P❆❯▲❖ ❏❖❙➱ ▲❆●❊ ❆▲❱❆❘❊◆●❆
❯▼ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙
❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ◆❆ ➪❘❊❆ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆
❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❯▼ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙
❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ◆❆ ➪❘❊❆ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆
❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
P❆❯▲❖ ❏❖❙➱ ▲❆●❊ ❆▲❱❆❘❊◆●❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙
❋❖▲❍❆ ❉❊ ❆P❘❖❱❆➬➹❖
❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
P❆❯▲❖ ❏❖❙➱ ▲❆●❊ ❆▲❱❆❘❊◆●❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣♦r✿
P❤✳ ❉✳ ❇❡rt❤✐❡r ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ◆❡t♦ ✕ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
P❤✳ ❉✳ ▼❛r❝♦s ❆♥❞ré ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
P❤✳ ❉✳ ◆✐✈✐♦ ❩✐✈✐❛♥✐
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
❘❡s✉♠♦
❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛r✲ t✐❣♦s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ✭❡♠ ■♥❣❧ês✱ ✏❥♦✉r♥❛❧s✑✮✱ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ s❡♠✐♥ár✐♦s✳ ◆❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❡ss❡s ❛rt✐❣♦s sã♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣r❡✲ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ✭✏❥♦✉r♥❛❧s✑✮✳ ❊st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ é ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❡rt❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s✳ ◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❤á r❛③õ❡s ♣❛r❛ s✉s♣❡✐t❛r q✉❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s tê♠ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s✉♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ❙❡ ❛ss✐♠ é✱ ❤á ❞❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡❝✉❧❛r s❡ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ é ❝♦♠♣❛rá✈❡❧ ❛♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✸✵ ❛♥♦s✱ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ◆♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡✱ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s t✐✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ t♦r♥❛r ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥❡❧❛s ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛r❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧s✱ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ s❡♠✐♥❛r✐❡s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ s❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✱ P❤②s✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❇✐♦❧♦❣②✱ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ❥♦✉r✲ ♥❛❧s✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛r❡❛s s✉❝❤ ❛s ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛r❡❛✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ r❡❛s♦♥s t♦ s✉s♣❡❝t t❤❛t ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐✲ ♦♥s ✐♥ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥❝❡✳ ❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ♥♦✇ s✉r♣❛ss❡s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛✉t❤♦rs ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ✸✵ ②❡❛rs✱ ❜♦t❤ ✐♥ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧s✳ ❖✉r st✉❞② s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❛t ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❣r♦✇♥ ❧❛r❣❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡✐r ✐♠♣❛❝t ❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛s t❤❛t ♦❢ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧s✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳
✸
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ r❡♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ❡rr♦s✱ ♥♦✈❛s ❡①♣❡r✐✲ ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ✈ár✐♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s r❡❢❡✐t♦s ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ✭s✐♠✱ ❛ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✮✱ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞✐ss♦ t✉❞♦ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❝❡rt♦s✱ é ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ♦ ♠♦✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳ ▼❛s ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❡ ✐♥t❡♥s♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣♦r ♠✐♠ ♠✉✐t♦ q✉❡r✐❞❛s✱ ❛ q✉❡♠ ❤♦♠❡♥❛❣❡✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳
Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r t♦r♥❛r t✉❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❣✉✐❛r ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ❇❡rt❤✐❡r ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✲◆❡t♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❣❡stã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❡ t❛♥t❛s ✈❡③❡s s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ✐❞é✐❛s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ r❡✉♥✐ã♦ ❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛❞❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❝❡rt❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦❀
❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▼❛r❝♦s ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❡ ❛♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛♥❞♦ ❉❡♥✐❧s♦♥ P❡r❡✐r❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡ r❡✉♥✐õ❡s ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s✱ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❡ ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀
❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ◆✐✈✐♦ ❩✐✈✐❛♥✐✱ ❱✐r❣í❧✐♦ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❡ ❲❛❣♥❡r ▼❡✐r❛ ❏ú♥✐♦r✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❡♥✲ ❣r❛♥❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✱ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ ❋❛❜✐❛♥♦ ❇♦t❡❧❤♦✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐❛ ❡♠ P✳❆✳❆✳ t♦r♥♦✉ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❞♦❧♦r♦s♦ ♦ ✏s♦❢r✐♠❡♥t♦✑✶ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✱ ❡ ❛♦s
✈ár✐♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ ♥❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s❀
❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▲✉✐s ❩ár❛t❡✱ ❞❛ P❯❈✲▼✐♥❛s✱ ♣♦r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ♠❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛✱ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r s❡✉s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥✲ t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ❛ t❡♥t❛r ❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❯❋▼●✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ P❯❈✲▼✐♥❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❉❛✈✐❞✱ ❏♦❡❧✱ ▲✉❝❛s✱ ▼❛t❤❡✉s✱ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❡ ❱✐t♦r✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✱ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧❀
❛♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ▲❆❚■◆✱ ▲❇❉ ❡ ❙P❊❊❉ ❡ s❡✉s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✭♥♦ ❝❛s♦✱ três✮ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✭s✮✱ ♠❛s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡
✶❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❲❛❣♥❡r ▼❡✐r❛ ❏ú♥✐♦r✱ ♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✜❝❛ ❛♣ós ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♦✉
❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ é ♦ ✏s♦❢r✐♠❡♥t♦✑ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳
✺
♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ t❛♥t❛s tr♦❝❛s ❞❡ ✐❞é✐❛s✱ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r q✉❛❧ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ tr✐❧❤❛r ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀
❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ❉❈❈✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ss❡s três ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✿ ❆❧❛♥✱ ❆♥❞ré ❇✐❣♦♥❤❛✱ ❆♥❞ré ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❇❛rr♦❝❛✱ ❍é❧✐♦✱ ❍✉♠❜❡rt♦ ◆✐❣r✐✱ ▼❛r❝♦ ▼♦❞❡st♦ ❡ ❚❤②❡rs♦♥✳
❛♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❉❈❈✱ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ tã♦ ♣r❡st❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛t❡♥❝✐♦s♦s❀
❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦ ♥❛ ❚r❛❥❡t♦✱ ❘❡❝❡✐t❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ❏▲P✱ ❳P❘❖✱ ❛té ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ❋❯◆❈❊❙■✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♦❜t✐❞❛❀
à ❈❆P❊❙ ❡ ❛♦ ❈◆Pq✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❛♠ ♣♦r q✉❛s❡ ✷ ❛♥♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❜♦❧s❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s❀ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❆♥❛t♦♠✐❛ ❞❛ ❉❛♥ç❛ ✭■❈❇✮✱ ♣❡❧♦s ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥tr❛çã♦ ❡ r❡â♥✐♠♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❋❡❧✐♣❡ ♣❡❧❛s ❛✉❧❛s à ♥♦✐t❡✱ ❡ à ❑❛r✐♥ ♣❡❧❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♥♦ ❤♦rár✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♠♦ç♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♠❛ss❛❣❡♥s ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ t❡♥sã♦❀
❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s q✉❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❉❛✲ ♥✐❡❧✱ ❉❡♠étr✐✉s ❡ ❏❡❛♥❀
❛♦s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s✱ q✉❡ s♦✉❜❡r❛♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❡st❛s✱ ❢ér✐❛s ✭♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✮ ❡ ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❡ s❡r❡♠ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣♥♦r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✈✐s✐t❛s✱ ❡♠ ❞❡❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r❛③♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦s ✐♥❛❞✐á✈❡✐s ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❞❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r t♦r❝❡r❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡✉ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛❀
❡ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❙♦❝♦rr♦ ❡ ❱✐r❣í❧✐♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r s❡✉s sá❜✐♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❡ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥♦✐✈❛✱ ❉❡♥✐s❡✱ q✉❡✱ ❥✉♥t♦s✱ s♦✉❜❡r❛♠ t❛♥t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♠❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ✭❡ às ✈❡③❡s ♥ã♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r✮ ♦ q✉ã♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❢♦✐ ❡ss❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛❣✉❡♥t❛r❡♠ ♠❡✉ ♠❛❧ ❤✉♠♦r✱ ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❞❡✐①❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r✱ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ ❞❡ ♠❡ ❞❛r ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r✱ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ❡ss❡ ♣✐❧❛r tr✐♣❧♦✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❜❛s❡✱ ♠❡✉ ❝❤ã♦✱ ❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ à s✉❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ t♦r♥❛r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♠❛✐s ❡st❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✳
❆ ✈♦❝ês✱ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❛♠ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳✷
✷❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝✐t❡✐ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③✱ ❡ ❞❡✐ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✹
✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❱❡t♦r✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷✳✷ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❏❛❝❝❛r❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✸ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✾
✸✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✳✷ ❆ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✸ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✹ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✺ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❛♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡
❙❝❤♦❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✹ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ✶✾
✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❈♦❧❡t❛❞❛s ✷✹
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✸✻
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✸✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✺✳✶ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s P s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣♦r s❡✉s t✐♣♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✺✳✷ ❈✐t❛çõ❡s ❈ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣♦r s❡✉s t✐♣♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✺✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝✐t❛çõ❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✺✳✹ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s P ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✺ ❛♥♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✺✳✺ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s✱ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦
❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ✺ ❛♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✺✳✻ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s✱ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛✲
çã♦ ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ✺ ❛♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✶ ❚♦t❛✐s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s P ❞♦s ✶✳✵✵✵ ❛✉t♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❈✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✺✳✷ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s P ❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❈ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✺✳✸ ◆ú♠❡r♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❡♠
♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✺✳✹ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡
❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✺✳✺ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✺✳✻ ▼é❞✐❛s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✺✳✼ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✺ ❛♥♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✺✳✽ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❈✐t❛çõ❡s ✭❈✮ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ♣♦r P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✭P✮ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✺ ❛♥♦s ✸✷ ✺✳✾ ▼é❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❈✐t❛çõ❡s ❈ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ♣♦r P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s P r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❛
❝❛❞❛ ✺ ❛♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✺✳✶✵ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✺✳✶✶ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ✭❡♠ ■♥❣❧ês✱ ✏❥♦✉r♥❛❧s✑✮✱ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ s❡♠✐♥ár✐♦s✳ ◆❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ sã♦✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❡✲ r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ✭✏❥♦✉r♥❛❧s✑✮✳ ❊st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ é ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❡rt❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s✳
❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❡ ♥♦✈♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡s✲ q✉✐s❛ s❡❥❛♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ é ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ❡ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ t❡♠♣♦ r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡st❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✈ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡ ◆í✈❡❧ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ✭❈❛♣❡s✮ ❡ ♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭❈◆Pq✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦✲ r❡s✱ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ■ss♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ à tr❛❞✐çã♦ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❡ à r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❚❛❧ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡①❝❡❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❞❡ ✷ ❛ ✸ ❛♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ t❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ❧❛r❣❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♥❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ ◆♦ ♣✐♦r ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦❜s♦❧❡t♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
✈ár✐♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛✉✲ t♦r❡s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
• ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s às ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛s ❞♦s ✶✳✵✵✵ ❛✉t♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐t❡ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛ ❡st❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛s✳
• ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱
s❡ sã♦ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳
• ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡st❡s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❛q✉✐ ❞❡✜✲
♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦✳
◆♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r q✉❡✿
• ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❧í✜❝♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠ ❡qü✐✲
t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ❆❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❝r❡s❝✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥✲ ❝✐❛s✳
• ❖s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦s
♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠♦s s❡r ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à tr❛❞✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳
• ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✾✵✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦
❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳
• ◆ã♦ ❤á ♠❛✐s ✐♥❞í❝✐♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s
é ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ três ❡t❛♣❛s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞❡❧❛s é ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝❡♥tr❛❧✳ ◆❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡str❛té✲ ❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❲❡❜✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❛♠♦str❛❧ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡s s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✱ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣s✱ ❧✐✈r♦s✱ r❡❧❛tór✐♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❛✐s ❛rt✐❣♦s sã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❛✐s ❛rt✐❣♦s sã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s✳
❆ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❡ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ é ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ às três ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳
✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❱❡t♦r✐❛❧
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❇❛❡③❛✲❨❛t❡s ❡ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✲◆❡t♦ ❬✸❪✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✈❡t♦r✐❛❧ é ✉♠ ❞♦s três ♠♦❞❡✲ ❧♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ◆♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛t✐✈❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s t❡r♠♦s ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠ t❡r♠♦ ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦ é ✉♠❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣♦r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ s✉❜♠✐ssã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r t❡r♠♦s ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s✳
❙❡❥❛ t ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ki ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦✳ K =
{k1, . . . , kt} é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s t❡r♠♦s ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠ ♣❡s♦ wi,j >0 é ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦
❝♦♠ ❝❛❞❛ t❡r♠♦ ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦ ki ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj✳ P❛r❛ ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦
❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✱ wi,j = 0✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj é ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r
❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s−→dj r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r−→dj = (w1,j, w1,j, . . . , wt,j)✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ s❡❥❛gi
✷✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá❢✐❝❛ ✺
✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ q✉❡ r❡t♦r♥❡ ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦ ki ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✈❡t♦r
t✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳❬✸❪
P❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✈❡t♦r✐❛❧✱ ♦ ♣❡s♦ wi,j ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛r ✭ki, dj✮ é ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡ ♥ã♦✲
❜✐♥ár✐♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣❡s♦s✳ ❙❡❥❛
wi,q ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛r [ki,j, q]✱ ♦♥❞❡wi,q ≥0✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ♦ ✈❡t♦r ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛−→q é
❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ −→q = (w1,q, w2,q, . . . , wt,q) ♦♥❞❡ t é ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s
♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ✈❡t♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r
− →
dj = (w1,j, w1,j, . . . , wt,j)✳❬✸❪
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦dj ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛qsã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡t♦r❡s ❡♠ ✉♠
❡s♣❛ç♦ t✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❱❡t♦r✐❛❧ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡
❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ q ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈❡t♦r❡s
− →
dj ❡ −→q✳ ❆
♣r♦♣♦st❛ é q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡st❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ✈❡t♦r❡s✳ ▼❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✿
sim(dj, q) =
− → dj•−→q
− → dj
×|−→q|
=
Pt
i=1wi,j×wi,q q
Pt i=1w2i,j×
q Pt
i=1w2i,q
♦♥❞❡ − → dj ❡|−
→q| sã♦ ❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❞♦s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ s❡rá
❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♦ ❢❛t♦r r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à ♥♦r♠❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ |−→q| ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t❛rá ❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦
s❡r ♦♠✐t✐❞♦ ❞❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛✳
❯♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❡s♦s wi,j ❡ wi,q é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛
❝♦♠♦ t❢✲✐❞❢ ✭t❡r♠ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲✐♥✈❡rs❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✱ ♦✉ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✱ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❞❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ♥❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦✮✳ ❖ ❢❛t♦r t❢ ♠❡❞❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ki ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦
❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣r♦✈ê ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ q✉ã♦ ❜❡♠ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦
❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❢❛t♦r ✐❞❢ ♠❡❞❡ ♦ q✉ã♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t❡ é ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❞❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ki ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ✐❞❢
é ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❡s♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ t❡r♠♦s ♠❛✐s r❛r♦s ❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡s ú❧t✐♠♦s sã♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
❙❡❥❛N ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ni ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦
q✉❛❧ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡ki ❛♣❛r❡❝❡✳ ❙❡❥❛f reqi,j ❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ki♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦dj
✭❡①✳ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ki é ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦dj✮✳ ❈❛s♦
♦ t❡r♠♦ ki ♥ã♦ ❛♣❛r❡ç❛ ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj✱ ❡♥tã♦ f reqi,j = 0✳ ❆ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛
tfi,j ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ki ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj é ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r tfi,j =
f reqi,j
maxlf reqi,j ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ é
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s t❡r♠♦s ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥♦ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj✳ ❙❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦
ki ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ dj ❡♥tã♦ tfi,j = 0✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦r idf ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r
idfi = lognN
i ❖ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ t❢✲✐❞❢ ✉s❛rá ♣❡s♦s
✷✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá❢✐❝❛ ✻
wi,j =tfi,j ×idfi;wi,q =idfi
❖ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✈❡t♦r✐❛❧ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✳
✷✳✷ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❏❛❝❝❛r❞
❖ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❏❛❝❝❛r❞❬✺❪✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❏❛❝❝❛r❞✱ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐r ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t✐♣♦✳ ❖ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❏❛❝❝❛r❞ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦
J(A, B) = |A
T
B|
|ASB
|✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❆ ❡ ❇ sã♦ ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t✐♣♦✳ ◆❡st❡
❡st✉❞♦✱ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❏❛❝❝❛r❞ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐r ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛q✉✐ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛s ❡ ♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳
❚❛❧ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❉❇▲P ❡ ❆❈▼✲❉▲✳ ❆ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ✐♥❞❡①❛❞❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ s✉❜♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❞❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛s✱ ❡ é ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ é ❢❡✐t♦ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❏❛❝❝❛r❞ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ sã♦ ❛❝❡✐t♦s ♦✉ r❡❥❡✐t❛❞♦s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ é ❢❡✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s
A =♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡ B =♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✐♥❞❡①❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦ é ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❡♥tr❡ ✵✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❡ ✶✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s✳
❖s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠í♥✐♠♦s ❛❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✱ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s✲ ❝✉t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✳
✷✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
✷✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá❢✐❝❛ ✼
✷✵ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s✳ ✏❖ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ■♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥ã♦ ♥♦s ❞✐③ t❛♥t♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❡♥s❛r s♦❜r❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❡stã♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♥❞♦✑✳ ❊❧❡s ❝♦♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❞✐③❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛✈❛✲ ❧✐❛r❡♠ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❞❡ ♥❛çõ❡s ❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❥✉❧❣❛r❡♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦✳ ◆ós ♣❡♥s❛♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠✉✐t❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✳
❖ P▲♦❙ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❡ ❊❞✐t♦r✐❛❧❬✽❪ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❜✲ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ♦✉ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ❡❞✐t♦r✐❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ✏❥♦❣❛r ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦✑✳ ❊❞✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❡♥❝♦r❛❥❛♠ ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛ ❝✐t❛r ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ♦✉ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛r r❡✈✐sõ❡s q✉❡ ✐rã♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s✳ ❊♠ ♥♦ss♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♥♦t❛r ♠✉✐t♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ r❡✈✐s❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡✲♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡st❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡✈✐s❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✱ ❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❛s ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡①✐st✐r ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦✳
❙❡❣❧❡♥ ❬✶✹❪ ❝r✐t✐❝❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❛ís❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✲♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛s ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❈◆Pq ❡ ❈❛♣❡s ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ♣❡s♦ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✸ ✈❡③❡s ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳
❍❡❝❤t ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✾❪ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❡♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ♥❛❞❛ ❡rr❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❡❧❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♥♦♠❡ ❡rr❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡rr❛❞❛s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡❧❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ❡rr♦♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊❧❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦ ❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡✉✳ P♦r ❡①t❡♥sã♦✱ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ é ✉s❛❞♦ ❡rr♦♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é ❢❡✐t❛✳ ❊❧❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s❡❥❛ ❛❜♦❧✐❞♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ s❡❥❛ r❡♥♦♠❡❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♠❛♥t❡r s✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ q✉❡ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐r ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ ❡ ♥❛❞❛ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✳
✷✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá❢✐❝❛ ✽
❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥✲ ❝✐❛s sã♦ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s tê♠ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡stí❣✐♦ q✉❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡ ✶✵✪✳
❖ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r❬✶✺❪✱ ❡♠ ▼❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✸✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❝❛❞❛str❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛✱ ✽ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡stã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✶✵ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♠♣❛❝t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦s ✷ r❡st❛♥t❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✱ ❡ s❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐r♠♦s ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ✺✵ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✱ ✉♠ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✸✷ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦s ✶✽ r❡st❛♥t❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝❛s♦ ❢♦ss❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐♥❢❡r✐r q✉❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥♦ t♦♣♦✱ t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❛r✲s❡ ❛♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛♠♦s ♥❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸
❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s
✸✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♥♦t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s✉❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❡♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❢♦rt❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝✐t❛r ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ♠❛✐s ❝✐t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙✳ ❇r✐♥ ❡ ❏✳ P❛❣❡❬✹❪✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ s✉❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭Pr♦✲ ❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡✈❡♥t❤ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲✐❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✮✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ t❡♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦ ✭❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ ■❙❉◆ ❙②st❡♠s✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞í❝✐♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ é ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ✽ ❞♦s ✶✵ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳
P❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡st❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ s✉❣❡stã♦ s❡r✐❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ r❡❛❧ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✳ ❊st❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ s❡rá ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✿ s❡ ✉♠ ❛✉t♦r é ♠✉✐t♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦✱ ❡❧❡ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❡♠ s✉❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛♠ s❡✉s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♠♣❛❝t♦✳
P❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ✈ár✐❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛♠♦s ❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r✳
❈✐t❡❙❡❡r
❖ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r❬✶✽❪ é ❛✉t♦✲❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦
✏✳✳✳✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ q✉❡
✸✳ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✶✵
❡♥❢♦❝❛ ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r é ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝✉st♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ r❛♣✐❞❡③ ♥♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✳✑❬✶✻❪
❋♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ◆❊❈ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♣❡❧♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❙t❡✈❡ ▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡✱ ▲❡❡ ●✐❧❡s ❡ ❑✉rt ❇♦❧❧❛❝❦❡r✱ ❡ ❡stá ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❤♦s♣❡❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ P❡♥♥ ❙t❛t❡✬s ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛♦s ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▲❡❡ ●✐❧❡s✳
❈♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✷✹✸✳✽✸✼ ❡ ✹✶✶✳✵✸✷ ❛✉t♦r❡s✶✱
t♦❞♦s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✱ ❡♥❝♦♥✲ tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❲❡❜✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ t♦r♥❛r✐❛♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉❛ ❜❛s❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛✲ ❞❛s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s❀ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ✭❝♦♠♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦✱ ♥♦♠❡s ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✮❀ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❣r❛t✉✐t❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ❛r ♣♦r s❡♠❛♥❛s ✐♥✐♥t❡rr✉♣t❛s✱ ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛✲s❡ ♦♣❡r❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ s✉❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥ã♦ r❡t♦r♥❛✈❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✐③❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ✐♥❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ ❆P■ t♦r♥♦✉ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧ ❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s✳
❉❇▲P
❆ ❉❇▲P❬✶✶❪ é ✉♠ s✐t❡ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tät ❚r✐❡r✱ ♥❛ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛✱ ❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✵✳ ❊♠ ◆♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✹ ❡❧❛ ❧✐st❛✈❛ ✺✻✻✳✻✻✻ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❖✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✽✵✵✳✵✵✵ ❛rt✐❣♦s ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r ❛❧t❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦✱ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❛ ❉❇▲P ♥ã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❞❛❞♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♥♦ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ✭t❛♥t♦ q✉❛✐s ❛rt✐❣♦s sã♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❛✐s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐t❛♠ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦✮✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
❆ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡r② ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ▲✐❜r❛r② ✭❆❈▼✲❉▲❬✶❪✮ é ❛✉t♦✲ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛✿
✏✳✳✳✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞ ❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❡ ❜♦❧❡t✐♥s ❞❡ ♥♦tí❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❆❈▼ ✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✑✳❬✷❪
✸✳ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✶✶
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦✱ ❝✐t❛✲ çõ❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦✱ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ s❡✉ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❛ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❆❈▼✱ r❡str✐♥❣✐♥❞♦✲ ♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❤❛✈❡r ❞✐st♦rçõ❡s ♥❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r
P♦r ✜♠✱ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✱ ♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ✭●❙✮✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ❝❤❛✲ ♠❛❞❛ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ❣r❛t✉✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❲❡❜✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❡ ❞✐s❝✐✲ ♣❧✐♥❛s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s✳ ▲❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❡♠ ◆♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♦ ●❙ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s✱ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛❜❡rt❛s✱ ♦✉ ♦ s✐t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣❛❣♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❛ ❊❧s❡✈✐❡r✱ ♠❛✐♦r ❡❞✐t♦r❛ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❖ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❙❝❤♦❧❛r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✜❧tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ♠❛✐♦r ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❜✉s❝❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✜❧tr♦ q✉❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛ ♥♦♠❡s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r❡s✳ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❢❛s❡ ❇❡t❛✱ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ✈❡♠ s♦❢r❡♥❞♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❧t❡✲ r❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❯♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ●❙ é s✉❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ P❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❡ ❈♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦✈❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ q✉ã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ é s❡✉ ❛❝❡r✈♦✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦r s❡✉s ❞❛❞♦s ❛❜r❛♥❣❡r❡♠ ♠❡t❛✲❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r✱ ❉❇▲P✱ ❆❈▼✲❉▲ ❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❞✐t♦r❛s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s✱ s❡✉s ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♦s ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
✸✳✷ ❆ ❙♦❧✉çã♦
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛✐s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♦s ❝✐t❛♠✱ t♦r♥♦✉✲ s❡ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❈✐t❡❙❡❡r✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✐♥st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❞❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❡ ♦ ❉❇▲P✱ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s às ❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ✐♥❞❡①❛❞♦s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❆❈▼ ❉▲ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣♦r ✐♥❞❡①❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❞❛ ❆❈▼✱ ❡①❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❞❛ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs ✭■❊❊❊✮✳
