• Nenhum resultado encontrado

Condensação-psi do DNA: um estudo teórico e experimental

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Share "Condensação-psi do DNA: um estudo teórico e experimental"

Copied!
67
0
0

Texto

(1)
(2)

!"# $ %&'())*

+,-()".+)

/ 00

123456"%"7 8 9 8 6!

"0" "(: !; " +-< ,%"< =7%<>-< " "7 00 77456"%"7 8 98 6!7771<"

4=??(

(3)

2@ ;5"<00"8 @"A " B C "< "B3

!" - ! 6! "C < ""C" -"8 " " "< "!<5" / 0 " D !4 E5 " "F E"5 ; "F55F!D

6 ;" 5 " 5 5"5 "0 "G0 D " H /I " D"8 < "<-"!<5"2%6J 3 "" ";DK E"5 !

; "00!";5 D" "!<;K " "6!"-0"0"GL "C "C " 0M" -;" " "-;"

%-50!" -"8 "0

/5"%6J !"-G" "-" 1"!E5 -"8 ;"G" $"D N " "C <5 - D - G" C " - " " 4LG" 5K5"E0- EG" 2"@IGB3 5FE5D0"5"55"5

(4)

7GGG ;G!"G ""A

5"-- !6!0 " G AI-" G-AI-" -G-AI-"!;AI-"AI-"AOAI-" AI-"I0GG 1G IG" G 0 I IG G " -""E50--G .-G .-G" .-G.-G 0

1GG ";"5GG" 5"5""0 G " - G 0" H/I " - " 1G - IG I 0 - " G " %6J 2"A GA"" "3 2%6J 3 G%6JP0-"AC

E"50IGG!"

Q " G G G A0 - ;I " " I0 G @G"HB;0" " 000"" G AA "0G 0!I-" GA0 "-G-;"A-GHA "

"I50;GG "!""AG-" -G"0A G "A I 50 G " - "0 G "A

G%6J " -G " I""-G"C-G!"A "5GIG "0G""GGIG G -G N ""I"GA50IG!G " --I-G G" "H"A -G "G GGG0- G" "I0

(5)

260"G53%0?()

2%053%0(++

%0+,

R 6 G %6J 0

-"AC

R$A0A-;0 " " " I0 0

R%"A - "

R%"A 5-G

"00-G-"!;""A"

(6)

@G5EGE5GEGB

K0 G8

!

1 50

/;L/; / G60;S

T5 / G<-U5"GD CK

"- 8 E"C "CE G0"V

6; <-CE G

VS

0V

@6B

(7)

QG7A0 =A07"C-GG0 -IHG"A;G;V G"AI"G0I 0G@;"GHI"0B/5G"=A7G5""; ;;5""7"GG GG0"H@;"GHI"0B1G ; H0-G HI"0 IGGIGG05GA G0G5A; 5I; - GIG GG G0AI" 5

T"A;- AIGIG "A5"5GVA7IG HI"0 A ;"5 -G G TK - G " 1GH "50A"-G5""I GG-A QGA-GPII7VGG0GIGAGP "5 7 "A I" ; I0 G " 1GH A I - A ;"

I7G"AGHA5 00IGG -;GA -HWIG0 5"A%G GGG -A -

%- GHA-GAA - "0IG"A GA ""A-G50 AG 1G

G-G--"0";GA 5HG GGA -" "I"";" G "" -G 0 -GG7A""VGI" G GV XG505GAIHG5 "AAG5 "GGH

%-HA0 0G"+AG! G0AG "A P5I0A"50GG"IH00GIGA7 """A;;GA ;7""AGIG" - GI "H-GI5A ";" !-; G-G !"0GGA ""AG ";"X"CGG@;"GHI"0BX G"0GIG"27G-- "-03"""5A ""G --G 0G;HP0GG;"-YQ"" Z "AA/A"500GIGGG0AG ;"-GI7G5HIG7IP-05 X@05B5A0GQ"""""HG"I" 7G55G 7IAG7;IG""-7Q000())>())? NA GHAJNVGIG""A-"G -IG70G 0GH-G G"7 -G00"-"0G0IG GG5A-IA 50 A1GG-"-S

(8)

IGGI Q00% "9;-GG"IGGTN 0G";P--7GG7G5-05%GG-GIAAGHA0GIAIG-"G;

Y%GA;--;"NA- ""0G GA G5G"5"1IIGN 2 H@$AB39 GA52;AGIA70 "Q00S3-7"-W"70; HG-"AIG"G H"A-GG@1"$B"G; 5;ANN -"A@ H GT77B1G"AI-G-G7G5;05;A-0A A%1GHA""-G IG5G0G

NA GHIGIG7GG" 7G5"55G",A IGG ;1GHA-"H;A --5""GA

Y0 HI"05;AIGGA"-HAA %2--A-"A3IG"G5AG ";G"G VA/7J/

(9)

0G--H-!IG GA;G-AGC GIV0GG0!2"3GG0! 231G"GA "-- ;IGI0G C-G"5 "$"""AG5"5 "IGC-G -02\])) 3IG " C2])*])>3

T0G "0G "- """A2^^_3@"""B;GA "0A37"" -G" -GI" ".;37""-GEA -GG0";" " 37""-HA " ;.36" 0GA-G"4[.36" 0GA-1,G00"G ""O;.-36" A- ""-GG;"2T@"""N" ""0AB9GY =`6%3

1GGA ";G5 """ "G5A; -CG "0"A IG GGIG!"-" G IAG;"G-G;A -0 G "C;A"0G 0IG G "A;"-"2" "- G"2"3"5I2Y(/33&'

0G

GA-- 1GG;G5-GA

IA5"A;GG "!""A- G"0 "" 5 ;GA " "G0-G """ &(- G'

1G - G "" I G 5" - G "#$!

-"AG; ""&+'IG GIIH";A "A0 #23 $IA!5;H21GG"31G0-G9W/GA G

GA " E"; - """ " - G ;I "5 " 55Q"" 0G "1G-;0"00IG G "0G05;AG;A"0G

IG GG 0GG";0G02a!3;0G ;IG "P GG0-IHIG GG; """AG 5 G-"G9W/GA""5H!" 0;-!"- ;" &,'

(10)

GG "5 """AG*=,QGG9W/GA "IG "IG G GG H/IGAGCG 5" ;A G 0G 05

7G-"%!

& ' GA !" "A GI G " G

GCG;"" -G 2IA "" 3

GG;G5- """ "0-;"0 ""5 &='

Π Π

T0 ( 7"" - G " " - IG G ;IGI"""- IGG ";IG- ""GG-G"" "/ G" G ;IG"G;" GG I"I GG

65 G;HG0G" G5;5H!";-!"- AIG G-0" " GG &>'G-;"A-GHA " &?'G5; GG "0

QGG""GG2-0(3G"" GGG- -G 2"3;IG 0- 2IG GI G-GH- "A"3G2-0+3/ GGG-G"" "- G"H " "-"0G "A "--0A0G"" - -G " G0-G " ";IG"G;"H-G "2-0+3

(11)

T0+R7""-G" !-G % 2"C;AG" %;"H -G -GG-G"H " "-"0G - "A " - - 0A 0 - - G " ;IG"

7G-0,I""G"2! "3-G"A "-IGG ;IG- -I"-IGG ;IG- -I G1G --G"A" " GG -GG -"A1GG""A GG"A]b0 IG G-G"C G-GGG0 G "AP-0AQGGIGG G GGG" C5"G"A" "! "-G !E" G" IG GGGGI GG2-0,3

#

T0,7""5 -"A ""-IGG ;IG"GG- IGG" "A2;AG "35"IG0 -G -0-G 2"3;IG"

(12)

"G0GIG5 "5G@ G "-- B-G " G ; 0C G G ;E G ! -GA"0 " G-H 0"A" " I0 " .G-"0;"AG "AC G-;"A-G "HA 0-I "G -" ;"C

1G -GG"IG "

A-;"0 ""5 GC0 -- !I"" 00- IGG0- -G IG G""A-G --"-G 0- """AN "AG-""I0 G GG;G5-!-G"A" "A2$ 3" -"!;""AI""; 5" !7IG-""I;-A-G G "0IGG- GIG G-G!P;A1G -GA""IGIGGG5 IG 00GG;V IGG-00G;" -GI" G; G-"AGA

(13)

$A

1G -G- IGG """A"

2A( 3-G " IG GG"

-"!;""A2"AGA""A "%6J3-"I" "I0G2([31G(

I 5;A9*?&[' GG!"-0G G- A-GG"E A""G G""IG!" "AG" "- ;I 0- - 5cA-- &*'G5 ; HI"0 0G " G -0G"A -"A" "A&)'. GGGG( G"0"-G "--I

G 0 G "A0 GA " IG G 05 G G ;G5 --"!;"#-"!;" G0"A!

7*?( IH --!0 " G A23AGG;G5- " 5 " " 5A " GA G " "A ;5 " -%6J G"2"3&('IG0G"-G!" GE2IG G0"""I" G G 0" " 3I00;AGGGG() 0G

;G"-G -G ""A"C"0GIG" "000IG " " G"AI";;"-G"" 5;--G "C"0G

T0=T" 0GA0-000 IGd) GI- +1G%6J =)0#" G " )(N1G 0- GIG- G 1GI IG%7

(14)

EIG GE""A-IGIA;-"G-""I0 IGG-"!;""A " G2 G 3- -G" e$ IHIGG " "G5G0G G0A2"A G0 G?\3IG"! G "%6JO 2%6J 30"AG" 7- I GEA2%6J - -G" 3e

7G&+'I;"!"0AIG G;"IG EIGIG"G0-G( !""A

0 " G A "0GG;-G I""-G

7!I GGP " 5AG" G -G G!G;" " 5A ()

2 IG G " 5A3 I 0 G GA G " G - 4 0 G %6JP ;AG%6J I;5G"- () "HII0

GGA G " G"-G 7IGIG" GGG G"A;;5-" G"A;;5-" &,'G"A;;5-" G G"A;;5-"0;AJ;0 &=' W&>'

7GIAII;"G%6J -;G - -G 0G1G!" " 5"0IG5"A;!"-" A" IGG -G ""IG GG " -GG;A-G( 1G"E50IG

G!" 0G .-G G" GG;A&>'1G G ";"G "GG&?'

(15)

$A

7HI- A"0AGG0-GHA 02% &3 "IG; GGIG GA;-GHA ""2G ";IG G00G ""-G A"3 IGG A"&['1G" H- -0;GI55G; " G-"""A- 2f(=g3-G ""P5"&*'EIG G E""A-G!"-0A;-"-""IIG ""IG00-;"- GGG AG A"e7GIIGAG; " A" -G" "e

T0>R1G; " "2;0G3-G; &

;;A--" G A2;][ _3;IZ"";06' (**+2=[3( (+(

1G"!-;ANGAh&()'G505 " IGE"0GG-;"A-G " 1G G -""A"ACG-- -G ""O A" -0! -G01G A" I 0--A-GI --- G;0- 2"A - 3G ;0- 6!- "GGG;0 - G;0- I;" G"5 G G0G" GGG ""YI5GI A"- I ;""A G ;A- -01GA0;I I0" G; " "

(16)

7G(&('I G";;AGGI""G"A0 GA " G;"- GA0"0G"-GWOGA-"A &>'"GA0"0G"-GWOGA-"AI-"0G 00 0"" G!2"A-;ANGAh3 0"CG "

7!IG5"A G0?2IG G G A" ;0- 3! -G G; ) G ""A%6J2IG G G;0- 3GA"0 "

Y]?)&"'])=NI-G-G "AI;" G " 4[ " ; G 0 0G G ? G %6J -- "AI;"

0 0GG!--"!;""A " "A""A&>'II;";"G -G G ;GG;5A05A0"IAGG" " "! IG 2G?!3 G ;" (

GGH" " ( 2-0?3 1GG" ";-!"-0 !00&('G5A0" G- HA ""&*()'

T0?R-G#%6J# ""!G 0G1G 0- G " " 0G 0 G5"A G0 ; G G -G" GG H# "!-- "A G

(17)

$A

7G"->)W0 IH&(('""AI GGA-G -1GGA-GGGA-G--GGA-GGGA-G ! - G "A5 " ! I -- - G GGG6" 0G "GG -I ""A " " " IG ! I " "- 2G " 3 G " -I ""A" "IG "02-0[3 1GA" 5GG - "G" 0";H I "0-G;A - CAG0";H"G IG" " 0G"5"- "0C2 H3

T0[7""-"" "G "-;-G";AI0OH0G G-!230";H-G"GI""IG 5-G "2 ""A "3-G ""A-2 H3

(18)

$ G - ";5A I - "0 G ; " 5" 0 I"" G G" G""&(+'/5GA!" GGGIG "0 --" -;"0 "- "" "0A -;G " 0 -G; "00 G 0G ""&(,'

7G( !"A-IG5- G-" -G

"0AGG!G;" "AGG " --" G "" " " G5G;G5 I5

7G+&(='I!""A G ( -;G"

"--G"4[;A-00"" GQ"ACG G-%6J#4[%6J#"C4[G " %6J 2%6J 3 G - ;G - 1G !" " 00 G "0 ! " -" G %6J GG""G0G"0G"AG0G%6J G -G "4[

"I-!"G!"-01GG - 0A - " 2-3 " G I "0G"-WGA-"A &>'7G GAG" -G;A-G " "0;GG -0A-"" "2*3-"0G" 0

G-"!;""AG-0A-G 2*

30-"0GG"1G%6J - -G5" " G-""I0E"A * + *

1G-0A-G""A" " """A0G " G5"-0G"&>'7 G-0A-;G" "IH GG ""0G-G"A"""A""GG-G" -&(>'IG GG -!"A *

G";"IG G "0G-;G" "2-0 *3 G G ""-GI -G";0G"AG " "

T0*R7""-G"" -2G;"G"!3"A "2@ ""HB 53"0IGG"0G ""5*-G "$

G-G" -A ""A"0GG" ""0G2 *,3

IG"! A-- GIH-G- ""5"AG-

(19)

/GGGG-0A-G "*A;

-!0GG0G-G 0G "G "AE"G0G"" " GIGG "A;!;A""""" "IG E"G" 7-GG "GIGG -0A IGG G " -" G0 A HG "G "A""- -G" H0-0AIG G ;AG" "0G0;AG0G ---"!;""AA5"

Y0I GG IHG-;G " "I"0" A--"!;""AIG GAG G 7- G I ;0 -- G H0 - 0 - ;G -II"G "AG-G!""AG;A -G4[" IG"C-$ GG IG" ! A0- G" "I0;"A"";GG"! IG GA;G -G"0G"AG0G%6J -G "

7GGA " -G --G " G N""I- ""A0GHGIG " "H "H G G 2 IG G " " -37;"G -GI0- "A -G-GGA 5"G" e/ "G5"A05 "1IGE IG AG "I" 0"5" ""A "0IG;2G@;0B"-"A3G-- -G5 G" "I";A -"IG G"0G" ! "0G 1G"0 " ;AG"&(>'

9H]Qb1I23

7GE239HG"H;IG GG;-G" " "" "QGIGIG GG;- 5-G "!"-1IGIIG GG ! 2 - 3 - G" " "5 G "! - 2 -0)3 1G Y"-GAI

Y&i,']jk2l2-)3l";3(bjk2 2l.-)/l33(b(m(2n9HQ3(#- b

k42l2-)3l3bn&i,'2(3

1G-GY"O- Y&i,' -G G00A

;II 52;AGG@;0B"3" ;A

G5 .G -G;00A G

-"!;"" "G5 5 0G -I 5G.G

GGI00AI- -G"H0;G IG.G-G -G" ;IGGG;A Yo H"!

(20)

1G"G ;IG0G -" I""G ;II0IG G;"0G" ";A G " - 0 IG G ;"0 G 0 " " 1G 0 - G GY"G"-G"A;-- (=

1G"-GN""GIGIG"! -0 I2 5-GIGI3-G" "A " ;G G" &(='0IG"!"-0&(?'

T0)R7""- -0@;"B1G "IGAI2"! -3 231G ""A "IGI29H],1I],3GI-02;35--GIIG2Qf,1If)32 3 2Qf+1If3231G0"pGG"!I00"

(21)

$A

1G!""&+'A; I G " ;I G "A" "A 0 2 03 G -"!;" "A2%6J3G-"!;""AP -0A -0G 0. G- G " " "AP G" ; "I 0 G "A " "A 0 G G ;"H - G " 1G -- G "AP " " -- 5 5 0 G 0 G ;" &=' 2 G 3 IG G ""A " G 1G;5 -G%6J 0-"AC2-3G" E -G"A -"5"A"0"A "G5G -0 G GG""GI"0"A "G5A 0--@-CB-0G0GG"" IG G 5-G" "IGG0GA

1G - --"!;""A GA; ;;AG.( / --"HEIG G05G;;"A;- 02 3-G

-"A G&([' (H#>

(02-3bW2302-3#1&2]q-02-32+3

7GE+GA;"(G 5"9" IG G G

G IG" GG G1G G --

G ;II 5;AH2ZG03

1GA;"q-G"55-J2-3IG -.W23G

"0A-G1G"C ;A1& 2

G;"/ IHIG;;"A;- J2-

G GA " GGA -GAA; IA " "GGA E- GG G ""G -G"A G GIAGI -""A ;G ;IG GG -007G &?'I"5G6I E"A ""A0GG"A G -IG@ A" " ""B 5"J2-3!" "A

1G IG G; ;0GG;G5-" "A! IGG 0G " "IG GA; "55"" 25"- g3-"A-G0G" " I0G&(*'1G-I " G 0G-"!;" "A G"H ;"5-G "0 IGG "002-rs31G G5;GI; -A5E"5"AGG;G5--"!;"#-"!;""A!&+)'

7"G5-G "00!" "A ;A " G "0!0"C ";GG;G5 - G ! IG5 G "5 "0G " IG G G C G " "A "

(22)

1GG"5 G 0G01G ;A ! - G - 0 A" - "0A&+)'"A" "A "0G"-/VHOGA-! "5""A" "A"&+'QG G 00 A"IGG "- "0G2=) 31G" "0G ;A-- 5IG GG" -!A;IG;2f(3"G" "5"0G "G;A"0GtIG G- -G 0G

7I0" ";GG;G5- GI GE"A-G G ""-G"A "G 5" ;AG" "G;"H-G"1G ""A -A "5"G%6JP0-"AC2-3G5"-"" GH-HI!"

1G"GIG;5-"!;""A " 2%6J 3G0 AG" "@VB- G 5";" G0G G -0 G - G G " 5 G" 0G0YI GG""%6J ""-- G GG"0 G" " G"A;IGIGGIGA G G IGAG0GG IGIGGIGG%6J "-G0G" " I0G1G "G; -;A!IG%6J---" " I0G&+'

"A-""A";GG0G"0G ";-G " " "1G -G""A" 0"A G"0IGG" "-- G GG"A G"5"0G "-G"OGA G-0A-G"A "IG G "IGG;-0a-+#=TG0G G "5"G G ""0G "G " "0GuIG G "IGG"A5"- 3ua3+#, -G "00 -G&+('1-G--G 5--G""0 5"5 G0G0G-G ;IG-"!;""AG 0IAGGA-G"" ;5 %6JP HI 5" 2343 " G " - G G1G"-G "-GA;5 %6J G0AG @VB; H5" IG G-G-G 1G- "0IGG !" A;-G ;""I

(23)

01

65E "EC! 00G082"D3G082D D3 - -< " G < " "5 "D < " D 0 2 5 ])) 3 E E G08 2D3 < " "D < "0M2])*3 "0 2])>3N V< "D < 5 5" - D " < " "&'

T0D < "2 ^^ 39 "C@0 ""B-< ;"0 3;" "" "K0.;3EK" "G0";. 3 ;"K "" .3" 0-"<4[.3" 0--01,"0 ""; -3" 0-GK 2 37"D"5@"0""N" "B9GY =` 66

/ -< D "-"! < "5D< " "0-; !-<5"0 -!205" -03D < " "G "C E <5" "D2 !""" "3&'

(24)

"0" D G E "

4 5"5< ! "8 -< E< v5 "#$! &+' 5"5 "A0 #v 2IA !5;HY"

;"D "";"D "K 2 "E%"C3D5Q"" - D " " D "K "5"0" 2E! " " "";AY H""D""< 3D5 " 5Q"";vDF5"9W/ ! --5 ; - ";" &,'

%""5"5 E"-D < 5D6 7 < " 0H /IGC / 89 " "F55" - -" 0- 5 - "E"L ;"0 &=' "; %! &'!"

E5CE" 0D"

;"

T0(7"""2-30 -< " E !8

2E" E

L" """^ 3 Eo ! "";-< !"

(25)

/ "5 " G " "" D" 0301" <- ;

D"5 !"

5-M -M5

" - "0 "0"G &?'

T0+R7"D"! C2"C" "%;"H -<0L " " " " 00- ""

" " - <0 " " 5 &='. "! E " "<v" D"<;5" 20"<03E "5 -L " / "< " -< 0 D

T0,"" ""<0-< "E"

^ 0-< - " ""<

5 2 -@ ""HB3 < "G "2@""AB3

(26)

/ v ; " D " E ;"0 V " D 0- 5 E F " D D 2"K - 3-D!"; " 5"5 2"< 3 "G " DD"/E0 02"E3E" C

"K5- " v 0;L v"

(27)

$K

; 2 C "< " (39K !; " 23&['

"<E " " 8 "5 5;"D" "K5" "0D;"6 ";" F 0 - L 5 - c &*' 5 ;!E-5"5CK" &)' 5"5 -" L < """ -"!<500"<E "

DK5"-"<-"!<5"#""" -"!<5"" 50""5 E " # ""<E

6*?( &('"C! < " 263"D !<-01,1? " 5C5 M"00- D -< E< "2 D < "2"0" "32%6J3 "2"33;"D -0E K " " 00-K5"";"5 "C"C ""C ;2 < "3

T0 = T0- ; -" 8 00"2!<;C3 ,)_N2;3 D %6J&"' 5=)0#")(N"D -0- / -" -%7

(28)

4EE" " E D < "< -"!<5""5" KC-00e45CE "< 02 0" ?\35E" 0--M "E"< "2v" " 0 "C5 -"0"""3-"E!0

0 D < "<%6J KC d- ""2 "3"C < "/L "G" "C 5 "5 D-< E< "2 %6J2g3&"'3E ;d 2 d38 < "<-"!<5"2%6J 3- ""5""TC K;E2EK "5"G <",3 D %6J d "5" "500 ";"C D < 52 0 - " < &+' ";"C -M E - " ;5 D " "&,'5J;0 &='W&>'K " ""5 5 "D "<"<-

/ " ! ; 5D " W&>' 5 """-"!<5C "< 5- ; E5 d" 5E"55/ G< - 5 "G - "GD! " "< -"!<5" " " 1" 5"5 &?'

(29)

$K

$; "0 E "0 2%

&35"5; "2 0

E 0 " ""3 "&['.;8 ; "; 0 -5" """2f(=g3 G"&*'0 E " "E- -0; E 0-K!<5"e6"5E" ;"5e

T0>RT0-; & ) ;" ; - -" 8 2;] [ _3 ;I Z"";06 ' (**+ 2=[3((+(

/!"CNGAh&()'- "0< ;-;" "; 6" --D"K "0"02 3;

$"E-"02

D)5CE"K 3 -"0

C C-00 V<

"0"0-C!E- "0-;<""<%6J""G-;0 < M 2"03 "

(30)

0 ( " ; E" ; ; " "E""0"G"W C"<-"!<5"&='6!"GL "CVFK";"-0" 0"C"D "<4[< M ?2E "03"0""NGAh/" 2"0" "3"CC-"K "0&('

5;!" < <2 D-"0 Y]?) "" !=)N30- <

40;" G! " ; 0" - " 0 ;"0 "K C " "0 < M D"C" "2 005E -"3 K5"6"5 "-% 7 $ / "-% : $ <5 F dEv"

T0? "#%6J#<DECd 2 0 "! < M 3 / 0 "0 "< <- 05" ""< -"!<5"" 5 <2 -@ ""HB3

(31)

$K

>) W0 ; 5 <" - " "6E-0 5" 2" 5<3 E - " - G -G" &(('1" - E-" 5" 0"E5E 0 2% &3 0 5" 0 " ""K - "- G " D;"0 !" < E G" " !" Eo ""; 5 ""&(+(,'

! d 8- -"8 "0 " E - " " 2" ";- G3; -E "<"<-"!<5"

0+&(=' d- "- G2"<4 [3 - " 24 [ "C3 5" -M !" ;5 E - ; -0;""-0"0 E- /E- "!"E G" -" < "2"0" "3; ;5E%6J - "- G E%6J "

65 - 0"5-"- %0"5-"-0"5G" " "- "0"G """C"<&>'" "C 5 E "<;-;0"0"5 "5" 2*3F0"5 2*3"

"<-"!<5"-M < "<-"!<5"%6J ;"5E* ]*

0"5"" "< " " "" ""5"" "-0"5 G" 5"5 EL "%6J < D" "LG" ""%6J "E;Ev" 0"5G" "" " " "-0"5 "-% "-% ;

5!08 D"

%"0"5 G" - ""<-"!<5"!E DG" !0""

(32)

"5EG" " " "

$ "LG"

!D5 E50 L -D G" 5 -E - 0 " E " - " "K 0" ""0"5 -" " - 0-< -" " "- G2 G" 3 "DN" ;"C ";<5"D 5 - " " 65" < 0 0 K " "

"G25

K ECD" "3 @IGB 5@IB5@"H0;B5 0"&(>'

9H]Qb1I

T0[R7" -D ";23 "- G2;3" ";"K 2 5 5"G3 -0 ; ! " " - ! -! 0 " "0 !2 5E!" ""-C3CE" " @IB21I3 "29H],1I],3-02 3I- 5IGV!G" -G" 5"2IG0 -3 2 39H],Qf,-023! @ "H0;9HB -@IIGB !0 1If Qf+23/L0"pL0" 5" "" " "!G"

"D"@ " B"C" " "-

G-Y"0-Y&i,']jk2l2-)3l";3(bjk2 2l.-)/l33(b(m(2n9HQ3(#

bk4 2l2-)3l3bn&i,'

"-- GM 2Y"3 "5& i,'/5 5KE

(33)

; 0 "" "E "K 24 "";;"!;AY H"3-D " " "< n & i,' E"

"- ""0D"2

" 3<5"0/"G" 0 +&(='"DN"5"E K ; 5K5"E<5"L G!1; &(?'

T0*7" Eo-G" " "" 5 <" ""2 "305E" G" 24[305" 0-- ""!2E ; "0 ! " C " E; "0 5" 2"0 --3"0-" "3

(34)

$K

/"! <"&+' !" " ED""<-"!<5"2%6J3"""-"!<5" 235 &?'5 -0 ""< "00"<-"!<5"9 " %6J0C "F @;"HB" 6 - D " - D E - F !0E-D " 5" < "0 " " -

8 ;5 5" < "< -"!<5" 2%6J3

KC d-0"C2-3

< "5"-< v @ 0"B E0"C2-3V 55"5 " "%6J- 2 "@;"HB"3 L < E- 0"C /8: .(;;;"

02-3 @B " &(['

(H#>

(02-3bW2302-3#1&2]q-02-3

% - 02-3 - " L

E 5D%6J2E"E"< -"!<5" -3!" "E< "<

-/0;5E"D"< CF " "E0- 5 D "5;!2g3"<"" "&(*'- " 5 "!5"L " " E"5 &+)' U 0 " " " 0 2-rs3 5" ; " "0 % " ";! T"AY00"D" K"G " ! 6 D " D 20"<3

/ "0 0<0 " 8 2=)3 % "!""K -5

L02(,3-M

"E;!-M < D"K 5" ! "<0&+'

(35)

/ - DE"<;L

30" E< ;- 30" D ;-%- DE K5"- "<-"!<5" 0"""

4 < " "D "< C F "2 "L "30 50"< " < " 0"<20 a -<#= 3wE 2 " "3 "- 25"

-==3- 2uax +#,3&+('6 D- "5 - " " - E - 0 25"! "<""K ! "%6J- 3 "5-M;5!"%"<;! " "E- 0 5" < %6J"5E%6J" "C C " "- E"<-"!<5" "05G5 "<-1 "D !" &+'

(36)

&4 5&

G$N > - ? )R9;-< E< 8 "45Q00Y"667

(WG$NR ? @ ? A66823(*=+)

+7" G5" R A %**

, WIA6 Q /5;H 1YJ 2 R 6"5 %;"G0A*+9

=H$/ITRB C ?*:+2((3((=((>

>;$TGJ %C?**8,??(),

?/VH1R &?**92?+3(+(*

[99$RC - % )*72>[3[[>[*)

*9%0WRC - % )*9+2[3(>((>(=

)/VH1R'*92>3+,)+,,

/VH1R&?**2,>3>*?=

( T99$W;" YR- -( &*72(+>3>??)

+ 6 W R2 B C ? &66:2(+>3>??)

,W"5HAWWZGGG"5NCIXXGHIZ 2 B C ? &**:

2)(3>=*=>>>

=J;0X6HG5 G7X$GHG5 G67R"A*[(2(3(,+(,+( >WR & B662[)3[>*,

? 6 2 3

[Y0$. ' GQ"A$"66:

*h$B ) &6682=>3(==(>

()NGA9h$ &?**:2=?3?*(

( 6 Q HZJ"0W& >6672(3(=*(>=

((W0 9;IC "-Q9%C - % )*8:2=+3),

)[

(+9GY "& ? '=66 (,$ICH $C - % )***2*?3>?>?>

(= 6 W2 B?C6692(*3[=)(>

(>N!I"""-% 2/!-45A%**

(?1; 6.'&@ B*9*2[3,+=,+==

([N6I$T2 2 C "R"%/!-*98

(*;;9"HY1'**2(=+3+*+(+*,

+)"5NJ";QN'66+2+?3+=)+=?

+/VH1 B C)*792>3>(?>+*

+(J%J) ? C C""45A%*7*

(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)
(52)
(53)
(54)
(55)

;< ) ", ="> &

&&< ?

%GA 456"%"46$%5";(+>= 6%=)=,)))R CG$ %R$%"C"

;

Q G G " ;" - "A H0 !" "AG"A -G"00 ;A"50G6IP E "A ""A Q " ! " - -"!;" "A " - "I " "I0G-IG GG-"T"APGA0;IGG !"GG "0GA /G0G"0GG"-"A " " I0G G - G $ " " IG !" I""

(56)

7

4 GA " G " " "A000 IG 0-G" - GIG G-"!;" "A"05 0G&'-G" "G" ""00G2a)=;3" " "" I"" &('.GGG-G" G" " G 2a)+ ; 3 "" " "" 000 "H"A I"" H " &+,'7;G " ;IG"A" "A0G -"!;" "A " G 0" GA " G "A0 G #000G-"!;" G"-G0-G 0G""A5" 5";IG 0&='

1G ) 2"A " ( HI G

--"!;""AG3G;5"A;G G "!""A G "-"-"-G0C5HA "50 ""5G H0" "A5; HI"0; -"!;" 2 G03#-"!;" G G ;G5 YI5 - IG G ( ;5!""AG"

I" H -G 5H!"GG G;0 IGGG "-IH"A $ -G ;IG 00 ""A-G -"!;""A G2"A-"I" "I0G3G0G0G 2"03

$ G " IH ;"G - !" "A - G "E A"" - G 2IG G !""A HI3 - G 0 " "0GI""&>' ;0GG02G --"!;""A Gd - -G" 0G3 "AGGG-"!;""A""A! "-G I"-G "-G-"-G-"!;""A"00"-G2 3 /G G " IH - - G ;I G "A" "AG"000" 0;GG"E A""-G " "G"AO -0 G G G-G-"!;""A ";IG G" &? [' IG G 0 G GA " - G 5 0 G "A" "A 0 &=' N5 - 5 - G "0 -GGA --"!;""A"G5; $ G 5" ;G5 ; ;A "0 0 -"AC I" ; IGIG" G 0" - A "A " "I0G

1G-GG-I-"- !" "A-G

(57)

"A -G"000" ""AG -"!;""A IG G5GG. -G 5-G "00IGG-"!;""A G""0G G -" GA - "A " 2T"AYA0 GA3 ! ; -"-""

7G! II"" ;GA; G"A " !G.!0"-"AGA G " -E";GA II""GI ""70I 0 0" GA -G G ;I "A" "A -"!;""AIG G---G -G5A G5 "" I""

@

-0GA

1G - - G A ; 05 ;"I ;"0IGG!5"52-03

-"!;" "A G A0 " " G0 "A" "A 2G - -GIH3IG G; ""A0 A" G"0G "- "0G29]=); G" 03"5I""25""3"0IG -"!;""A" "6 G"A GG-IG! "5"

+05-GGA "002 "A5"- -rs3

;A " G "0!1G"5PE"A-G -"!;""A;02G! "5"-- -""A3 0;""

1G"5 GA ;;5;

31G! "5" G ;AG0" "IG G ""0G"-/VHOGA-! "5";I "A" "A&*'7GGAG-- 5! "5"0 2-G 3 " 0 G 0G. (3 1G -"!;" "A IG G!" "A -G"A -G"00@ "" "B2-0(3 ;G --G-"!;" G0G 0G6IOEG -0A-G "A "IG A" " ""&)'2GGI-""I0 ""AG 0IH-H/I;" 31GGA E - 2 G G " "3 5" !" "A2-0(3.+3G-"!;""A IG G ""A G"0IG GGGI-" GG;G5- """ !&?'

(58)

T0% ;0G -G-"!;""A"1G0 ;AG A" ;AG"1G-"!;" G;A"" "1GG 0""G0 ;AG" " IG-"!;""A5

("A "!

7 ;G ;IGG-"!;""AII"" @ """B T0( G5"5G GQ ""IG G""A "ZG0G-"!;""A G"AC" ""AG-"!;""A

1G-""I0"-A0G5;"5G6IOE 2 ;5331G ""G A" "AA-A"0G! (3""AIGG;G- 2@-" 0I""B3/"5G6IOE

T0($ G -@ ""BIG G "0G-"!;" G1G "!-G

02G;A 3 IGG !G-"!;" G;AG

52 ""H -3G "01G ""G;A IG

G!-G0G;00" 2-GH- "A3

(59)

D

E! (023bW23023 E1&2]q 02323

7GEG9" ( GJP- 0 IG G

G;;"AA;- -G .G

GG-q G"55-0IG -1G " 0A - ;A W231G ;"

;A 2 1& G "CP 1G ZG

0;A

6EA;"5;AGG--5;"G" " I ;" Y I " G G " - G EIGG;A IG G;-;AGGA ";"

0235GG- -G "02 +

3G;-G "" 2+3I G5 ! -"! - G " " Q"0" A AG0" -G02 A" "AA31GG"2"C3A;I

02-3+2 213b21332 213b2133$21DDE-32(3

G-""I0E;-2;A 3

213b213])2+3

q2 213b2133]) ]2,3

6E;+,;"5""A-G %E&2% & G0 3 1 G 1G-G-""I0E"A;

213213213 213])2=3

(60)

7GE;5 ) ) G-"O- H 5"A C G - "O E-- H 5"A-&'1G 1 G; 5" ""A-E=QG "0-5"-* I A!1 2 3- -2D32 3

T0(12 32G"-E=3- -#2(32

3IG"0-5"

1G- 05;A&)'

h

]yy

02-3,m(]$21DD

E-32>3

;0G0"-5G" IG"-0 2 -A0G-;G-G - G31GIV

" 0G G -20"" -5";"G GG ;"H-G"3IGG5 -G;A 2E =3

$ G-0A-GA05;A

FG+ 1&2 h2?3

(61)

FG+ 1&2 h]( 1&2D#2(3(2[3

;00G-0A-G-"!;""A -G "-G-0(2 H(3/ IHIG-0A- -I 0G G ""G ; -H0G 55FGIG G;-" "G ""5" 5"A

_]( 1&2DA2(3(2*3

z]I( 1&2DA-+2(3(2)3

;0I G"A5"- -;IG0 ((1G ;IG-"!;""A G

YII""GG -G-"!;""AA;" "G-""I0"0E ;G G 0

z]1&2 I

A

2

-+3b1&2 I 23

IGI G5"- -G"A" - G +G5"-. -- -G

!"-G 2-"A-G0G0G" " I0GI G "0 31G-GEG " 25O Y-- 3 G G ;I G "A G

1G G ""-G I _ +_ J 1&2 I J 1&2+I

232(3

;0_)G G ""-G"AGG G" G ""G"G! - G ""G G0-0A"A" "G G0-G"5"-@-AB -5"H0G";-"A" " &('

(+R1G ;IG0

II ;G ;IG" " ;G G 0E--"E A""G

(62)

;-";A/VH&+'YI5GII""" GIG G ""I - G G G 0 7IG--5"!-G " 0A&?'

z]1&2KD"-%ED2+3

IG "-%G " -ZG0-"0G>+ ))

](1G K G! "5"-0;A

GE"L >D ED

70IGcA-- II""GG0 -G0G G!0"G " -ZG005;A"-%f=$)(#(;0G!"

1G! EGI" " GG -" "0G ""P" $ IG-G0

IG G -

1G" ""0G"-G/VHOGA&*'-G! " 5" ;I"A" "AIA-- 5 - - G 0G G 0 - G " ; G ! "5"0G020" 0A - "0GG 0G3

]b 232,3

7E, G2a( 3 G;A"0G

IG GA;!2(*[13;A)+#j;0G5"

" "

(63)

+"

"AG-"!;""A -0G0G -G-- 5 IG G""A"GGG "-AG-"!;""A;IGIG2-03 G;" GG"A" "A00GT0+GI G G0G-0A2GA G0""A3-G-"!;""A - -G!" ---0-"AC2---0A3-"AA ""A!"A2GA"!3%6/ A"A2GA"0"A "3%6J7 "G"""A "AG IGG0G-0A GGG"0GI"G

T0+--0A21&23 G ""P

-(23-%6/(H>H[H20]=(?+[31G5"-0

IH-- =

-- IGG -"A" "I0G1G-G -"! "-%6/ "-G V-;"G " 0 0 IG G W GA - "A &>'1GGAGI5G IG GG"A """0GG GG ;G ;"

1G- ;GGE";2" G-0A -A3IGE"A-3G G ""_-"" ;GG2G-0GG;A@B@B3(3G E"A-G z;GG&,'1GG-""I0E

(64)

_ +_ 2=3

z]z2>3

1GE;*(05GE"A-G G ""2;G 2M23G0";"3GE;+05GE"A -G ;AE;>? 5"A

IJ - +I

23] IJ - +I

23b D DNDMD 2?3

I

A

2

+3b1&2 I + I

A

2

+3b I J KD"-%ED2[3

!II"" " " "- - 5"-G -G-"!;""A%6/ - 2;--"!;" G3* <

2! "5"03* 2-0A-G-"!;""A3&='

2-- 53- - 5"-G " IG G HI5-G "0 2 ] 1&2#< ]*#,3-"I0G

" "I0GYIG-G 2I;3&>' G -- 1;"GIG5" " " " -GIA "G-%6/(HGT"APGA-"A"2IG G ! D - G " 03 ; 0 IG G !"G 0)+)g25"- g3GG "0 G";0-%6/[H1G A;"5I 5E"5 " G I! GG 0G-"!;""A " IG" "I0G

%6) ; 023 NM

(H >{)[ ()={))= = ,= ), [H [={)= ((+{))+ +[ [( ),

1;"-- ;-G -%6/(H [H G 0 )+)g G 5

1G"A5"- GG2|3G"A 5"- GG2I3G ;IG23

5;"T0+GIG -G0 2 "-%3- -G-"!;""A5"- -%6/

7 "GG0A@G ""B G0 "A2 @VB3- "A2"AC3G0G5"%6/ IG GI-AG-G G" ;I

(65)

0G%6/ "5 G"5 G " " ""1G "-%6/ G ! G 0 "-" GC-G"" G "A " 2-0+37 "IG5"

-G-5A""%6/ "20^3G "" G"" "AG "AIGAG G"A 0;IG GG"G- G5;5-!""A&+'

7 0G%6/ " G " 0AYI5G0G%6/ G0A "A1GA;!"-""IG"G 0%6/ "; 2 IGG"0 IG G G "!"-GG3.;5 2|}5" 3G"0G "-G"A G"A-0A23 ;GG ""0G2u3-G%6/

"IG G "A5"- 2ua I <EO3&?'1G

u" G""G0G%6/5" - G "5 A 5 G "A G

-1G5HI G;!""A ;5I""&(+'GG%6/ "- " G "C""%6/ "IGG ;G ;" -50G";"C IGG"0IG GIG ! " - G G 1G " 0 IG G !"-0&+'

>=

! " # $ % % ! % " % #

(66)

T0, "0 2<3- -G%6/ 2I0GgI#Ig3

--],=2%6/(H;AE3-][(2%6/[H;A "31G 0G-!)+N

-5""2"3=g(g-%6/(H[HG " ""2 3IG G

;"-A IGG%6/ [g(g-%6/(H [H 5"A G " 2 3 "AIG

G";"-, "0H

1G0GGIHIG5GIGI5 G"-5G-"A ""A 0G"A - G "0 0 IG G G ; !" "A ;A G IH 5-G "00IG GG"AG "! A " 5 G 0 "" -"!;" "A " 1G 0-G"A0G"A" "A0G;"H-G" I""G 0%6/ "2G 3 !" "AG0G"0GG"-G%6/" "I0GGG ;G5-G#%6/!7" "GG" IG"IA -G"-GG;05;A/VH&+'GI "A ;G0 " -G "--"!;""A;AW&>'$ 0" GVG"-5-G "0 G -"!;""A GGI G0E+ ;" G -!

&

9$9C - % )*72>[3[[>[*)

(WWW"5HA ZGHG"5XNCI YXGHI 2 B C ? &

**:2)(3>=*=>>>

+ 6 W 2 B C ? &66:2(+>3>??)

,JZ"6C***2,)3,)(=,)+

=$HT/IB C ?*:+2((3((=((>

>W& B662[)3[>*,

?N"5QNJ";'66+2+?3+=)+=?

[XJ;07X6HG5G67$GHG5 G&*9B2(3(,+

(,+(

*1/VH B C)*792>3>(?>+*

)N$T6I2 2 C "

"%/!-?

JQR2 & R;045A%*

(71H C )P % GQ"A$

(67)

7 66

+1/VH & ?**2,>3>*?=

,996N9-GC$:-? $%0%1G6

=9;;"H G1Y'**2(=+3+*+(+[,

>Q;$III; H # G#~# #-"G"2),#())*3

?%JJR ) ? C C""45A%7G

*7*

Referências

Documentos relacionados

• Ensaiar modelos de viga parcialmente revestida com armadura mínima, porém com conectores soldados na alma do perfil em posição mais próxima à mesa inferior em um tipo. de modelo

Segundo Altintas (2000), os processos de usinagem podem ser subdivididos entre os que usam ferramentas com geometria bem definida para remover material, tais como o torneamento,

Diante desse fato, o presente projeto de pesquisa visa através de ensaios experimentais em amostras padronizadas para ensaios de tração e compressão, bem como, ensaios

Para a avalia ção do momento de ruptura das vigas reforçadas foram utilizados os valores experimentais, determinados por meio de ensaios em corpos-de-prova, de resist ência

Com relação à prova de carga (o mais importante carregamento para verificação da interação entre paredes devido às ações verticais) os modelos numéricos de análise

Os parâmetros de corte escolhidos para estudo foram: velocidade de corte, velocidade de avanço, profundidade de usinagem e penetração de trabalho.. Os ensaios investigam, além

Os procedimentos experimentais adotados na caracterização do escoamento do túnel de vento axi-simétrico incluem: a técnica de determinação do tensor das tensões de Reynolds e do

4.5 Comportamento da fração de parede molhada em função da fração de líquido para o fl uido refrigerante R-134a a uma pressão de saturação de 350 kPa : (a) Efeito do diâmetro