Influence of Organic Materials-Formulated Media and Interval Water
Supply on Seedling Growth of Gmelina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.)
Suli Suswana
Department of Agrotechnology
Nusantara Islamic University, Bandung, Indonesia
Abstract - Organic materials can improve the seedling grow media through
increasing water holding capacity, nutrients availabilities, and improve its physical and biological condition. In West Java, there are many sources of organic materials that can be used as a component of the media. However, there have not known which is better of the organic materials type and how its formulation yet. The objective of the study is to test four of the organic material types as a component formulation of grow media in different water supply interval in these effects on seedling growth of gmelina. This experiment was conducted in Green House of Agricultural Faculty of Nusantara Islamic University in Bandung at elevation 695 meters above sea level, from November 2014 until February 2015. The experiment used Split Plot Design, where kind and proportion of organic materials treatment laid as sub-plots, and interval water supply treatment as main-plots. The organic materials formulated media treatment comprised of: control (o0), 1/3 part consist solid cow manure (o1),
2/3 part consist solid cow manure (o2), 1/3 part consist solid goat manure (o3),
2/3 part consist solid goat manure (o4), 1/3 part consist broiler litter (o5), 2/3
part consist broiler litter (o6), 1/3 part consist of domestic waste compost (o7),
2/3 part consist of domestic waste compost (o8). The formulated media was
made based on volumetric measurement. The interval water supply comprised of: one time per day (i1), 2 times per day (i2), and 3 times per day (i3).
Observation of seedling growth variables was done at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after transplanting (WAT). The results showed that plants height at 8 WAT, in interval water supply i1 treatment, at o1, o5, o7, and o8 treatments higher
significantly than o0 treatment. At 12 WAT, in water supply i1, at o5 and o7
higher significantly than o0. Whereas, in water supplies i2 and i3, no one of the
organic materials treatments that have better effect than control treatment, either 8 WAT nor 12 WAT. At 8 and 12 WAT, it is no significance interacting effect on leafs broad, but its main effect of formulated organic materials of the media treatment significance at 8 WAT, where broad leaf at o8 higher
significantly than o0. On the contrary, leaf broad at o6 lower significantly than
o0. At 12 WAT, main effect of the both factors extend significance effects,
where leaf broad of i2 and i3 treatments higher significantly than i1; and o3, o4,
and o8 higher significantly than o0. The o1 treatment was higher substantially
than o0. Whole of the study can be concluded that formulated media with 2/3
part soil + 1/3 part solid cow manure, 2/3 part soil + 1/3 broiler litter, or 2/3 part soil + 2/3 domestic waste compost could enhance water used efficiency, that are sufficient with interval water supply once a day.
1 Introduction
Frequently occurred flooding disaster in rainy season that are often causing lost of properties have appeared awareness many stakeholders, that main causing factor occurring of the disaster are environmental damages in the upper watershed that should function as catchment areas. The environmental damages attributed by over clearing of the arable land, where the activities intentional were done by the farmers due to varying reasons.
Damages of the forest and land function that identified as critical land in Indonesia are 82,176,444.16 hectares comprised of 29,916,610.99 hectares critical - very critical categories and 52,259,833.17 hectares approximately critical categories (Ministry of Forestry - RI, 2013). In West Java founded 608,813 hectares critical land. For reforestation the critical land needed 530,261,965 stalks seedling of perennial plants (Statistical Center Office of West Java Province, 2008).
Limited availabilities of the seedling on time and low in qualities are frequently become causing lowly successful of the reforestation programs. Inadequate seedling availability might be resulted by failure in its production processes. Successful the seedling production begins with good growing media (Leonard and Rangarajan, 2007). Seedling grow media in poly-beg with specific size in reality is a very micro ecosystem, where biotic and a-biotic components interacting together in a limiting space. The problematically is how to manipulate the very micro ecosystem so that be favorable for seedling growing.
Letey (1985) stated that soil moisture is a key variable of soil physical parameters that is directly associating with plant growth. Together with other soil physic, increasing/decreasing moisture will influence soil water potential, oxygen diffusion rate, temperature, and soil mechanic strange, that whole have directly correlation with plant growth. From forth of the soil physic parameter, soil water content is a dominant controlling factor. While, three others factors are under influence of the soil water content. Increasingly soil water content over optimum limit will alleviate soil aeration that unfavorable for plants, but decreasing penetration strength that favorable for plants. Whereas, decreasing soil water content approximately wilting coefficient, beside resulting plants are stressing water deficiency, also these resulting soil physical alteration become hard and massive with its consequently are difficult for root penetration.
The term least limiting water range (LLWR) has been introduced by da Silva et al. (1994). LLWR is the range in soil water content which is defined (a) at the upper end by the soil water content at an arbitrary value of non-limiting air-filled porosity or at nominal field capacity (-0.01 MPa), whichever is the lower, and (b) at the lower end by the water content at an arbitrary value of limiting soil strength (3.0 MPa) or the water content at nominal wilting point ( -1.5 MPa), whichever is the greater. According Zau (2000) the least limiting water range defines a water content range across which plant growth is less affected by soil aeration, soil matric potential, and soil strength. A wide range indicates that the soil is more resilient to environmental stre sses. A narrow range implies the soil is less resilient to environmental stresses and plants growing in this soil are more likely to suffer from water stress, soil mechanical impedance, or poor aeration and are likely to be less productive. Water relations, soil aeration, and soil mechanical condition are important components of ecosystem processes, and LLWR integrates the effects of these factors and so may be an important indicator to describe ecosystem processes (Zau et al., 2000). Drury (2003) stated that LLWR increased with organic C.
mechanic strength. Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) can constrain root growth in water content field capacity, and hence lower water content is needed to achieve ODR adequately. On the other hand, mechanical soil strength that impede root growth can occur in soil water content approximately permanently wilting point, and hence is needed higher soil water content to avoid root growth obstacle of the highly mechanic soil strength.
USDA (2002) explained that total water held by a soil is called water-holding capacity. However, not all soil water is available for extraction by plant roots. The volume of water available to plants that a soil can store is referred to as available water capacity (AWC). Total water holding capacity was directly influenced by soil organic matter content. Organic matter behaves somewhat like a sponge. It has the ability to absorb and hold up to 90 percent of its weight in water. Another great advantage of organic matter is that it releases nearly all of the water it holds for use by plants.
Practices that increase soil moisture content can be categorized in three groups: (i) those that increase water infiltration; (ii) those that manage soil evaporation; and (iii) those that increase soil moisture storage capacities. All three are related to soil organic matter (Bot and Benites, 2005). Hudson (1994) showed that for each 1-percent increase in soil organic matter, the available water holding capacity in the soil increased by 3.7 percent. Certain types of soil organic matter can hold up to 20 times their weight in water (Reicosky, 2005). Ingham (2000) stated that soil organic matter is the storehouse for the energy and nutrients used by plants and other organisms.
Karama et al. (1990) reported that soil organic matter as soil biological buffer that have functions in improving physical, chemical, and biological soil properties, so the soil can supply nutrients in balance quantities. Overstreet and DeJong-Huges (2012) suggested that soil organic matter has been directly and positively related to soil fertility. Increasing of soil organic matter have several advantages such as: reduced bulk density; increased aggregate stability; resistance to soil compaction; enhanced fertility; reduced nutrient leaching; and increased biological activity.
Lickacz and Penny (2012) suggested that soil organic matter consists of a variety of components. These include, in varying proportions and many intermediate stages: raw plant residues and microorganisms (1 to 10 %); "active" organic fraction (10 to 40%); stable organic matter (40 to 60 %) also referred to as humus. The "active" and some of the stable soil organic components, together with microorganisms (especially fungi) are involved in binding small soil particles into larger aggregates.
Organic matter addition improved soil structure, enhance water and nutrients holding capacity, conserve soil from crusting, and encourage healthy soil microorganism communities (USDA, 2006). Organic fertilization increased total-C, total-N, decomposer activities, and nutrients supply through soil food web chain. Organic fertilizers stimulate ecosystem serve water regulating higher than inorganic fertilizers, and extend more contribution on soils structural maintaining than inorganic fertilizers (Eikeren et al, 2009).
The other concern associated with soil organic matter is soil enzyme. Soil enzymes play an important role in soil organic decomposition and nutrients cycling. Some enzymes facilitated organic matter decomposition only, while the others involved nutrients mineralization. Organic matter addition into the soils might encourage increasing soil enzymes activities. Absently or suppressing on soil enzymes protected or alleviated processes that might influence plants nutrition (USDA, 2011).
without inhibitor; air, water, and nutrients that needed by plants and soil microorganisms may be moving in the soil relatively easy; added water will relatively easy to infiltrate into the media; and involving soil microorganism in soil organic matter decomposition and mineralization will proliferate and spread to entire of the media. According to Chen and McConnell (2014) composts have been widely used for vegetable, fruit, and field crop production because compost amendments improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and suppress diseases.
Just clear that soil organic matter is a central component of the soil qualities, that is also seedling grow media quality. Therefore, in order to perform a favorable media for seedling growing of gmelina, organic material is a potential component of the grow media. Cases in West Java, there are many types/sources of organic materials. Several types of compost have been widely used for seedling production in combining with soil. However, there have not known which is better to use in formulated grow media for seedling production of gmelina. What types of organic materials should be used ? How much organic materials proportion to formulate the seedling grow media?
The objective of the study is to test four kinds of organic material as a component of grow media in different water supply interval and these effect on seedling growth of gmel ina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). Specifically, this study aim to find a type of the best organic material to use as a component of the media; to find a manner of media water management which is effective and efficient, sufficient to meet water needed for seedling growing and not excessive that might make nutrients leaching; and to find a formulation of the grow media and interval water supply that appropriate to produce higher qualities of gmelina seedlings and more efficient economically.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Location and Time
The experiment was carried out at Green House of Agricultural Faculty of Islamic Nusantara University in Bandung Indonesia, with elevation 695 meters above sea level, from November 2014 until February 2015.
2.2 Materials
Mineral soils was derived from agricultural field of upland in Cipadung, an area of outer border of the Bandung City. Materials of solid cow manure was derived from a cow husbandry corporation in Cijapati of Bandung District; solid goat manure derived from
“Putra Sariwangi – Farmer Group” products; broiler litter was derived from a poultry
husbandry in Cibiru – Bandung; and domestic waste compost derived from processing group of domestic waste in Karasak Resident – Bandung City. Gmelina seeds derived from selling
group “Tanjung Harapan” in Cigendel – Sumedang District, West Java.
Some instruments were used in this experiment included polybag 6.7 cm diameter, watering -device, ruler, and transparency plastic sheet.
2.3 Experimental Design
solid goat manure (o3), 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid goat manure (o4), 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part broiler litter (o5), 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part broiler litter (o6), 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part domestic waste compost (o7), and 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part domestic waste compost ( o8). The proportion was made based on volumetric measurement.
2.4 Preparation Media, Transplanting and Watering
Seedling grow medias were made by mixed soil and organic material with formulation according to the treatments. The both components that have mixed evenly, furthermore it was entered into polybag, and then watered as enough as to reach field capacity. Bef ore growing with sprout of the gmelina seed, the media was incubated formerly during 2 weeks. Simultaneously with media preparation, gmelina seed was germinated on certain media that composted of mixed sandy soils. After the sprouts appear on the media surface, just were transplanted into prepared seedling grow medias. Watering operation was conducted since transplanting according to interval water supply treatments.
2.5 Observation
To evaluate seedling growing performance, we measured plants height and broad leafs variables at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after transplanting (WAT).
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Plant Height
Interacting effect of both factors was not significant on plants height at 4 WAT, but main effect of the organic materials formulated media was significant (see Table 1).
Table 1: The effect of organic materials formulated media and watering interval on plants height at 4 weeks after transplanting
Treatments Plants Height (cm)
Mainplot factors:
i1 = watering one time each day i2 = watering two times each day i3 = watering three times each day
10,51a 12,22a 12,85a Subplot factors:
o0 = control treatment (without organic material) o1 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid cow manure o2 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid cow manure o3 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid goat manure o4 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid goat manure o5 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part broiler litter o6 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part broiler litter
o7 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3part domestic waste compost o8 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part domestic waste compost
Although it was non-significant, there are a trend that is more frequently water supplied plant height more higher. While, main effect of the organic materials formulated media showed that plants height at formulated media 1/3 part soil + 2/3 broiler litter (o6) was contrary lower than control treatment and the others treatment. It indicated that o6-treatment did not create a favorable condition for seedling growing. It was caused by or over lowly bulk density, hence it has least micro and moderate pores that was function as water holder, and dominantly macro pores as passing out channel of the drainage water, and as consequently lower in available water capacity. The others treatment of the formulated media, also no one was higher than control treatment in plants height.
At 8 WAT interacting effect of the both factors was very significant on plants height (see Table 2). Where, in the i2-treatment rate, contrary plants height at o6-treatment, o3-treatment, and o1-treatment lower than control treatment. The others treatments are also no one higher significantly than control treatment. Just as in the watering interval i2-treatment rate, no one treatment of the organic material formulated media was higher significantly than control treatment in plants height. Whereas, in the watering interval i1-treatment rate, the o1-treatment, o5-treatment, o7 -treatment, and o8-treatment higher than control treatment (o0) in plants height. All of the three treatments extended better effects on the plants growth than control treatment as a result of these effects on improving grow media condition, especially in enhancing available water capacities. These treatments were also better in water holding capacities, so those were able to supply water to meet seedling needed for a longer period.
Table 2: Simple effect of the organic materials formulated media and watering interval on Plants height (cm) at 8 weeks after transplanting (WAT)
Organic materials formulated media treatment Water supply interval
i1 i2 i3
o0 = control treatment (without organic material) 25,70 ab A 38,50bc B 38,25cde B
o1 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid cow manure 36,90 c B 27,37a A 35,27cd AB
o2 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid cow manure 21,07 a A 32,60abc B 25,27b AB
o3 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid goat manure 24,98 ab
A 25,83
a
A 31,35
bc
A
o4 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid goat manure 31,67 bc A 37,62bc A 39,32cde A
o5 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part broiler litter 38,70c B
26,42a A
47,10e B
o6 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part broiler litter 16,70 a A 30,10ab B 7,18a A
o7 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part domestic waste compost 38,50 c A 33,25abc A 40,67de A
o8 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part domestic waste compost 35,77 c
A 41,53
c
AB 47,85e B Exp.: Two average values aim to vertical that attributed by the same lowercase and to horizontal
that attributed by uppercase were not different significantly according to LSD at 5%.
contrast, clay holds great quantities of water, but much of it is unavailable for plants (USDA, 1996). However, the result of this study showed that is not all of the organic material types and formulated media have the same effectiveness in increasing water holding capacities, as that indicated by seedling growth. On the contrary, plant height of the o6-treatment and o2-treatment substantially lower than control treatment. Even so, it is not be as expected the effect of the both treatments, it seems not as effect of the organic material types, but it was more affected by over proportion of the organic materials in the media, exception for domestic waste compost. The proportion as much 2/3 part, either broiler litter or cow manure, in formulated media is excessively, that might extend negative effect. The negative effect could be over dominantly macropores of the media and minor in micropores, so that consequently the media have lower available water capacity than control treatment. On the other hand, the proportion 2/3 part of the formulated media was not extend negative effect. It might due to this ma terial has been well composted.
Associated with goat manure treatments, 1/3 – 2/3 parts in formulated media was not significant differently than control treatment. It might due to physically its texture finer than the others organic material tested, so that did not extended negative effect in 2/3 part proportion, but so it has not able to increase available water capacity of the media, least of all until 8 WAT.
The same as at 8 WAT, at 12 WAT interacting effect of both factors was very significant on plants height (see Table 3).
Table 3: Simple effect of the organic materials formulated media and watering interval on Plants height (cm) at 12 weeks after transplanting (WAT)
Organic materials formulated media treatment Water supply interval
i1 i2 i3
o0 = control treatment (without organic material) 49,67 b A 70,17cd B 65,83bcd AB
o1 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid cow manure 59,33 bc A 50,43ab A 63,50bcd A
o2 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid cow manure 35,33 a A 63,58bcd B 53,33b AB
o3 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid goat manure 42,33 ab A 47,67ab A 57,67bc A
o4 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid goat manure 56,67bc A
65,33bcd A
72,17cd A
o5 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part broiler litter 69,17c B
43,17a A
72,42cd B
o6 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part broiler litter 27,33 a A 55,83abcd B 13,50a A
o7 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part domestic waste compost 69,17 c A 54,67abc A 67,00bcd A
o8 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part domestic waste compost 55,33 bc A 74,67d B 77,92d B
Plants height in watering interval i2-treatment rate, no one of the organic materials formulated treatments higher than control treatment. On the contrary, the plants height of the o5-treatment, o3-treatment, and o1-treatment were lower significantly than control treatment (o0). This fact might be presumable occurred as these effects on decreasing available water capacities of the media due to decrease in field capacities and increase in drainage pores. Higher percentage of the drainage pores have on easily occurring drainage water flow when watering operation done. The drainage water flow could leach some nutrients that are in soil solution ones. In this watering interval rate, there was the same trend between different organic materials types tested. Where, plants height tend to be higher substantially with higher proportion of the organic materials formulated media. It might be presumable that were more highly quantities of the organic materials more nutrients can be released to compensate the nutrients losses by leaching.
In watering interval i3-treatment rate, it was also plants height at organic material formulated treatments no one higher than control treatment. On the contrary, plants height at the o6-treatment was lower significantly than control treatment. It might as a result of the occurring of nutrients leaching extremely intensive doe to more highly drainage water flow that was promoted by a combination between higher percentage of the drainage pores and more frequently water supply. This case was only occurred in this treatment, due to its ph ysical characteristic was very roughly. In this watering interval treatment, increasing of formulated organic materials of the media extended different effect on plant growth. Increasing proportion of broiler litter, that have very roughly physical characteristic, it has influence decreased significantly on plants height. The same as for solid cow manure that relatively have physical characteristic more roughly than the others ones. While, increasing proportion of the solid goat manure and domestic was te compost that have finer physical characteristic, increasing proportion extended influence increasing plants height. It was caused that increasing proportion of the organic materials type did not promote formation of drainage pores.
That is interesting that is in condition where water supply was limited, the treatment of the organic materials formulated media are some of those could influence positively on plant growth. Such as shown in table 3, plants height of the o5-treatment and o7-treatment was higher significantly than control treatment. It indicated that were the organic materials formulated media could be able to increase water available capacities of the media. That meaning it is also able to increase water use efficiency. The increasing water uses efficiency as a result of the organic material formulated media was not occurred when water supply are not limited. Thus, addition of the 1/3 part of the broiler litter or domestic waste compost is important in condition where water supply are limited, but not in adversely condition. More rarely interval water supply will consequent on more reduced in moisture content of the media. The organic material types as much 1/3 part of the media more effective to impede the rate of soil mois ture losses. Chen and McConnel (2014) suggested that desirable moisture of media for foliage production is 50 – 75%.
Although not significant, plants height of the o1-treatment was also higher substantially than control treatment. Adversely, plants height of the o6-treatment was lower significantly than control treatment. Exception for solid goat manure type, in watering interval one time each day (i1), increasing organic materials proportion of the media tend to decrease plants growth. It mean that 2/3 part proportion of the organic materials type have been excessive in associate with watering interval that one time each day.
3.2 Leaves Broad
Table 4: Simple effect of the organic materials formulated media and watering interval on Leaves broad (cm2) at 4 weeks after transplanting (WAT)
Organic materials formulated media treatment Water supply interval
i1 i2 i3
o0 = control treatment (without organic material) 67,33 ab A 88,00ab A 95,00abc A
o1 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid cow manure 129,33 b A 126,00ab A 72,33ab A
o2 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid cow manure 78,00 ab A 177,67b B 128,67bc AB
o3 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid goat manure 123,33 b A 95,67ab A 130,00bc A
o4 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid goat manure 95,00 ab A 108,67ab A 129,67bc A
o5 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part broiler litter 53,33 ab A 60,67a A 124,00bc A
o6 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part broiler litter 25,50 a A 83,67ab A 12,33a A
o7 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part domestic waste compost 237,33c B
71,67a A
232,67d B
o8 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part domestic waste compost 76,67 ab A 113,00ab AB 188,67cd B
Exp.: Two average values aim to vertical that attributed by the same lowercase and to horizontal that attributed by uppercase were not different significantly according to LSD at 5%.
In interval water supply i2-treatment rate, no one of the organic material formulated media treatments that higher significantly than control treatment in leaves broad. Wh ereas, in interval water supply i1 and i3-treatment rates, the o7-treatment was higher significantly than control treatment in leaves broad. In interval water supply i1-treatment rate, leaves broad at the o1-treatment and o3-treatment was higher substantially than control treatment. Adversely, leaves broad at the o6-treatment lower substantially than control treatment. In interval water supply i2-treatment rate, leaves broad at the o1-treatment was also higher substantially than control treatment.
At 8 WAT, interacting effect of the both factors was not significant on leaves broad, but main effect of the organic materials formulated media treatment was significant (see Table 5).
lower than control treatment. This effect, if we compared with its effect on plant height parameter, it was inconsistent. On the other hand, the broiler litter shown of standpoint its decomposition stage, also categorized has not matured enough yet. Because of the organic material most comprised of hull of rice, and less in broiler’s feces, so that has slow decomposition rate. Consequently, lower in released nutrients for plants extraction.
Table 5: The effect of organic materials formulated media and interval water supply on Leaves broad at 8 weeks after transplanting (WAT)
Treatments Leaves broad (cm2)
Mainplot factors:
i1 = watering one time each day i2 = watering two times each day i3 = watering three times each day
374,22 456,74 447,59 Subplot factors:
o0 = control treatment (without organic material) o1 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid cow manure o2 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid cow manure o3 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid goat manure o4 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid goat manure o5 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part broiler litter o6 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part broiler litter
o7 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3part domestic waste compost o8 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part domestic waste compost
382,78 bc 455,22 bc 355,44 ab 390,89 bc 546,00 cd 379,44 bc 201,67 a 458,22 bc 666,00 d Exp. : Two average numeral inter each factor that attributed by the same character were not different significantly according to LSD at 5%.
At 12 WAT, the interacting effect of the both factors was not significant on leaves broad, but main effect of each factor was significant (see Table 6). Leaves broad at interval water supply i2 and i3 higher than i1, but i3 tend to lower than i2. It indicated that watering interval 3 times each day has resulted excessive moisture content in the media during longer period, so that limited pores for air. Therefore, regardless the effect of organic materials formulated media, interval water supply for growing media of gmelina seedling are sufficient 2 times each day.
The o4-treatment and o8-treatment were higher significantly than control treatment in leaves broad. Meanwhile, leaves broad at the o1-treatment and o3-treatment were higher substantially than control treatment. Adversely, leaves broad at the o6-treatment lower substantially than control treatment.
Table 6: The effect of organic materials formulated media and interval water supply on Leaves broad at 12 weeks after transplanting (WAT)
Treatments Leaves broad (cm2)
Mainplot factors:
i1 = watering one time each day i2 = watering two times each day i3 = watering three times each day
723,48a 1023,07b
898,00b Subplot factors:
o0 = control treatment (without organic material) o1 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid cow manure o2 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid cow manure o3 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid goat manure o4 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid goat manure o5 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part broiler litter o6 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part broiler litter
o7 = 2/3 part soil + 1/3part domestic waste compost o8 = 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part domestic waste compost
768,56ab 899,56abc
778,67ab 969,11bc 1276,11c 717,56ab 537,67a 785,67ab 1200,78c Exp. : Two average numeral inter each factor that attributed by the same character were not different significantly according to LSD at 5%.
If we compared between the treatments effect on the plants height and on the leaves broad, there was inconsistency in the 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part broiler litter treatment ( o5). Where, its effect on plants height was higher significantly than control, especi ally in the interval water supply once a day based on observation at 12 WAT. Meanwhile, its effect on leaves broad was lower than control, although non-significant. In this context, it could be explained that seedling growth appearance was highly but thin. This seedling performance is certainly not desirable.
4 Conclusion
For seedling production of gmelina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) formulated media with 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid cow manure, 2/3 part soil + 1/3 broiler litter, or 2/3 part soil + 2/3 domestic waste compost could enhance water used efficiency, that are sufficient with interval water supply once a day.
Regardless given watering interval, formulated media with the 2/3 part soil + 1/3 part solid cow manure, 1/3 part soil + 2/3 part solid goat manure, or 1/3 part soil + 2/3 domestic waste compost could be suggested in seedling production of gmelina.
Regardless the effect of formulated media, the best interval water supply for seedling growing of gmelina is 2 times each day.
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