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❛s ✈❡③❡s ❝♦♦♣❡r❛♠ ❡ ❛s ✈❡③❡s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♠✳ ❊❧❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s✱ ♠❛♥tê♠ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ❝❡rt❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s é ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✧❝♦♥tr❛t♦s✧✭▼✉❧t✐✲❆❣❡♥t ❈♦♥tr❛❝t✐♥❣ ✷✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❬❑r❛✉s ✭✶✾✾✻✮❀ ❙❛♥❞❤♦❧♠ ❡ ▲❡ss❡r ✭✶✾✾✺❛✮❀ ❈♦❧❧✐♥s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮❀ ❋✐s❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮❀ ❇❛❜❛♥♦✈ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮❪✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛ ♦✉tr♦ ♠❛✐s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛
✶◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ t❡r♠♦ s✇❛r♠ ✭❡♥①❛♠❡✮✱ t❡r♠♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛✲
❞❡s q✉❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦s ❡♥①❛♠❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳
✷❆❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✐♥❣ ♦✉ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r✐r✲s❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ à ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❬❑r❛✉s ✭✷✵✵✶✮❪✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r ❡♠ ♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❛❧♦❝❛r t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣♦❞❡r ♠♦t✐✈❛r ❡st❡s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❬❑r❛✉s ✭✶✾✾✻✮❪✳ ❖s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦♠❡ss❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❚❛♥t♦ ❛ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ sã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♥✉♠ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦✳
❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦s s✇❛r♠s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r t✐♠❡s ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦s✲ s✉❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s✱ ♥❡❧❡s t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❢❛③ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ♠♦t✐✈❛r ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♠❛✐s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s✱ ❡st✉❞♦s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝♦s✱ ❡st✉❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❡t❝✮✱ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦s r♦❜ôs q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐✲ ③❛♠ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❧✐♠♣❡③❛ ❡ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛✱ ❛♠❜♦s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❡ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ✭s✉❜✲t✐♠❡✮ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛✱ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦s r♦❜ôs ❡✴♦✉ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ✭♠✐♥❡r❛❧✱ ❡s✲ ♣❛❝✐❛❧✮ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✭s✉❜✲t✐♠❡✮ sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s✇❛r♠s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r q✉❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛r✳
❉❛❞❛ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡ ♦ ❞✐♥❛♠✐s♠♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❝❛✲ r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ s✇❛r♠s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐r ♣♦✉❝♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ r❡q✉❡r❡r ♥í✈❡✐s ❜❛✐①♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆té ❛❣♦r❛✱ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛❝✲ t✐♥❣ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s✇❛r♠s✳ ❊❧❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s ❛ s✇❛r♠s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛té ❛❣♦r❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♦✉ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♥✉♠ s✇❛r♠✳
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐✲ ❜✐❧✐t❡ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❡♥tr❡ t✐♠❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♥✉♠ s✇❛r♠ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❡♠ ❬❙❝❡rr✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮❪ ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❬❙❛♥❞❤♦❧♠ ✭✶✾✾✾✮❪ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛s três ❡t❛♣❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❬❚❡s❢❛ts✐♦♥ ❡ ❏✉❞❞ ✭✷✵✵✻✮❪✿ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ✭❉✐s❝♦✈❡r②✮✱ ❛ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛çã♦ ✭❉❡❛❧✐♥❣✮ ❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s tér♠✐♥♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ✭❊①❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣✮ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛s✳
✶✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✹
❆ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❜❛✐①♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ t♦t❛❧ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ t✐♠❡✳ ❊ss❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ é ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t✐♠❡ ❡ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ✐♥❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡❢❡t✉❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ t✐♠❡s ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s✳
Pr❡❢❡r✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❡♥tr❡ t✐♠❡s ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♥✉♠ s✇❛r♠✳ ❆ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♦s t✐♠❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r ❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r✲s❡ ♠✉t✉❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❖✉tr❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♦❝❛r t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♠ s✇❛r♠s t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ■ss♦✱ ❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❝♦♥✲ tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ t✐♠❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s
❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
❯♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ é ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ s✐t✉❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛❣✐r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛ ♥❡ss❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❬❲♦♦❧❞r✐❞❣❡ ✭✷✵✵✷✮❪✳ ❖s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡stã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡ ✭❙▼❆✮✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡stá ❛❧é♠ ❞❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠✳ ❯♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ é ❛ r❡❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ❯♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ❢♦✐ ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❛ ❡✱ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛ ♠❛✐s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ s✉r❣❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧♦❝❛r t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡ s✉r❣✐r t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡s✲ ♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦✿ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛✱ ❛ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡rá ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❡①✐♠✐r ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦ ✭❞❡❝♦♠✲ ♠✐tt✐♥❣✮✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❖ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s é ♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛r ♦✉tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳
❆ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♦✉ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✽✵ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♠ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ✭❉❆■ ✕ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✮ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ t♦♠❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦✳ ❊❧❛s ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ r❡❢❡r✐r✲s❡ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡s t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t✐♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♠ ❙▼❆s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ✭s❡❧❢✕✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ❛❣❡♥ts✮✳ ❆ ♣r♦❧✐❢❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ♦❜r✐❣♦✉ ❛ s❡ ♣❡♥s❛r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✳ ❊❧❡s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♠❛s ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s✳
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s à ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✭❝♦♥✲ tr❛❝t✐♥❣✮ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡s t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ✭❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✷✮ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ✭❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✸✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ s✇❛r♠s ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✭❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✮✳ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❡ s✇❛r♠s sã♦ ♦s três ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ P❈❙▼❆●❊✳
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✻
✷✳✶ ❙✇❛r♠s
❯♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✐❣❛s ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❡s ✈♦❛♥❞♦ ❥✉♥t❛s✱ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝❛r❞✉♠❡ ❞❡ ♣❡✐①❡s ♥❛❞❛♥❞♦ ❡ ✈✐r❛♥❞♦ r❡♣❡♥t✐♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✮✱ ✉♠ ❡♥①❛♠❡ ❞❡ ❛❜❡❧❤❛s ❝♦♥str✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧♠é✐❛❀ t♦❞♦s s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡✲ ♥❛❞❛✳ ◗✉❡♠ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛ ❡st❡s ❣r✉♣♦s❄ ❈♦♠♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❄ ❈♦♠♦ s❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛♠❄ ❈♦♠♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛♠ ♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦❄ ❙ã♦ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ ❢❛s❝✐♥❛♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✐st❛s ❛té ❛rt✐st❛s✳ ●r✉♣♦s ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s s✇❛r♠s ✶✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❯♠ ❝❛r❞✉♠❡ ❞❡ ♣❡✐①❡s✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ♦s s✇❛r♠s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ r♦❜✉st♦s✱ ✢❡①í✈❡✐s ❡ ❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❬❇♦♥❛❜❡❛✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮❪✳ ❊♠ ❛♥♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐✲ ③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s ❣r✉♣♦s✱ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧❡s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥s♣✐r❛r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❡♠ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ❞♦s s✇❛r♠s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s s♦❜ ♦ t❡r♠♦ s✇❛r♠ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡✱ r♦❜ót✐❝❛✱ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s✱ ❡t❝✳
❯♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✇❛r♠ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡n❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡stã♦ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛❧❣✉♠
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ t❡r ✉♠❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ s❡♠ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ r❡st♦ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s✇❛r♠✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ é ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡✳ ❊♠ t♦❞♦ s✇❛r♠ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲s❡ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ❛✈❡ ✈♦❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛ ❡♠ ♠❛♥t❡r✲s❡ ♣❡rt♦ ❞♦ r❡st♦ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❞♦ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦❧✐❞✐r ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s✳ ❊❧❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❛s ❛✈❡s ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ r❡❝❡❜❡ ♦r❞❡♥s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❛✈❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❡ ❧í❞❡r✳
❈❛❞❛ ♣❡✐①❡ q✉❡ ♥❛❞❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛r❞✉♠❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞❡❧❡✳ ❊❧❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦
✶❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❡ss❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ✭❝❛r❞✉♠❡s✱ ♠❛♥❛❞❛s✱ ❜❛♥❞♦s✱
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✼
❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ à s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ s✇❛r♠ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ♠✉✐t♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ✭❊①✳ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ r♦t❛ ♠❛✐s ❝✉rt❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♥✐♥❤♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✐❞❛✮✳ ❊st❛ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦s s✇❛r♠s r❡❛❣✐r rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ✢❡①✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ❯♠❛ ❢♦r♠✐❣❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❡r❞❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ r❡st♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❡ ❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✐❞❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❊❧❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r s✉❜st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ❢❛❧❤❛✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♥✉♠ s✇❛r♠ sã♦ ❛♥ô♥✐♠♦s✳ ◆ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❞♦✐s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❊❧❡s sã♦ tr❛t❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✳
❯♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s t❡♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♠❛✲ ♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s s✇❛r♠s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❬❇♦♥❛❜❡❛✉ ❡ ❚❤ér❛✉❧❛③ ✭✷✵✵✵✮❪✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠✐❣❛s ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ✐♥♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✐❣❛s q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❡❞❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥s♣✐r❛r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r♦❜ót✐❝❛✳ ❆ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ✐♥s❡t♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛♠ ♦s ♠♦rt♦s ♥❛ ❝♦❧ô♥✐❛ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛♠ ❛s ❧❛r✈❛s ♣♦❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛s✳ ❆ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❜❡❧❤❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❢á❜r✐❝❛s✳
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ✶✵ r♦❜ôs ❊❘✶ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ✉♠❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❡tr❛ P✳ ❬❈❤❛✐♠♦✇✐❝③ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ✶✵✵ r♦❜ôs ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❈❡♥t✐❜♦ts✳ ❬❑♦♥♦❧✐❣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮❪✳
✷✳✷ ❈♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s
✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✾
♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❣❛♥❤♦✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♦✉ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡♠ s✉❜✲t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ♥ã♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦✿ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛ ❞♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ t✐♠❡s✱ ❤♦♥❡st✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✉❧❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣❡♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s s❡çõ❡s tr❛t❛♠ ♦s t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣ró♣r✐♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t ◆❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✕ ❈◆P ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t ◆❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❖ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t ◆❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✕ ❈◆P ❬❙♠✐t❤ ✭✶✾✼✼✱ ✶✾✽✵❛✱❜✮❀ ❙♠✐t❤ ❡ ❉❛✈✐s ✭✶✾✽✶✮❪ é ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r t❛r❡❢❛s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❈◆P ❡stá ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✱ ♠♦str❛✲s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈◆P✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❬❙♠✐t❤ ✭✶✾✽✵❜✮ ♣♣✳ ✻✷✱✻✸❪✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t ◆❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✳
