❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ▼❯▲❚■✲❘Ó❚❯▲❖
❍■❊❘➪❘◗❯■❈❆ ❆❯❚❖▼➪❚■❈❆ ❉❊
●❯❙❚❆❱❖ ❍❊◆❘■◗❯❊ ❖❘❆■❘
❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ▼❯▲❚■✲❘Ó❚❯▲❖
❍■❊❘➪❘◗❯■❈❆ ❆❯❚❖▼➪❚■❈❆ ❉❊
❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❚❊❳❚❯❆■❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❲❛❣♥❡r ▼❡✐r❛ ❏r✳
❝
✷✵✵✾✱ ●✉st❛✈♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❖r❛✐r✳
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳
❖r❛✐r✱ ●✉st❛✈♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡
✵✻✸❝ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲rót✉❧♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s t❡①t✉❛✐s ✴ ●✉st❛✈♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❖r❛✐r✳ ✖ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ✷✵✵✾
①①✐✐✐✱ ✾✼ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾❝♠
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❲❛❣♥❡r ▼❡✐r❛ ❏r✳
✶✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✷✳ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ■✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳ ■■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦✳
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ à s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❏♦sé ❖r❛✐r ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❡ ❱❡r❛ ▲ú❝✐❛ ❘♦❝❤❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡❞✉❝❛r❛♠ ❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ❡st❡ ❞❡❣r❛✉✳ ➚ ❆♥❞ré✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ tr❛✈❡ss✐❛✳ ❆ ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣❡rs❡❣✉✐✳ ❆ ♠❡✉ s♦❜r✐♥❤♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛❧❡♥t♦✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❲❛❣♥❡r ▼❡✐r❛ ❏ú♥✐♦r ❡ ▼♦❤❛♠♠❡❞ ❩❛❦✐ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♦♣♦r✲ t✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ tã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❡ ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦r✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ só❧✐❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ r✐❝❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✈✐✈✐❞❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❖ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛ é s❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r♠♦s às ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ♥♦s ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♠✉✐t❛s q✉❡ s❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❛♠ ❞❡st❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝❛❜❛r ✐♥❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ❊st❡s✱ s❛❜❡♠ q✉❡♠ sã♦ ❡ ❡s♣❡r♦ q✉❡ s✐♥❝❡r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡ ♣❡r❞♦❡♠ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♥♦♠❡s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠❡✉s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❲❛❣♥❡r ▼❡✐r❛ ❏r✳ ❡ ▼❛r❝♦s ❆♥❞ré ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s✱ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ✐♥st✐❣❛r❡♠ à ❜✉s❝❛✳ ❙❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛✱ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡s✉♠❡ ❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s à tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ t✐❞♦ ❛ ❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛ss✉♠✐r ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❛♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭❈◆Pq✮ ❡ à ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✭❋❯◆❉❊P✮✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s✉♣♦rt❡✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ♠ã❡ ❱❡r❛✱ ♣❛✐ ❏♦sé✱ ✐r♠ã♦s ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡ ❡ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦✱ s❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ ❢♦✐ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡ é ♥❡❧❡ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❛♣♦✐❛♠♦s ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳ ❆ ♠❡✉ s♦❜r✐♥❤♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✉ ❛ r❡✈✐✈❡r ❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛♥❞♦ ♥♦✈♦ â♥✐♠♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ❆♥❞ré✐❛✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ s✉♣♦rt♦✉ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦ ❛❢❛st❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✈✐❛❣❡♥s✱ ♦s ❡str❡ss❡s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠❡✉ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ▼♦❤❛♠♠❡❞ ❩❛❦✐✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❞❛❞♦ à ✈✐s✐t❛ ❛♦ ❘❡♥ss❡❧❛❡r P♦❧②t❡❝❤♥✐❝ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❡ ❛♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ✜③ ♥❡st❡ ❝✉rt♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✹ ♠❡s❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❍✐❧♠✐ ❨✐❧❞r✐♠✱ ❙❛❡❡❞ ❙❛❧❡♠ ❡ ▼♦❤❛♠♠❛❞ ❆❧ ❍❛s❛♥✳ ❙❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❡ss♦❛s tã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ t❡♥❤♦ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♥ã♦ só ♥❛ ár❡❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆❞q✉✐r✐ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s✱ t✉t♦r✐❛✐s✱ ♣❛❧❡str❛s ✈✐✈✐❞❛s ❡♠ t❡rr❛s ❡st❛❞♦✲✉♥✐❞❡♥s❡s✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ▼♦❤❛♠♠❛❞ ❆❧ ❍❛s❛♥ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s❡♠♣r❡ ✐♥st✐❣❛♥t❡s ❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s✳
◆ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛♦ ❋á❜✐♦ ❙♦❛r❡s ❋✐❣✉r❡✐r❡❞♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s✱ ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❡s♣ír✐t♦ s❡♠♣r❡
✐♥st✐❣❛❞♦r q✉❡ s❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ ♠❡ ♥♦rt❡❛r❛♠✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ✈ár✐♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ❉❈❈ ❡ ❞♦ ❙♣❡❡❞ ❝♦♠ q✉❡♠ ❝♦♥✈✐✈✐ ♥❡st❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r❛♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛✱ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❋✐r❡✲ ♠❛♥✱ ❍❛✇❦s✱ ●❡♦r❣❡✱ ❈♦✉t♦s✱ ❙❛❝❤❡tt♦✱ ❈❤❛r❧❡s✱ ❆r❧❡✐✱ ▼❛❝❛♠❜✐r❛✱ ❍é❧✐♦✱ ❋❤♠♦✉rã♦✱ ❆♥tô♥✐♦✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❞❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♥ã♦ ❛q✉✐ ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦s ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ●✉❡t♦ ❞♦ ❈❛❜r❛❧ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s q✉✐♥t❛s ❢❡✐r❛s tã♦ ✐♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥tr❛✐r✱ ❘♦❜❡rt♦✱ ❘✉✐✱ ▲♦❣❛♥✱ ❋❛rr❡r✱ ❙í❧✈✐♦✱ ❚✉r♠❛❧✐♥❛✱ P▲✱ ▲✉✐s✱ ❱✐t♦r✱ ●✉s❤ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ❜❛✐rr♦✱ ▲✉❝❛s✱ ▼❛t❤❡✉s✱ ▼✐q✉✐♠✱ ❱✐♥♥②✱ ❲❤✐s❦②✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧✐♠✱ P❡✲ ❞r♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ▲❡❧ê✱ ●❡❣ê✱ P❡❞r♦✱ ●✉✐❉✉❣❧✐✱ P❛❜❧♦✱ ❆rt✉r✱ ❏ú❧✐❛✱ ▲❛✉r❛✱ ❆❞r✐❛♥♦✱ ❏ú♥✐❛✱ ❨❛s♠✐♠ ❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❆♦s ❙♦♠❡◆♦③❡s✱ ❋❛r❧❡②✱ ❏♦r❣❡✱ ❘✐❡✈❡s✱ ▲✉❞✱ ▼✐♠✐s✱ ❚❛t✐✱ ❋❧❛✲ ✈✐♥❤❛✱ ◆❤❡❣❛✱ ❋❛❜✐ ❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❆♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞♦ ❙❡❜r❛❡✱ ❚♦♥❤ã♦ ✭❞❡ ♥♦✈♦✮✱ ▲✉✐s❛✱ ❏❛♣♦♥ês✱ P❡r✉❝❛✱ ❋♦rr❡st✱ ❉r✐✱ ❈❛✈❛❧♦✱ ❆♠♦r✐♠✱ ▼✐r✐✱ ❏❡❥é ❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦s ❛q✉✐✱ s❛❜❡♠ q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
✏ ❖ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥❛s❝❡ ❞♦ q✉❡r❡r✱ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✈♦✱ q✉❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ✈❡♥❝❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✱ ♥♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❢❛rá ❝♦✐s❛s ❛❞♠✐rá✈❡✐s✳✑ ✭ ❏♦sé ❞❡ ❆❧❡♥❝❛r✮
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s t❡①t✉❛✐s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✳ ❊ss❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦r❣❛✲ ♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s t❡♠ ♠❡r❡❝✐❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡st✉❞❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♥ã♦ é ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r t❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ tó♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲rót✉❧♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ✭❍▼❈✮ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♠❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛✳
◆♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❍▼❈✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❡ ❡st❛s ❡stã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛✳ ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✐❣♥♦r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ t❛♥t♦ s❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s é ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈♦ q✉❛♥t♦ s❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦✱ ♦ ▼❆❙❙■❋■❈❆✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦st❡r❣❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❍▼❈✳ ❖ ▼❛ss✐✜❝❛ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❜❛s❡ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ t♦♣✲❞♦✇♥✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s♦❧✉çõ❡s r❡s♦❧✈❡♠ ♦✉ ❢❛❧❤❛♠ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡st❡s ❞❡s❛✜♦s✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❛❧❣♦✲ r✐t♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ♥♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✲ ❢✉♥❞♦s ❞❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s sã♦ r❛r❛s ❡ ❡①✐st❡ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ t❡①t ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s ✐s st❡❛❞✐❧② ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣✳ ❆s s✉❝❤✱ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❡❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡ t❤✐s ❞❛t❛ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❣r♦✇✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✉str② r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ t❡①t ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳
▼♦st ✇♦r❦ ♦♥ t❡①t ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ st✉❞✐❡s t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡♠ ✐s ♥♦t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡s❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ✈❛❧✐❞✳ ❚♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ❛ ♥❡✇ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ t♦♣✐❝✱ t❤❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❧❛❜❡❧ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✭❍▼❈✮ ❤❛s r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❜✉t st✐❧❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ♠❛❥♦r ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛r❡❛✳
■♥ ❍▼❈ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✐s ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ❜❡ ♠✉❝❤ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❛♥❞✱ ❛s s✉❝❤✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧❧② str✉❝t✉r❡❞✳ ❈❧❛ss✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ✐♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐❣♥♦r❡ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡✐r ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛t❡❞ ✐❢ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✐s t♦♦ ❧❛r❣❡ ♦r ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡①✐sts✳
■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❛♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ st✉❞②✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ t❛r✲ ❣❡t✐♥❣ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❍▼❈ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✱ t❤❡ ▼❆❙❙■❋■❈❆✱ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ❧❛③② ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❍▼❈ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ▼❆❙❙■❋■❈❆ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❛❣❛✐♥st ✇❡❧❧ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜❛s❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡rs ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❜♦t❤ ✢❛t ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ✭t♦♣✲ ❞♦✇♥✮ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t r❡s✉❧ts ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❛ r❡❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✿ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s✬ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s r❡❛❝t t♦ t❤❡s❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s✳ ❲❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❧♦✇❡r ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s✱ ❝❛♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡❧②✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❡♣❡r ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛r❡ ✉♥❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❧❡ss ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❆s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ Pré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✸ ❖ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✸✳✶ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✷ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛✿ ❉✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦
♣♦r ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✸ ❊①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❡ rót✉❧♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣♦r ❝❧❛ss❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✷ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦✱ t❡st❡ ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♠❡♥t♦s
❝♦rr❡t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✻✳✶ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❘❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✻✳✷ ▼❡❞✐❞❛ F1 ♣♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✻✳✸ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆❞❛❜♦♦st ❚♦♣✲❉♦✇♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✻✳✹ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❋ ❞♦ ❚♦♣✲❉♦✇♥ ❆❞❛❜♦♦st ♣♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥✲
t♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❧t✐✲rót✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✷ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠✉❧t✐✲rót✉❧♦ ♣♦r ❞❡s❝❛rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✸ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✹ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❚❯❈❈❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✺ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❚❘❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✻ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✻✳✶ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✻✳✷ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❆❞❛❜♦♦st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✻✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❈◆❆❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✻✳✹ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s F1 ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❈◆❆❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐①
❘❡s✉♠♦ ①✐✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ✼
✷✳✶ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ t❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✹✳✷ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✺ Pré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✺✳✷ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✏❜❛❣ ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✺✳✸ ❱❛❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✺✳✹ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✻ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✻✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✻✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✻✳✸ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ▲✐♥❡❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✻✳✹ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✻✳✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✻✳✻ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s P♦st❡r❣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✻✳✼ ❈♦♠✐tê ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✼ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✼✳✶ ❙✉♣❡r❛❥✉st❡ ✭✏❖✈❡r✜tt✐♥❣✑✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✼✳✷ ❖ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦ ✈✐és✲✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✸✼
✸✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲❘ót✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♠✉❧t✐✲rót✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶✳✷ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ▼✉❧t✐✲❘ót✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✷✳✷ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❍▼❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✸ ❊①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✸✳✶ Pré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✸✳✸ Pós✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✹ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✹ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✻✸
✹✳✶ ❈◆❆❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✷ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✺ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✼✶
✺✳✶ ❖ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ▼❛ss✐✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐✈❛ P♦st❡r❣❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❍▼❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡①tr❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✸ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✼✾
✼ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✽✾
✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✾✶
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✾✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✈❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✳ ❊ss❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s út❡✐s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ tr✐✈✐❛❧✳ ❙✉r❣❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❝r❡s❝❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❛ ❉❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❡s ❝❛♠♣♦s tê♠ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ♦✉ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛♠ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛r ♠❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♦✉ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛✲ ❞♦s✱ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ é ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s✳ ❉❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❧✲ ❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✱ t❛✐s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♥str✉❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✳
❱ár✐❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛✲ çã♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❍♦❢♠❛♥♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✸❪ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛ ❡♠ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ três ❞✐r❡çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❡ t❛✐s té❝♥✐❝❛s✿ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✱ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡✴♦✉ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❞✐r❡çõ❡s✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ t❡♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s❬❱❡❧♦s♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ❞❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❬▲✐♠❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❲✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ▼❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✽❪ ❝✐t❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s t❡①t✉❛✐s ❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ▼❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✽❪ ❛✜r♠❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ é ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❣❛♥❤♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✳
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦st✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s❡♥s✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr❛✲ ♣♦r ❡st❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♦✉ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞✐st♦✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛s✲ s✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❡♠ ❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✐❣♥♦r❛r ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡✴♦✉ ❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s é ❡①t❡♥s♦✱ ❡ ♣♦r ❡st❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
✶✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥s❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜✲ ❝❛çã♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ▼✉❧t✐✲rót✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s❀
✷✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❍▼❈❀
✸✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❍▼❈❀
✹✳ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❍▼❈❀
✺✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
✶✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
✶✳✷✳ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✸
♠ús✐❝❛s✮✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ✭❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❣❡♥♦♠✐❝s✮ ❛té ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ✭s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ s❝❡♥❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✮✳
• ❙✉❣❡stã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ rót✉❧♦s ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ tít✉❧♦s ❢❛✈♦r✐t♦s
❡♠ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❬❚❛t✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
✕ ❇♦♦❦♠❛r❦s ✕ ❇✐❜t❡①
• ❆♥♦t❛çã♦
✕ ❆♥♦t❛çã♦✴Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛
• ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✲í♥❞✐❝❡s ❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ é
♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✲í♥❞✐❝❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s í♥❞✐❝❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ♦ t❡♠❛ ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ✈✐á✈❡✐s é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❞♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ rót✉❧♦ ✈á❧✐❞♦✳
• ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s
✕ ❲■P❖✲❛❧♣❤❛ ✕ ❨❛❤♦♦ ❉✐r❡❝t♦r✐❡s
✕ ◆❡✇s♣❛♣❡r ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ■P❚❈ ❈♦❞❡ ✭■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr❡ss ❛♥❞ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦❞❡✮
✕ ❊✲♠❛✐❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
✕ ■P❈ ✭■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ P❛t❡♥t ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✮
✕ ❲♦r❞◆❡t ✭❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✐♥❣❧❡s❛✮
✕ ▼❊s❤ ✭▼❊❞✐❝❛❧ ❙✉❜❥❡❝t ❍❡❛❞✐♥❣s✮ ✲ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛✲ çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ ❧✐✈r♦s ♥❛ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛
✕ ■❈❉ ✭■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❉✐s❡❛s❡s✮ ✲ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛r ❛rt✐❣♦s ♠é❞✐❝♦s
✕ ❉✐r❡tór✐♦s ❞❛ ❆❈▼ ✲ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
• ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ✭■❙■❈✴◆❆■❈❙✴❈◆❆❊✮
✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ✉♠ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ s❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛rá✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✱ ♥❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s❢❡r❛s✱ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧✱ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧ ❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❈◆❆❊ s✉❜❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❊ss❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❡ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❤✐❡rár✲ q✉✐❝❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦s✳ Pr❡t❡♥❞❡✲ s❡✱ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ q✉❛❧ ♦✉ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳
✶✳✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s
❆s ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s é ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡♣❛r❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳ ❆ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦✉ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝❧❛r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❏❛✈❛ ♦✉ ❈✰✰✳ ❆ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❡st❛ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❡ s❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s é ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛✳ ❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s é ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ✇❡❜✱ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s✱ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❡✲♠❛✐❧s✱ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❛t❡♥t❡s ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✳ ❆ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥❢♦q✉❡s ❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ♦✉ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛ ♥❡st❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ❝❛rr❡❣❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝❧❛r❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s❡✉s ♥♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳
✶✳✸✳ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ✺
t♦s ♠é❞✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ▼❡❞❧✐♥❡ ❘❛❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✺❪✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❆s ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ♥♦tí❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦r♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛❞❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ s❡✉s tó♣✐❝♦s ♦✉ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ s❡t♦r ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♥♦tí❝✐❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡✱ ♣♦r ❡st❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❝♦♥str♦❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✢❡t✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦❬▲❡✇✐s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✳
❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r ❞❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥ú✲ ♠❡r❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♣ós✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝❛s♦ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ s❡❥❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ t❡♥t❛r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s ❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ✐♥❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦♣t❛r ♣♦r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦s ❞❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛✱ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡st❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s
✷✳✶ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s é ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s D ❛
✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s C✳ ❆ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛r ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ci é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠ rót✉❧♦li ❛♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦dj✳ ❆ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s é ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s t❡①t✉❛✐s✳ ❖ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s t❡①t✉❛✐s ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉s❛r❡♠♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦✳
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶ ❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ú♥✐❝♦✲rót✉❧♦ é ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
dj ∈D✱ ✉♠ rót✉❧♦ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ rót✉❧♦ ci✱ ci ∈C ❡ |C|>1✳ ❙❡ |C|= 2 ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ s❡|C|>2t❡♠♦s ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
♠✉❧t✐✲❝❧❛ss❡✶✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♦✉ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❛ q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✳ ■st♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s t❡①t♦s✱ ♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡r ✈ár✐♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r❡s✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❢♦✐ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜✲ ❝❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐✲rót✉❧♦✷✳ ❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐✲rót✉❧♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ rót✉❧♦ ♣♦ss❛
s❡r ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✿
✶multi-categoria
✷Diferentes termos são utilizados para designar este mesmo conceito como “qualquer-de classifica-ção” (“any-of classification”) ou classificação multivalorada (“multivalue classification”).
✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐✲rót✉❧♦ ✭✏♠✉❧t✐✲❧❛❜❡❧✑✮✿ ❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉✲ ♠❡♥t♦D ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡sC✱ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐✲rót✉❧♦ é ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛r
✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ rót✉❧♦s C′
i ∈C ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj ∈D✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛
❯♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡✱ ❞❛❞♦s ♦s ❞♦❝✉✲ ♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r ❛ q✉❛✐s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡✳ ❆ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜✲ ❝❛❞♦r é ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦
Φ :D × C →❘✱ ♦♥❞❡ D é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡C ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦
❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❊♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡st❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❧❤❛ ✭t✐❝ t❛❝ t♦❡✮ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s q✉❡ ❢❛❧t❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ r♦❞❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✜♥❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❯♠ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛♥❞♦✲s❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❊♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r✱ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦✉ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r t❛❧ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡✴♦✉ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛s♦ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ s❡❥❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐✳ P❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖s três t✐♣♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ sã♦✿
• ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦✲s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛
▼♦❞❡❧❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❥á ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s❀
• ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ s❡♠✐✲s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛
❈♦♠❜✐♥❛✲s❡ t❛♥t♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❥á ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥ã♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠❀
• ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛
✷✳✶✳ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❈❧❛ss✐❢✐❝❛çã♦ ✾
♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛t✉✲ ❛✐s ✭❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦✮ ♣❛r❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ✈✐st❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❛③♦á✈❡❧✳ ❊ss❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡♥✈✐❡s❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✉t✐✈♦ ✭✏✐♥❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❜✐❛s✑✮✳
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✸ ❖ ✈✐és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s q✉❡ ✉♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ❛s s❛í❞❛s ❞❛❞❛s ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❬▼✐t❝❤❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✵❪✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❢♦❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ r❡s✉♠✐❞❛ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳
Processo de
Classificação Bases de dados
Assinalamento de rótulos
Aprendizagem Base de dadosde treino Validação Conceito/hipótese
Fase de
Classificação Determinação de parâmetros Sports
true
Soccer false
Culture false
Base de dados de validação Base de dados
de teste
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❆s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦
✶✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s
♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥tã♦ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♦s ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s rót✉❧♦s✳
◆❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s s❡çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ q✉❡ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✱ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛s três ❢❛s❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
✷✳✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦
❊♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛✱ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ Φ :D × C →❘✱ ♦♥❞❡ D é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ C ❞❡✜♥❡
♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❚r❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦R❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦
é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ R ={V, F}✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r V r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛r ♦ ❞♦❝✉✲
♠❡♥t♦ Dj ∈ D à ❝❧❛ss❡ Ci ∈ C ❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r F r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦Dj ∈ D à ❝❧❛ss❡ Ci ∈ C✳ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ R ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡❛✐s q✉❡ ❡①♣r✐♠❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✴♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ Dj ∈ D ♣❡rt❡♥ç❛ às ❝❧❛ss❡s Ci ∈ C ✸✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ Φ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛ φ : D × C → ❘ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛
❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♦✉ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ H✳ ❊ss❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡
♣♦ssí✈❡❧ à ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦Φ✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♠✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱ ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ✭✏s✉♣♣♦rt ✈❡❝t♦rs✑✮✱ r❡❞❡s ❜❛②❡✲ s✐❛♥❛s✱ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r♦♥❛✐s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ P♦r ❡st❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s sã♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥str♦❡♠✳
✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ t❡st❡
❆ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦Φ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✉t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✳✹✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❢✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ✶✶
▼✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐❛r ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✉çã♦ ♦✉ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❖ ❛❥✉st❡ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s sér✐♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s✉♣❡r❛❥✉st❡ ✭✏♦✈❡r✜tt✐♥❣✑✮ q✉❡ s❡rá ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✼✳✶✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❛ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✳ ❖s ❛❥✉st❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡s q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡♥s✉r❛r♠♦s ❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✳ ❆s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡✲ s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✹✳✷✳ ❱❛❧❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡s é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✴❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦✱ t❛❧ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛❞❛ ♣♦✐s t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡s é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡✢❡t✐r ✉♠ s✉♣❡r❛❥✉st❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ r❡❛❧ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐♠♦s ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ três ❢❛s❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✿ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✴❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊st❛s ❢❛s❡s ❝✉♠♣r❡♠ ♣❛♣é✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ tê♠ ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s✳ ❈❛❜❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s✉♣r✐♠✐r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡st❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦st❡r❣❛❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ é s✉♣r✐♠✐❞❛ ✭s❡çã♦ ✷✳✻✳✻✮✳
✷✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s
❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❢♦rt❡s ❡ ❢r❛❝♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✳
