Vol-7, Special Issue-Number4-June, 2016, pp961-965 http://www.bipublication.com
Research Article
A Study on Place of E-Learning in Urban Management
Fatemeh Ghorban
MA in Education Management
ABSTRACT
One of the goals of urban management is improving the quality of life. According to the World Health Organization, determinants of quality of life include education, leisure, safety, health, environmental potentials, income and nutrition. In this article, we seek to respond this issue how can spend less time and expense of a higher level of education. The people of different groups so that their contract can receive their specialized training required and thereby improve the quality of life? First, to clarify the concept E-learning also addressed two issues of urban management And then we check the background of these two issues, The continued importance and necessity of research and the way it was charged and eventually founded a significant impact on other elements of the training element leading to improved quality of life and provision of the necessary infrastructure to develop efficient educational system and adapted to life in the communities especially large cities and determine the rules and monitoring necessary to spread the culture of the education system (E-learning) Will be spending less money and of course the necessary infrastructure and culture, not so much control over time expand the scope of public education Among the people especially the youth age group And this leads to improving the quality of people's lives will be at least in the near future.
Key words: E-learning, Urban Management, Quality of Life
INTRODUCTION
Urban management is one of the sciences has been interested by scholars in the recent decades and its application and development has been concerned. One of the main cause to develop urban management is to extend cities and form large cities with special situation and living in these spaces need special requirements
It seems that, given the increasing growth of technology in different arenas of human life and increasingly intention to facilitate receiving services, the best form of training is use of E-learning system as a substitution for traditional methods which require more cost and time. So, people should try more to receive these services. In this study, the relationship between application of E-learning system to improve and promote the quality of life is examined.
Literature
5-1- E-learning trainings
What is called as E-learning is rooted in a phenomenon namely “distance learning”.
and quality of distance education strongly. In ten past years, distance education and learning has been changed by developing internet and Web. In this transformation, traditional methods have been replaced by Semantic Web with educational function based on intelligent and conscious learning by databases assistance (Babaei, 2010, 6)
5-1-1- Virtual or Online University
One of the main developments in higher education is emergence of virtual universities that have been extended this services to international and global borders from national and regional borders by elimination location and time constraints. Below factors have been effective in emerging virtual learning across the world:
- Remarkable advances in information and communication technology, cost reduction and increasing the share of educational institutions at the national and international market. - Flow of information and globalization
- Increasing the scientific knowledge and expertise
- Reduce the state budget for financing in response to growing demand for higher education.
5-2 Definitions of Urban Management
Urban management is to monitor city to improve sustainable management in urban regions in local level regarding national, economic and social policies in each country. In other definition, urban management is an extended organization comprising formal and informal influencing elements in different social, economic, urban life aspects to monitor, control and conduct a sustainable development. The aim of urban management system as a government system is to monitor the affairs of cities and play the role has been regarded by government. The purpose of urban management system is toward national objectives and follow its generalities and for this purpose, the plans of this system to organize the affairs in the city is established in macro and current rules of country and actions of this system are not conflicting legal regulations (Nekoei, 2007)
In addition to above definitions, the expertise definition of urban management is as an
organizational framework to develop city in policies, plans and operations involved to access the main infrastructure of house and employment. Accordingly, efficiency of urban management is related to underlying factors such as political stability, social integration and economic growth and other factors such as skill and motivation of policy-makers and people who use these policies. Under this framework and organizational features of government and urban management especially administration role of public part and play important role in its success (Kazemian, 1994, 65)
6- History of Study 6-1- E-learning training
Due to place of internet in distance training, effect and efficiency of internet in distance training has been concerned by researchers and some of these researches are explained here: Some of researchers in a study for NASA In flight research center of “Dryden” with assistance of Pennsylvania State University in 1998, the web-based training and the needs of teachers to use web in training has been analyzed. Need assessment includes three levels of school space, curriculum and web resource, learning processes and teacher (U.S.A, NASA, 1998)
Peter Sabiston in a study titled “investigation the criteria to determine the quality of web-based learning in adults in 2000 in Royal Road university in Canada” examined the influencing factors on quality of learning in web environment. In this field survey, he introduced one of the main criteria to determine the quality as learner needs and organizational objectives and needs. He suggested value of sensitivity of criterion to determine the scoring (Sabiston, 2000, 105)
Noriko Hara in a case study about web-based distance training in Indiana University examined the phenomenon of stress in the students in web environment. He noted a kind of stress caused by cutting technical problems in students periodically (Hara, 2000, 235).
style of presentation is important in web-based learning. They emphasized on role of designer to prepare web environment from aesthetic and appeal perspective for learners to optimize and evolve the form and style or presentation (Garcia and Liu, 2006, 315)
In a meta-analysis of fifteen main reports on electronic training, a proper framework about public and expert organizations has been obtained. The objective of these reports is electronic learning opportunities and trend which have been examined in this meta-analysis. Based on dynamic nature of web, it was estimated that 250 electronic training reports have been published form 1999 to 2001. These reports have been sold in high price and were produced and published in the United States. This meta-analysis study provides a proper view form current situation of electronic training for researchers (Waight, Willging and Wentling, 2002)
In the recent decade, several studies have been conducted in this field in Iran and some of them are explained here:
“An introduction on electronic learning” book has been compiled by Mahmoud Babaei in 2010 and the principles and history of distance training and electronic training are discussed briefly and this field has been ermined in international level (Babaei, 2010)
Articles
Abdollah Bagherian published a study titled electronic learning and examined this issue under web in the economic science (Bagherian, 2014)
“Required skills for web-based learning” is a study was compiled by Dr. Babaei and in this study, he examined the abilities of electronic learning by learner (Babaei, 2006)
Urban Management
Urban management is all institutions, organizations and people that affect the process of urban management formally and informally. Urban management is not municipality or city council, but is any elements affect the process of managing city (Lotfi, 5411, 571). The concept of urban management in holistic definition is beyond managing urban affairs and is defined by social, political and economic structures to
develop the city. In this approach, urban management is a strategic responsibility with operational results and consequences and for this reason, its interaction to power, politic, social and economic areas is inventible (Mc Gill, 1998, 200)
In other definition, urban management is managing urban affairs to promote sustainable management and an extended organization of formal and informal elements influencing in different social, economic and physic of urban city and control and conduct a comprehensive and sustainable development (Enayati and Farhand, 5414, 6). In other hand, urban management has needed features as a system and is known as open and complex system which face to various elements and relations. So, it is necessary to explain all elements in the systematic framework and define the role and tasks of them to coordinate the requirements. Data of this system is demand of citizens and government and is obtained in planning, design and implementation process that result in qualitative and quantitative development of urban life. General objective of urban management system is to supply and provide a proper context for comfort, safe and efficient life for citizens according to social and economic fractures. Accordingly, urban management include different social, economic and physical management aspects (Hashemi and Elahi, 5414, 697)
In most of developed countries across the world, urban management is equal to municipality, but, urban management in Iran is not equal to municipality and government organizations and institutions work in this area and do urban management in the local area beside municipality (Shiaeh, 5416, 16). More than one century ago, when new organizational structures were formed in urban management area in Iran beside other historical issues, the legal place for municipality in Iran “urban management” is not a unique unit and city is monitored by representative of government and people (Kamyar, 2006, 74)
seven years and the articles provided in this congress is accessible through web-site of university. Unfortunately, place of electronic learning especially in urban management has not been examined yet.
METHODOLOGY
This is a descriptive-analytical study and document-library method was used to gather data.
Objective of Urban Management
Based on the definitions provided in this study, it is necessary to explain the objective of this branch of management: Theoretical objective of urban management system is to empower process of urban development; so that, citizens have desirable level of life in the society given the social and economic features. In this macro-objective, three micro objectives are explained for all urban management systems:
- Protection of the physical environment of the city
- Encourage sustainable economic and social development
- Promotion of life and job situation of all citizens based on low-income groups (Kazemian and Saeidi Rezvani, 2006, 65:2) and (Dadashpour, 2010, 5)
Quality of life term has been used first time by Pigot in 1920 in book of “economic and welfare (Tahmasebi, 2010, 65). Earlier, World Health Organization defined health and this resulted in considerable discussions about health and how to monitor it. Generally, World Health Organization noted seven main and influencing variables on quality of life including Education, leisure, safety, health, environmental potential, income and nutrition.
It is noteworthy, other various elements are defined in different scientific areas for quality of life and are not explained here to prevent prolongation of sentences.
Some indicators are explained to evaluate the quality of urban life and all these indicators are closed to urban management and in fact involved the main area of management. Some of these indicators are explained here:
Economy, health, education, public safety, utility of transportation is the indicators.
Education is one of fixed indicators to evaluate the quality of life in urban life.
Education is one of main needs of people in different groups and environment. As mentioned earlier, one of elements to determine the quality of urban city is access to education by people such as elementary, high school and higher education and briefly expert and public training. This is an important issue and affects other indicators and elements of quality of life directly and resulted in high evolutions. Most of skills required to promote the economic status of people in the society are supplied by expert training. Public training in public level and expert training especially for health services providers will result in increasing the level of health in the society. Also, security elements is one of the elements related directly to education in level of public training (to prevent different Crime and Delinquency) and expertise (strengthening the deterrent force as well as references handler).
By extending electronic training in public and expert fields and the strong guarantee to force the users to use these training such as learning evaluation etc. …., a considerable promotion is observed in determinant elements of quality of life and in this situation, it is expected to realize the objective of urban management in large cities and to promote other elements to determine the quality of life by required training.
CONCLUSION
developed and promoted and these elements provide a desirable situation of life together.
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